US1792394A - Setting for hydraulic turbines - Google Patents

Description

Feb; 10, 1931. H. T. PORTER SETT ING FOR HYDRAULIC TURBINES 4 Sheets-rSheet l Filed Feb. 13. .1929

Feb. 10, 1931 H. T. PORTER 2,3 4

SETTING FOR HYDRAULIG TURBI-NES Filed Feb. 13, 1929 4 SheGtS-ShOOt 2 Feb. 10, 1931. H. T. PORTER 1,192,394

AuLic TURBINES Filed Feb. 13. 1929 SETTING FOR HYDR 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 Feb. 10, 1931. H. T. PORTER 1,792,394

SETTING FOR HYDRAULIC TURBINES Filed Feb. 15, 1929 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 INVENTOR 2 132 Erir find ATTORNEY Patented Feb. 10, 1931 UNITED STA ES PA ENT OFFICE;

-HARRY 7r. PORTER, tor RIVERS DE, ILLINOIS, AssIeNoR r S. MORGAN- sMrrH COMPANY, or YORK, PENNSYLVANIA; A ooRroRA'rroN or PENNSYLVANIA SETTING FOR HYDRAUnIo YTURBINES Application filed February 13, 1929. .Serial No. 339,699.

The present invention relates to improvements in the settings for hydraulic'turbines, and more especially to those ofwthevertical type and more particularly those of this type to which are connected superimposed :electric generators. v A A 7 z The primary object of the inventionisto provide a setting for hydraulic turbines of the vertical type which shallbe efficient in in operation but is less expensive in construction than those heretofore used. A more par ticular object is to provide a setting for hydraulic and electrical equipment which carries the'weight and thrust present in the operation thereof directly and by'compression to the foundation structure. t

Further objects are to provide supports for the generator floor, or for the flume floor, or for both of these floors, which reduce the g0 span thereof to one-half of that heretofore existing, and to provide the setting with a support for the turbine cover plate which will increase to a substantial degree the rigidity of the turbine structure and will relieve the gate mechanismof the turbine of the weight of the upper portion of the turbine.

The accomplishments of these objects will reduce substantially the cost of the setting by reducing the amount of concrete and rein- 3g forcement required under the generator or in the tlume floor, or in both, andthe setting will be more rigid notwithstanding that it may be made less massive'than heretofore, and the rigidity thus attained will aid'in reducing or eliminating vibration during the operation of the equipment. In the accompanying drawings Figure 1 represents a vertical section taken axially through a hydraulic turbine and superimposed generator provided with a setting constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 represents a section taken'horizontally through the flume and the hydraulic T turbine on the line 22 of Figure 1';

Figure 3 represents a section taken hori zontally through the tail pit shown in Fig ure 1,on the line 33 of that figure; Figure 4 represents a vertical section taken through a portion of the fiume, showing a modification ofthe flumeshown in Figures 1 to 3 inclusive;

Figure 5 represents a horizontal section taken on the line 5 5 of Figure 4 Figure 6 represents a vertical sect-iontaken centrallythrough a portion of a turbine setting usingan elbow draft tube instead of the tail pit shown in the preceding figures -and which may be used in conjunction with an electric generator setting such as that shown in the preceding figures; and

Figure 7 represents a horizontal section through the elbow draft tube setting shown in Figure 6, taken on the line 7- 7 in that figure. A

Similar parts are designated by the same reference characters in the several figures.

The present invention is applicable generally to hydraulic turbines of the vertical type, and it is more particularly applicable to hydro-electric equipment embodying a vertical hydraulic turbine and a superimposed electric generator, it providing a relatively strongand rigid support or mounting for the'hydraulic turbine and the floor which supports it and providing a relatively strong and rigid support or mounting for. the relatively heavy electric generator, to the weight of'which is'added that of the turbine runner and its shaft and the downward thrust acting on the turbine runner. The improved setting also provides a stronger and more rigid support for thegenerator floor which,

in the preferred embodiment of the inven- 1 tion, supports the weight of the upper portion of the turbine and thereby relieves the gate mechanism and the lower portion of the turbine from the weight thereof.

In the embodiments of the invention shown in the accompanying drawings, 1 represents generally a hydraulic turbine of the vertical type having an axialflow runner 2 mounted on-a vertical shaft 3, the runner being en closed within a casing whichincludes a top plate 4 and a bottom plate 5, and the flow of'water to the runner is controlled by an annular series of wicket gates 6 which are pivotally mounted between the top and bottom plates of the turbine casing by means of gate pins or'pivots 7, the series of gates being connected together and operated or controlled by any suitable or well known gate operating or governing means which is well understood in the art and hence is not illustrated. The top plate 4 of the turbine is riveted or otherwise secured to the lower end of a barrel 8 which may be cylindrical in form and composed of plate steel or cast iron, this barrel being hollow and providing means of access to the upper bearings of the gate pins and other portions of the turbine. The bottom plate 5 of the turbine is connected to and supports a draft tube 9 through which the water discharges from the turbine. I r

The flume 10 which receives water from an intake 11 and supplies water to the turbine to operate it, embodies a pair of laterally spaced vertical walls 12 which are arranged to extend at opposite sides of the turbine, a down-streamend wall 13 and a floor or deck 14, the latter surrounding the base of the turbine, these walls and deck being usually embedded in the ground and being composed of concrete with steel or other reinforcement.

In the embodiment of the invention shown in Figures 1 and 3, a tail pit 15 is provided beneath the flume and its deck 14, the side walls of this pit being, for example, downward continuations of the side walls 12 which are arranged at opposite sides of the draft tube 9, the tail pit having a vertical upstream end wall 16 and a bottom wall 17, the latter constituting the foundation of the setting and the downstream side of the tail pit leads to a tail race 18 through which the water discharging from the draft tube is conducted away from the turbine.

The water which enters the flume 10 from the intake 11 flows more or less tangentially into the turbine through the openings provided between the wicket gates 6 and acts on the runner 2 of the turbine to revolve it in the well known way, the course of the water being diverted downwardly as it flows through the turbine and this axially flowing body of water descends through the draft tube and discharges from its outlet end into the tail pit or into a tail race.

In the turbine setting shown in Figures 1 and 3, employing the tail pit, the bottom plate 5 of the turbine and the draft tube 9 connected thereto are supported by the flume deck 14, the latter being provided for this purpose with an annular collar 19 of concrete which surrounds the upper end of the draft tube beneath the bottom plate 5 and provides an annular supporting surface 20 on which the turbine bottom plate rests, the flume deck thus supporting not only the water contained in the flume but also a portion of the weight of the turbine and the .draft tube. Heretofore, it has been the practice to employ a clear width or space in the tail pit between the side walls 12 thereof so that the flume deck 14 had a span equal to the distance between these walls, but owing to the great length of the span, it has been necessary to make the flame floor of a massive construction and to employ a considerable amount of reinforcement in its construction to enable the deck to sustain the very considerable load imposed upon its central or intermediate portion by the turbine and the weight of water in the flume. The present invention provides relatively inexpensive means for increasing the strength and rigidity of the flume deck above a tail pit, although the deck may be made less massive and may contain less reinforcement than has heretofore been the practice. According to the present invention, upright piers 21 are provided which extend from the tail pit flooror foundation 17 up to the flume deck 14, these piers being constructed preferably of concrete which is integral with the fiume deck and tail pit floor. These piers are also preferably in a vertical "plane which coincides with the vertical diametral plane of the draft tube 9 so that they extend in an upstream and a downstream direction in relation to the draft tube, and the piers are preferably located in a plane midway between the vertical side walls 12 of the tail pit. As shown, the upstream pier 21 extends to and joins the upstream end wall 16 of the tail pit and it extends to the upstream side of the draft tube, and the downstream pier 21 extends from the downstream side of the draft tube to the tail race 18. These piers thus constitute rigid compression members in the median vertical plane of the flume deck and in the plane of the vertical of the turbine which reduce the span of the deck to one-half of that previously existing according to previous practice, and these piers consequently strengthen the fiuine deck to a substantial degree so that the deckwill be of ample strength to support the weight of the water in the flu'me, and weight of the turbine resting on the deck although the deck may be made less massive in construction and may contain less reinforcement, and these piers which extend from the deck to the tail pit floor or foundation render the fiume deck more rigid and hence vibration incident to the operation of the equipment is thereby reduced or minimized.

lVhile the piers 21 divide the tail pit substantially into two lateral compartments, they do not interfere appreciably with the flow of the water from the draft tube to the tail race, as the piers extend substantially in the direction of flow of the discharging water. Preferably the adjacent edges of these piers beneath the draft tube are nosed oil' as indicated at 21 to reduce or avoid disturbance of or obstruction to the flow of the water discharging from the lower end of the draft tube. The upstream corners of the tail pit may be left square or angular as shown at draulic turbine-is connected to a superimposed electrical generator, the concrete setting providesa generator supporting floor 22 which" spans the space between thevertical walls 12 ofthe setting, this floor having an annular collar or base 23 formed as a part of it and providing amounting" on'which the electrical generator 24rests. In installations of this kind, the electrical generatoris usual-1 ly provided with a. bearing 25 'WhlCl1 sustains the downward thrust due to the weight of the turbine runner and its shaft and the downward thrustof the Water acting on the turbine runner, so that the generator supporting deck 22has imposed upon it not-only the weight of the generator but also the downward thrust exerted upon it from the runner of the turbine: Heretofore it has beenthe'practice'to construct the generator deck of concrete 'hav' ing steel or other reinforcement embedded therein andto construct the generator deck so that itwould span'the entire clear space between the verticalside walls 12 of the flume,

' but in order to enable the generator floor to sustain the great loadimposed upon it, it

has been necessary heretofore to make the.

generator floor of a very heavy construction and to'employ a'great amount of I'GlIlfOIC6 ment therein. According to the present invention, the generator supporting floor 22 may be made of concrete having suitable reinforcement therein but a pair of piers 26 are extended from the flume deck '14 upwardly to the generator supporting floor, these piers being preferably made of concrete and formed integrally with the flume deck and the generator supporting floor. These piers 26 are preferably located centrally of the width of the flume or midway between the vertical walls 12 thereof or so'that they lie in the vertical diametral plane of the turbine, and they extend in an upstream and downstream direction. Moreover, the vertical piers 26 in the flume are in vertical alinement with the 7 vertical piers 21 in the tail pit, in the embodiment shown in Figures 1 and 3, and in this instance, these superimposed piers thus form continuous or direct Compression supports which extend from the generator supporting floor to the tail pit floor or foundation structure 17 and these compression supports are able to sustain effectively the entire weight and thrust of theelectrical generator and the porting floor to one-half of that existing in settings as heretoforeconstructed so that increased strength and rigidity of the generator floor may be made of less "massiveconstr'ucrequired. x

In applying theinvention to aturbine setting usingan elbow draft. tube instead of a tail pit'as hereinbefore described, the annular collar 19 which provides-the annular-sup. porting surface 20 on Which-the turbine bot tom plate rests, risesfrom the flume deck 14 whichis supported by a concrete orother foundation which contains the elbow draft tube 9 the=upstreamend of which is surrounded by the annular collar 19' and the downstream or outlet end9 of which extends longitudinally or substantially so, to the usual or anysuitable tail race or dis-. charge, the downstream end .of the elbow draft tube being flared laterally or horizon-' tall-y, substantially as shown in Figure 7. The foundation beneaththe flume floor or tion andless reinforcement-therein will be deck, at the upstream side of the elbow draft tube, may berelatively solid, as indicated at 21 so that it will directly receive and effectively sustain the load from the upstreampier '26 in the fiume and directly above it,

while the portion ofthe foundation at the downstream side of the elbowdraft tube di rectly below the'downstream pier 26 in'the flume will receive the loadthe-refrom, the portion 21 of this part. of the foundation which spans the space abovethe outlet of the draft tube being relatively deep vertically and being sufficiently strong, in turbine units of the relatively smaller sizes, to efi'ectually sustain the load imposed upon it by the downstream pier 26 in the flume, which is directly above it. In turbine units of the relatively large sizes, it is preferable to provide a pier 21 in the outlet of the draft tube toreduce the span thereof to one half of its width, this pier, as shown extending vertically from top to bottom of the'draft tube outlet or discharge passage, preferably centrally between its side walls 9, as shown in Figure 7 and extending in a downstream direction so that it does not materially disturb or obstruct the discharge of water from the draft tube. Since this pier 21 in the outlet of the draft tube is below and in the same vertical plane with the downstream pier 26 in the flume, said pier 21? will transmit any load imposed upon it from the portion 21 of the setting on which the downstream pier 26 "rests, directly to the foundation of the setting.

s upportingfloor are attained-although the It is to be understood that an elbowdraft 7 tube setting such as that described may be used in connection with the flume and the bine and generatorbeing otherwise mounted and operative as shown and described in Figures 1 to 6 inclusive. The annular generator support 23 carries all of the load of the generator and enables the piers 26 to take most of this load and the annular turbine support 19 carries most of the load of the turbine casing and enables the piers 21 to take most of this load.

lVhile the vertical piers 26 in the flume divide the flume substantially into two lateral chambers or compartments they will not interfere appreciably with the flow of the water from the flume into the turbine, as these piers extend in an upstream and down stream direction or substantially in the di re'ctionv of flow-of the water. in order to equalize the flow of the water between the two equal divisions of the flume, spaces 27 may be left between the gates of the turbine and the portions of the piers adjacent thereto through which water may flow from one division or chamber of the flume to the other, or as an alternative or in addition to these spaces 27, openings 28 may be extended through the piers 26 so that they provide intercommunication between the divisions of the chambers of the flume at opposite sides of these piers to permit equalization of flow of the water therein.

The'piers 26 are alined in the flume so that the water passing along them and approaching the gates of the turbine will flow smoothly and breaking up or other disturbance 'of the water will be avoided. The downstream corners of the flume may be left square as indicated at 13 but it is preferable to fillet these corners with concrete as shown at 13 in order to assist in insuring smoother flow of the water to the turbine. Also, it is preferable to bevel or nose oil the edges of the piers 26 adjacent or opposite to the turbine gates, as indicated at 26 in order to direct the water smoothly to the turbine gates adjacent to the piers, the bevels 26 as shown in Figure 2 conforming approximately with the angles of the adjacent gates 6 when the latter are open.

The present invention also provides improved means for stiffening the Jarrel 8 and for supporting it and the entire upper structure of the turbine, thus eliminating, in some instances, the necessity for a heavy cast metal speed ring such as has been heretofore used where maximum rigidity is required. Even for installation in which it may be considered desirable to install a speed ring, this invention has important advantages because the proper strength and rigidity can be obtained with a lighter and therefore less expensive casting. For this purpose, the concrete composing the generator supporting floor 22 is extended downwardly in the form of an annular collar 29 which surrounds the barrel 8 so that this barrel is embedded in this concrete extension from the generator supporting floor, and the barrel may be provided with a circumferential flange 30 to increase its rigidity and to firmly anchor the barrel in the concrete. As the barrel 8 is fastened at its lower end to the top plate 4 of the turbine, the top plate of the turbine and the upper structure carried thereby as well as the barrel will be rigidly and effectively supported by, the downward extension 29 of the: generator supporting floor without imposing this load upon the gate pins or pivots 7 so that these gate pins may act merely as bearing or supporting members for the wicket gates 6.

The present invention provides improved means for supporting a hydraulic turbine or a hydraulic turbine and a superimposed electrical generator whereby greater strength and rigidity are attained although the concrete set-ting may be madeless massive and a less amount of reinforcement may be used, and greater rigidity of the setting is attained so that vibration incident to the operation of the equipment will be reduced or eliminated, with a reduction in the cost of the power house construction or setting, and these results are accomplished without interfering with or disturbing the flow of the water to and from the turbine or otherwise impairing its eiiiciency in operation.

While the invention has been shown and described as applied to a hydraulic turbine and generator of one specific type, it is to be understood that the invention may be used in the usual types of open or closed concrete or masonry flumes.

I claim 1. A hydraulic turbine and electric generator setting comprising a flume to contain a turbine, a floor above the flume having a generator mounted thereon, and a pier arranged in the flume beneath said floor and having a portion thereof located substantially vertically beneath the periphery of the generator and supporting said floor and generator.

2. A hydraulic turbine and electric generator setting comprising a flume having side walls and a floor having a turbine mounted thereon, a generator supporting floor above said flume floor and having a generator mounted thereon, and pier means extending between said floors in the space between the side walls of the flume, said pier means extending into close proximity to the turbine and substantially vertically beneath the base of the generator to support the generator and the intermediate portions of the generator supporting floor from the fiume floor.

8. A hydraulic turbine and electric generator setting comprising a flume having side walls and a floor for supporting a turbine therein, a generator supporting floor extending between the side walls of the flume above the latter and having an annular generator mounting thereon, and piers arranged in the flume beneath said generator supporting 'floor and extending into positions substantiallymounting between said side walls- 4. A hydraulicturbine setting comprising a flume-having spacedfside walls and upper andlowerJfioors ext-ending between. them, the lower v floor having a turbine mounted thereoinand: the upper floor having a generator-in ounted thereon and piersiextending between said floors in the space between the-side walls of the flume and located at the upstream and downstream sides of the turbine mounting, said piers extending into close proximity to the turbine and into positionssubstantially vertically beneath the periphery of the generator. 1 e

g 5. A hydraulic turbine setting comprising a flume havingspaced side walls andupper and lower floors, the lower floor havinga turbine mounted on its 'upperside, and piers extending vertically between said floors'in the space between the side walls of the flume and extending into close proximity to the turbine, said piers dividing theflume into lateral chambersat opposite-sides'of the turbine setting, intercommunication means being provided between said chambers for equalizing the flow of water therein. I p 6. A hydraulic turbine setting comprlsmg a flume having spaced "side walls, a flume floor having a turbine mounted thereon, an upper floor above the 'flume floorandextending: between the sidewalls of the flume, and piers extending betweenthe flume floor and the portion ofthe upperfioor between said side Walls and supporting said portion of the upper floor, said piers being located at the up stream and downstream sides'respectively of 7 the turbine andextending into close proximityto the turbine inlet, the portions of the piersadjacent to the turbine being nosed off to direct the water from theflume into the inlet of the turbine. I

7. A hydraulic turbine setting comprising a flume having spaced side walls, a flume floor having'a turbine mounted thereon, an upper floor above the flume floor and extendlng between the side walls of the flume, and piers extending in an upstream anda downstream direction in the flume between the flume floor and the upper floor and supporting the portion of thelatter floor which lies between the side walls of the flume,- said piers extending into close proximity to the turbine and substantially dividing the flume into chambers which lie at opposite sides of the turbine, and means at the downstream portions of said chambers for directing water from the respective chambers of the flume into the turbine. r V

8. A hydraulic turbine and electric generator setting comprising a flume and a turbine discharge passage below it, a flume floor behaving side walls,

.tween the flume and said discharge passage having a turbine mountedthereon, a generator supporting floor above the flume, and

having a generatormounted thereon, a pier located in-the discharge passage beneath the flume'floorand supporting the portion of V the flume floorwhich lies above it, and apier in the flume extending between the flume floor and the upper'floor in vertical alinement with said flumexfloor supporting pier and'extending into a position in closeproximity to the turbine and substantially verticallybeneath the peripherybf the genera; tor andsupportingthe portion of theupper floor j which lies above and'th'e generator mounted on saidfloorl' f 9.- fA-hydraulic turbine "setting comprising a'flumeand a turbine discharge passage beneath'it, said flume and"discharge' pa'ssag'e between the flume and discharge passage, a floorabove the flume and having agenerak tor mounted thereon, andpiers arranged in said flume and discharge passag ebetween the side walls thereof and ben'eath the respective floors and extending intopositionssubstantially vertically beneath the periphery of the a turbine supporting floor generator, said piers supporting the generator and the floors between said sidewalls.

10. "A hydraulic turbine settingcoinprising a flume, a tail pit beneath it,said flume and tail pit-having spaced side walls, a turbine-supporting flume floor between the flume and tail pit and extending between said side walls, a floor above the flume and having a generator mountedthereon, and piers in the Iflume and tail pit between the side walls thereoftand extending in an upstream and downstream direction therein and into positions substantially verticallybeneath the periphery'of the generator and supporting the generator and the portions of said floors which lie between said side walls. 7

'11. A hydraulic turbine setting comprising a flume and a tail pit having spaced side a foundation floor, a turbine supportwalls, ing floor'extendin between saidside walls above said foundation floor and havinga turbine mounted thereon, a floor above the flume and having ageneartor mounted thereon, a draft tube extendingdownwardly from said turbine supporting floor into the-tail pit, and piers extending between said floors between theiside walls ofthe flume and tail pit and at the upstream and downstream sides ofthe turbine and draft tube and extending into positions substantially vertical- 1y beneath the. periphery of the generator,v

12. A hydraulic turbine setting comprising a'flume and a'tail pit having spaced side walls, a foundation floor, a turbine supporting floor extending above said foundation floor, a floor above the flume and having a generator mounted-thereona. draft tube extending downwardly from between said side walls, I

said turbine supporting floor and having an outlet above said foundation floor, and piers extending between said floors in the space between said side walls and at the upstream and downstream sides of the turbine and draft tube, and also extending into close proximity to the upstream and downstream sides of the turbine and the outlet of the draft and into positions substantially vertically beneath the periphery of the generator, the portions of said piers adjacent to but below the outlet of the draft tube being nosed off.

'13. A hydraulic turbine setting comprising a tail pit having spaced side walls and a tail race leading therefrom, a turbine supporting floor extending between said side walls, a draft tube extending downwardly from said floor into the tail pit and having an outlet near the bottom of the pit, piers for supporting said floor located in said pit centrally between its side walls and joining with the upstream and downstream sides respectively of the draft tube and substantially dividing said pit into lateral chambers, and means for directing water discharged into said chambers from the draft tube outlet to the tail race.

14. A hydraulic turbine setting comprising a flume, a tail pit beneath it having a foundation floor, the flume and tail pit having side walls, a flume floor between the flume and tail pit and extending between said side walls, said flume floor having a turbine mounting on its upper side, an upper floor extending between said side walls for supporting the upper portion of the turbine independently of said turbine mounting, a generator mounted on said, upper floor, piers in the tail pit between its foundation floor and the flume floor and supporting the latter between said side walls, and piers in the flume between the flume floor and the upper floor and aligned vertically with the piers first mentioned and supporting the latter between said side walls, said piers in the flume and tail pit extending into positions substantially vertically beneath the periphery of the generator.

15. A hydraulic turbine and electric generator setting comprising a flume, a tail pit beneath it having a foundation floor, said flume and pit having laterally spaced side walls, a flume fioor extending between said side walls and separating the flume and tail pit, a turbine in the flume mounted on the flume floor, a draft tube extending clownwardly from the flume floor into the tail pit, a generator supporting floor extending between said side walls above the flume floor and having a generator mounted thereon and connected to the turbine, and piers extending directly and continuously from the generator supporting floor to the foundation floor of the tail pit in the space between the side walls of the flume and tail pit and having portions thereof arranged substantially vertically beneath the-periphery of the generator, said piers dividing the span of the generator supporting floor and flume floor between said side walls and supporting the generator from the foundation fioor.

16. A hydraulic turbine and electric generator setting comprising a flume, a tail pit beneath it and having a foundation floor, the flume and pit having spaced side walls, a flume floor extending between said side walls and separating the flume and tail pit, a vertical axis turbine mounted on the flume floor and having a draft tube extending downwardly into the tail pit, a generator supporting floor extending between said side walls above the flume floor and supporting an electric generator connected to the turbine, and upright vertically alined piers extending from the generator supporting floor to the foundation floor of the tail pit in the space between the side walls of the flume and pit and at the upstream and downstream sides of the turbine and draft tube and having portions thereof arranged in close proximity to the turbine and draft tube and substantially vertically beneath the periphery of the generator, saidpiers supporting directly the turbine and generator and the portions of the generator supporting floor and flume floor which lie between said spaced side walls.

17 The combination of a turbine comprising a bottom plate and a draft tube extending downwardly therefrom, a top plate having a barrel connected thereto and extending upwardly therefrom, wicket gates pivotally mounted between said top and bottom plates, and a runner having a vertical shaft, an electric generator above the turbine and connected to the turbine shaft, and a concrete setting for the turbine and generator comprising a flume, a tail pit beneath it having a foundation floor, the flume and tail pit having laterally spaced side walls, a flume floor extending between said side walls and separating the flume and tail pit, said floor having a mounting thereon which supports the bottom plate and draft tube of the turbine, a generator supporting floor extending between said side walls above said flume floor and having a mounting thereon which supports the generator and also having a portion which embraces the barrel and supports it and the top plate of the turbine, and means extending into positions substantially Vertically beneath the periphery of the generator for transmitting the load on the portions of the generator supporting floor and flume floor which lie between said side walls directly to the foundation floor of the tail pit.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand.

HARRY T. PORTER.

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