US1312879A - Piston for internal-combustion engines - Google Patents

Description

E. A. TURNER. PISTON FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES.

APPLICATION FILED DEC 28.1917.

Patented Aug. 12, 1919.

I 9 a. j m m 1 y iY I" u n I? w r 7/ i W m UNITED sTATEs PATENT oEEIoE.

' EDGAR AM s TURNER, or CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, ASSIGNOR To NORTH-WESTERN EXPANDED METAL 00., or CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, A CORPORATION OF 'ILLI oIsW PISTON FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES.

Patented Aug; 12,1 1919."

Application filed December 28, 1917. Serial No, 209,273.;

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known'that I, EDGAR AMEs TURNER, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of Chicago, in the county of Cook and State of Illinois, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Pistons for Internal- Combustion Engines, of which the following is a specification.

, The present invention relates in general to pistons, and more particularly to that type of piston which employs a relatively elongated exterior side-wall, body or skirt having a large bearing surface against the wall of the cylinder within which it operates,

such type of piston being utilized in lieu of construction utilizing a piston having a relatively short side-wall in combination with a crosshead. More specifically the invention contemplates the provision of an improved piston structure peculiarly adapted to the conditions of modern internal combustionengine practice, though its utility is by no means limited to the explosion types of motors.

To the end that my present improvements may be best understood by those who are skilled in the art to which it pertains, I wish to point out that I desire to gain all the advantages of light weight, high heat conductivity, and detachability from the pistonhead of the piston-wall and associated parts .with little or no disturbance of such head,

or of the connecting rod, and wrist pin where the latter is used, without sacrifice of any of the qualities of strength, support, wear resistance, rigidity, polishability or of any of the other elements of efliciency in pistons ofthe best types known to me.

It is recognized in modern engineering practice relating to the construction of motors, especially multi-cylindered motors for automobiles, aeroplanes and the like, where the trend is toward higher compression small cylinder bore and longer 1piston stroke, that on the one hand greater e ciency is attained by theuse of pistons formed of the lighter weight'metals such as aluminum or its alloys, but that on the other hand the longevity in service to be attained by the use ofiron is sacrificed by the substitution of the lighter metals in piston construction.

It has been found as a result of experience,

that pistons formed of metals of light weight or alloys thereof, heretofore em ployed, are of relatively short life, (or at best require early repairs or replacement as compared with iron pistons) owin gto their lack of resistance to Wear and mechanical strength, exhibited largely throughtheir inability to afford a permanently tight seat for the piston rings, withensuant slap loss of compression, and oil-leakage. Furthermore, they not only lack the inherent ability to take a high mirror-like polish as does cast iron, but on the other hand, having both a high co-efiicient of heat expansion and a soft surface, they exhibit tendencies to en 5,;

large in cross section, and grabor seizethe cylinder walls at extra high engine .speed and load. Again while light,;metal-;alloy pistons exhibit excellent qualitiesof, heat conduction, their use entails allowance for their high co-eflicient of heatexpansion by provid ng for greater clearance than needed with iron pistons, with ensuant disadvantages at low motortemperaturesof 100567 ness of fit, slap, loss of compression, and

leakage of oil upward past thepistonhead with resultant carbon deposits, which tend to interfere with the actionof the. piston rings, and on becoming incandescentto cause pie-ignition of the explosive charge in: the r compression chamber. Likewise, such uarbon particles, and road dust, especially when associated with soft metal andithe alloys thereof which remain velvety and wear rapidly, tend to becomeembedded in the objection of excess weight though it presents the advantages of great strength, rigidity, wear resistance, low co-eiiicient of heat expansion, freedom from distortion under heat and a high ability to take andretain a mirror-like polish on frictional sunfaces such as marks its contact with the-iin- 5:.

construction.v I v Furthermore, in the use of low gravity fuels, employed largelyat this day fordriw terior walls of a cylinder when used i n piston ing internal combustion engines, (the trend being even toward heavier oils such as naphtha and kerosene) thepre-ignition point is much lower than was the case a few years ago, this fact requiring when iron is used in constructing the piston, a material thickening of the piston head (with consequent further increase in the undesirable factor of weight) in order toprovide a sutiicient mass of metal to attain the desired degree of heat conductance with resultant lowering of temperature on top of the piston.

The principal objects of my present invention therefore are: the provision of a piston characterized by the employment of a built-up construction wherein some metal, even if relatively heavy but having a relatively hard and polishable wearing surface and preferably a low co-efiicient of expansion with ensuant freedom from distortion, is employed for the external piston body, wall or skirt, in combination with some relatively light metal, and preferably one having a high conductivity of heat, is employed for the interior core; the provision of a built-up piston structure wherein the piston core is extended up through the top of the piston so as to become or form the central portion of the piston head against which the explosive force of the burning gases act, and where the heat is most intense; the provision of an improved form of built-up piston structure comprising separate core or skeleton and wall or skirt wherein the parts are readily detachable; the provision of improved means for conducting heat. away from the piston head and wall and for facilitating the dissipation of such heat; the provision of an improvel form of piston which is characterized not only by light weight but also by an improved degree of ability to conduct the heat from the piston head and wall to the connecting rod or pitman whereby the dissipation of heat is facilitated; together with such other objects as may hereinafter appear.

In. attaining the objects outlined above. and certain additional benefits and advantages to be pointed out below, I have provided constructions illustrated in the accompanying drawings wherein- Figure 1 is a vertical sectional elevation of a piston embodying my present improvemcnts;

Fig. 2 is a central vertical sectional view of the structure of Fig. 1 taken on the line 22 therein;

Figs. 3 and 4 are views similar to those of Figs. 1 and 2. Fig. 4 being a view taken on.

line 4-4 of Fig. 3; and

Fig. 5 is a view of a detail of construction.

Referring now more particularly to the structure of Figs. 1 and 2, it will be observed that I have here shown my present improvements applied to a form of piston employed in internal combustion engines. wherein. the piston body, wall, or skirt 10 is mounted on a core 11 provided with means. such as the bosses 12 apertured as at 13 for the reception of a wrist pin 11. and thus attachment to a connecting rod or pitman. Where a wrist pin, or ball and socket joint. or other flexible connection is used, I prefer to provide lubrication grooves. as indicated at 15, which may be conveniently disposed in complementary passages in the piston wall 10, and in the ribs 16 that form part of the body of the carrier 11, and give it a skeleton form such as is desirable for the sake of lightness. The piston wall 10 is also provided with such. circumferential annular recesses 01' grooves (indicated at 17) as may be desired for the reception of the piston rings Now it will be apparent on examination of the drawing that in each case the core or skeleton 11 has a solid top forming the central portion of the piston head, the piston wall or skirt 10 conveniently having an inwardly extending annular portion 19 disposed at a right-angle to the wall 10 and seated flush in a complementary portion cut away from the top of the head 18 to the end that when the structure is assembled as nearly as possible a smooth surface will be presented by such head. This is desirable since any inequalities serve as fool for the deposit and retention of carbon particles,

tending on accumulation and subsequent in candescencc to become live points of fire and thereby to cause pie-ignition of the com pressed charge in the explosion chamber.

In some modern multi-cylindered gasci'igincs having removable cylinder heads, especially where crank-shafts having large connecting rod bearings and counterbalance weights and crank throws disposed in a pinrality of planes are employed. it is desirable that the pistons and any associated parts such as piston rings may be installed from the tops of the cylinders in assembling the engine. or even from time to time withdrawn therefrom for inspection. cleaning, repair or replacement. In such cases, I preferably detachahlysecure the piston wall or skirt 10 to the carrier 11 by means of fiat head countersunk screws 20 having threaded en agement with apertures 21 in one of the ribs 16. The apertures .21 are preferably arranged immediately over the bosses 12 in order that all tension strains-am outward strokes of the piston in compressing the charge of gas and in scavenging the burnt gases. where the centrifugal force of the piston is greater than the resistance of the contentsof the. firing chamber. as well as on the compression strains of explosion strokes, may be transmitted in a straight line between the. screws 20 and bosses 21 through their connecting rib 1i) and directly to the wrist pin 14, instead of transversely thereto with consequent tendency to distortion. The screws 20 may be rest ained from accidental rotation by driving a small portion of the outer edge of the screw into a notch 20*. as is clearly to be seen from Fig. 5.

In other types of engine wherein cylinders having non-removable heads are employed, or where the feature of detachability of the wall 10 from the carrier 11 is not of so much importance, I may conveniently employ a form of connection therebetween, as shown in Figs. 1 and 5, wherein it will be observed that I make use of bolts 20 having their heads countersunk into annulus l9 and adapted to be drawn and held in place by nuts 21". This form of construction offers two points of advantage over the screws 20, in that the bolt heads 20 form no place for carbon lodgment, and the nuts 21 not being exposed to fire, both the said nuts and the bolts 20 are more readily removable from place and permit of the employment of spring tempered lock-Washers, which cannot be successfully used in a hot location.

In constructing the form of piston above described I preferably form the outer wall or elongated skirt 10 of some form of iron or other hard metal, and the inner core or skeleton of aluminum or of an alloy thereof, a ground or other gas-tight joint being formed at some point of contact therebetween, such as the seal; between the annulus l9 and that portion of the head 18 of the core lying immediately thereunder. The parallel portions of the members 10 and 11 should fit closely so as to give, as far as possible, a tight telescopic joint therebetween at all points under normal operating temperatures, owing to the difference in the relative co-efiicients of heat expansion between the two dissimilar metals when proper predetermined clearances are used between such dissimilar metals. Aluminum alloys are very light in weight compared with any hard durable metal such as cast iron or steel, and in this construction would constitute, the core or skeleton, thusthe bulk of the mass of the piston. The outer piston sleeve or wall, fitted closely into the, core, could be machined both inside and outside and be very thin and light in weight even if made of iron. Aluminum alloy is furthermore an excellent conductor of heat, and it would in the present construction be a solid integral mass with its upper face forming the central portion of the piston head have its princi-- pal surface exposed to the spot 'where most of the heat in the piston is generated. Being also in intimate contact with the outer piston sleeve on the side walls and having a large area exposed. to the cooling splash of the lubricating oil and comparatively cooler air of the crank case, as well as being situ ated to transmit heat directly down the connecting rod to which it is attached, it

provides means of constructing a piston of lighter weight than is possible with the lightest feasible cast iron piston without in the least, however, sacrificing the admirable wearing qualities, low co-efiicient of heat expa-nsion, and freedom from distortion of the solid cast iron type of piston. At the same time it provides far better cooling of the piston head than is possible with cast iron. The perfect cylindrical form ofthe outer piston sleeve or wall, thecomplete absence of inequalities of thickness in the wall, and of wrist pin bosses, ribs under the piston head. etc, would further tend to give uniform heat expansion and freedom from distortion, thereby preventing the piston itself from becoming out of round and causing uneven wear or possiblcscoring to the cylinder walls under heat, and of the piston wall losing its close and even contact with the cylinder walls.

It will also be seen that in my present con:

means as are commonly employed in ordi-.

nary piston construction, in fact the wrist pin can be allowed to float both in the piston core bosses and in the connecting rod.

Similarly that while that portion of the core which projects through the upper portion of the piston does not form the entire top thereof, such portion of the top as may be formed of metal of relatively low conductivity, e. 1., the iron annulus 19 is in intimate contact with the upper portion of the core 11, which serves to conduct heat therefrom to the connecting rod and associated parts.

Having thus described my invention and illustrated its use, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:

1. A built-up composite metal piston construction comprising,- in combination, a skeleton inner core and anouter wall detachably carried thereby.

2. A built-up composite metal piston construction comprising, in combination, an inner core and an elongated wall detachably carried thereby. i

3. A built-up composite metal pistonconstruction comprising, in combination, a skeleton inner core and an elongated outer walldetachably carried thereby.

at. A built-up bi-metallic piston construction comprising, in combination, an outer piston wall and an inner core projecting therethrough and forming a portlon of the head of the piston.

5. A built-up bi-motallic piston construction comprising, in combination, an outer piston wall and a skeleton inner core'projecting thercthrough and forming the central portion of the head of the piston.

6. A built-up bi-metallicpiston construction comprising, in combination, an outer piston wall and a detachable inner core projecting therethrough and forming the central portion of the head of the piston.

7. A built-up bi-metallie piston construcv with an inwardly with an 1nner core extendlng through said means for attachment to tion comprising, in combination, an outer piston wall and a detachable skeleton inner core projecting therethrough and forming the central portion of the head of the piston.

8. Abuilt-up bi-metallic piston construction comprising, in combination, an outer piston wall and an inner core projecting therethrough and forming the central portion of the head of the piston, the said core being provided with means for attachment to a connecting rod and crank and means for attachment to the piston wall, the said several means being arranged in alinement.

9. A built-up bi-metallic piston construction, comprising, in combination, an outer piston wall and a skeleton inner core projecting therethrough and forming the central portion of the head of the piston, the said core being provided with means for attachment to a connecting rod and crank and the piston wall, the said several means being arranged in alinement.

10. A built-up bi-metallic piston construction comprising, in combination, an outer piston wall and a detachable inner core or carrier projecting therethrough and forming the head of the piston, the said core being provided with means for attachment to a crank and means for attachment to the piston wall, the said several means being arranged in alinement.

11. A built-up bi-metallic piston comprising, in combination, an elongated outer wall and an inner core therethrough and forming a portion of the piston head, the said members being provided with a gas-tight joint therebetween, said inner core detachably supporting said outer wall and aflording support for a wrist pin.

12. A built-up bi-metallic piston comprising, in combination, an outer wall provided extending annulus, and

annulus and forming the central portion of the head of the piston.

13. A built-up composite piston comprising, in combination, an outer wall and an inner core projecting therethrough having a telescopic fit therewith, said wall and core being composed of different metallic elements. v

14. A built-up composite piston comprising, in combination, an outer wall including one metallic element, and an inner core in; cluding another metallic element projecting therethrough having a telescopic fit there with, the wall metal having a relatively low co-eiiicient of expansion as compared with the inner core.

15. A built-up composite piston composed of different metallic elements comprising, in combination, an outer wall and an inner core having a telescopic fit therewith, the core being formed of a metallic element havcore for sustaining ing a relatively high co-efiicient of expansion as compared with the different metal oi the outer wall.

A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, an outer wall and an inner supporting core, the outer wall being of relatively hard metal and the inner core of relatively light metal.

17. A built-up piston construction comprising, in combinatiom an outer wall and an inner supporting core, the outer wall being of relatively hard metal and the inner core of metal of relatively great heat con ductivity.

18. A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, an outer wall and an inner core or carrier projecting theretgrough and forming a portion of the head 0 tively hard metal and the inner core of rela tively light metal of great heat conductivity.

1.9. A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, an iron outer wall and an inner supporting core of aluminum alloy.

20. A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, an iron outer wall and an inner core of aluminum projecting therethrough.

21. A built-up bi-metallic piston construction comprising, in combination, a continuous outer piston wall and an inner core projecting therethrough and forming the central portion of the head of the piston, the said core being provided With means for attachment to a crank and means for attachment to the piston wall, the said several means being arranged in alinement.

22. A built-up bi-metallic piston construction comprising, in combination, a conalinement.

23. In a gas engine, a relatively hard metal piston havinga low co-efficient of heat expansion and a relatively light metal the wrist pin arranged to form part of the piston head and to carry such piston, formed of metal having a relatively great degree of heat conductivity.

24:. In a gas engine, a relatively hard metal piston having a low co-efiicient of heat expansion and a relatively light metal core for sustaining the wrist pin arranged to form part of the piston head and to carry such piston, formed of metal having a relatively great degree of heat conductivity, and means for detachably connecting a piston and carrier.

25. In a gas engine, a relatively hard metal piston having a low co-eificient of heat expansion and a relatively light metal core for sustaining the wrist pin arranged to form part .of the piston head and to carry such piston, formed of metal having a relatively high co-eflicient of heat ex ansion and a relatively great degree of cat conductivity, and threaded means for detachably connecting a piston and carrier.

26. In a gas engine, a two-piece built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, an outer wall and a relatively light inner supporting core of a relatively high co-eflicient of expansion, the said two component parts being thereby in intimate contact throughout their adjacent surfaces, and thereby providing maximum conductivity of heat between said two component parts, at normal operating temperatures.

1 27. A built-up piston composed of difi'erent elemental substances comprising, in combination, an outer wall and an inner supporting" core, the said members being provided with a ground joint therebetween.

I 28. A built-up piston construction com-- prising, in combination, an outer Wall and an inner core carrying bosses for supporting a wrist pin, means for detachably connecting the wall and bosses and means on said wall disposed immediately above'the bosses for receiving said connecting means.

29. A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, an outer wall and an inner core carrying bosses for supporting a wrist pin, and means immediately 'thereabove for receiving means for detachably connecting the wall and core, and

- threaded means for connecting said wall to said core.

30. A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, an outer wall and an inner'core carryingbosses for supporting a wrist pin, means for detachably connecting the wall and core, and means 1mmediately thereabove for receiving said connecting means, the said wall being removable from said core from the top, without disturbance ofthe wrist pin or the connecting rod bearing.

'31. A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, an outer wall and. an inner core carrying bosses for supporting a .wrist pin, means immediately thereabove for receiving means for detachably connecting the wall and core, and threaded means having a counter-sunk flat head embedded in the wall for connecting said wall to said 'core;

32.' 'A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, an outer wall and an inner core carryingbosses for supporting a wrist pin, means immediately thereabove for receiving means for detachably connecting the wall and core, and threaded means having a. counter-sunk flat head embedded in the wall for connectingsaid wall to said core, and means for preventing accidental detachment of said threaded means.

33. A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, an outer wall and an inner core carrying bosses for supporting a wrist pin, means for receiving means for detachably connecting the wall and core, and threaded means having a counter-sunkflat head embedded in the wall for connect-' ing said wall to said core, said wall and connecting means being provided with cooperating recess and projection whereby accidental rotation of the connecting means is prevented. i

34:. A two-piece built-up bi-metallic piston construction, comprising in combination, an outer wall and an inner supporting core, the inner core being of a relatively soft light Weight metal of high heat conductivity, and

said outer wall having a relatively hard wearing surface adapted for sliding friction and freedom from heat distortion, and being of comparatively lower co-e-ificient of heat expansion.

35. A two-piece built-up piston formed of different elemental substances, comprising, in combination, an outer wall of substanti ally cylindrical form internally, and an inner core for supporting said wall.

36. A two-piece built-up bi-metallicpiston, comprising, in combination, an outer wall of substantially cylindrical form internally, and an inner core for supporting said wall, the'internal-surface of said wall being free from asymmetrical projections.

37. A two-piece built-up b-i-metallic piston, comprising, in combination, an outer wall ofsubstantially cylindrical form internally, and an inner core for supporting said wall, the said outer wall being provided with an inwardly extending annulus resting upon said core, and said core having a restricted outer-end portion extended through. said annulus.

38. In a gas engine, a two-piece built-up piston construction, comprising, in combination, an outer wall, and a relatively light inner supporting. core, the said two component parts being in intlmate contact through out their adjacent surfaces, thereby providing maximum conductivity of heat between said two component parts, at normal operating temperatures.

39. A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, an outer wall and an inner core, said inner core being formed of metal of relatively high heat conductivity, and said outer wall being supported by said core and provided with an inwardly extending portion forming'part of the head 1 of the piston, such inward extension being in intimate contact with said core wherelby heat absorbed by said inward extension is transmitted to said core.

4:0. A built-u) piston construction comprising. in combination. an outer wall and an inner core supported by a connecting rod, said inner core being formed of metal of relatively high heat conductivity, and said outer wall being supported by said core and provided with an inwardly extending portion forming part of the head of the piston, such inward extension being in intimate contact with said core whereby heat absorbed by said inward extension is transmitted to said core, and thence to the connecting rod.

41. A built-up bi-metallic piston construction comprising, in combination, an outer wall, an inner core projecting therethrough and forming a portion of the head, said core and wall having a ground joint therebetween, and said core being provided with bosses for sustaining a wrist pin and with means for detachably supporting said head,

said several last mentioned means being arranged in alinement.

42. A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, an outer wall, an

inner core projecting therethrough and forming a portion of the head, said core and wall having a telescopic relationship for insuring intimate contact therebetween, and said core being provided with bosses for sustainin a. wrist pin and with means for detachably supporting said head, said several last mentioned means being arranged-in alinement.

43. A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, an outer wall, an inner core projecting therethrough and forming a portion of the head, said core and wall having a telescopic relationship for insuring intimate contact therebetween, and said core being provided with bosses for sustainingawrist pin and with means for detachably supporting said head, said several last mentioned means being arranged in alinement, said wall being detachable from said core from the top of the cylinder without disturbance of the wrist pin.

4A. A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, an outer wall of cylindrical contour on its inner surface, formed of relatively hard metal free from projections and consequent distortion by heat; and an inner core projecting through the wall and forming a portion of the head, formed of relatively light metal of relatively high conductivity of heat; the said core and wall having a telescopic relationship for insuring intimate contact therebetween; the said core being provided with means for sustaining a wrist pin and with means for detachalbly supporting said head, the said several last mentioned means bein arranged in alinement; and the said wall being detachable from said core from the top of the cylinder without disturbance of the wrist pin.

ton head and an independent wall or sleeve carried thereby, substantially the entire frictional surface of the piston structure including said, sleeve, being formed, of relatively hard wear-resisting metal, and the saidhead having substantially the entire central portion thereof formed of relatively light metal having a high coefiicient of heat conductivity.

47. A built-up bi-metallic piston construction comprising, in combination, a continuous cylindrical piston wall and an inner core projecting therethrough and forming a portion of the head of the piston.

48. A built-up bi-metallic piston construction comprising, in combination, a continu ous cylindrical piston Wall and a skeleton inner core projecting 'therethrough and forming the central portion of the head of the piston.

49. A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, a continuous cylindrical piston wall and a detachable inner core projecting therethrough and forming the central portion of the head of the piston.

50. A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, a continuous cylindrical piston wall and a detachable skeleton inner core pro ecting therethrough and forming the central portion of the head of the piston. I

51. A built-up piston construction'comprising, in combination, a continuous cylindrical piston wall and an inner core projecting therethrough and forming the central portion of the head of the piston, the said core being provided with means for attachment to a connecting rod and crank and means for attachment to the piston wall, the said several means being arranged in alinement.

52. A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, a continuous cylindrical piston Wall and a skeleton inner core projecting therethrough and forming the central portion of the head ofthe piston,

the said core being provided with means for prising, in combination, a continuous cylindrical piston wall and a detachable inner core or carrier projecting therethrough and forming the head of the piston, the sald core being provided with means for attachment to a crank and means for attachment to the piston wall, the said several means being arranged in alinement.

54. A built-up piston comprising, in com bination, a continuous cylindrical elongated Walland an inner core therethrough and forming a portion of the piston head, the said members being provided with a gastight joint therebetween, said inner core detachably supporting said outer Wall and affording support for a Wrist pin.

55. A built-up bi-metallic piston comp-rising, in combination, a continuous cylindrical wall provided with an inwardly extending annulus, and with an inner core ex-' tending through said annulus and forming the central portion of the head of the pis' ton.

56. A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination a continuous cylindrical outer piston wall and an inner core projecting therethrough and forming the central portion of the head of the piston, the said core being provided with means for attachment to a crank and means separate from the core for attachment to the piston wall, the said several means being arranged in alinement.

57. A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, a continuous cylindrlcal outer piston wall and a skeleton lnner core projecting therethrough and forming the central portion of the head of the piston, the said core being provided with means for attachment to a crank and means separate from the core for attachment to the piston wall, the said several means being arranged tion of the head of the piston, and independent means for attaching the Wall and core to-' gether.

59. A built-up piston construction comprising, in combination, a continuous cylindrical piston wall and a skeleton inner core projecting therethrough and forming the central portion of the head of the piston, and independent means for attaching the wall and core together.

- 60. A built-up piston comprising, in combination, a continuous cylindrical Wall provided with an inwardly extending annulus, and an inner core extending through said annulus and forming the. central ortion of the head of the piston, and independent means. for attaching the wall and core together.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto signed my name.

EDGAR AMES TURNER.

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