US1261382A - Musical time and rhythm indicating device. - Google Patents

Description

S. B. GRIMSON. MUSlCAL TIME AND RHYTHM INDICATING DEVlCE. APPLICATION FILED APR. 1. 1914.

1 ,26 1 ,382. Patented Apr. 2, 1918.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

S. B. GRlMSON. MUSICAL TIME AND RHYTHM INDICATING DEVICE. APPLICATION HLED APR. 1. 1914.

. 1,261,382. Patented Apr.2,1918. 3 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

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3513 L; atto'cmeaa S. B. GRIMSON. MUSICALTIME AND RHYTHM lNDlCATING DEVICE.

APPLlCATlON FILED APR-1 1914. 1 61,382. Patented Apr. 2, 1918.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 3- 5 vwa mic a SAMUEL B. GRIMSON, OF NEW YORK, N. Y.

MUSICAL TIME AND RHYTHM INDICATING DEVICE.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Apr. 2, 1918.

Application filed April 1, 1914. Serial No. 828,797.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, SAMUEL B. GRIMSON, a resident of the borough of Manhattan, in the city, county, and State of New York, have invented a certain new and useful Musical Time and Rhythm Indicating Device,

. of which the following is a specification, reference being had to the accompanying drawings and the characters of reference thereon, forming part of this specification.

It is well known that the principal difficulty encountered in instructing the beginners in the art of music is in the field of time and rhythm.

The sense of musical time is the faculty of mentally dividing abstract time into equal periods, each period corresponding to a musical bar or measure; musical rhythm is the faculty of subdividing these periods or measures into any number of equal or unequal parts desired. At present music teachers depend upon two methods to cultivate the sense of time. One is to compel the pupil to count aloud the number of beats in each measure; thus in a composition written in Ztime:l,2,3;1,2,3;1, 2,3. I v

The other method is the use of a wellknown instrument called the metronome,

which being provided witha pendulum operated by the .escapement of a' clock work and carrying a movable weight to regulate as speed, produces a series of regular clicks corresponding to the principal beats of each The first method fails utterly in cultivating the sense of time because in practice it becomes the mere enumeration of numbers without reference to the lapse of time between them. In the same way the clicks of the metronome, while steadying the performer during. its actual use, tail to cultivate the sense of time. The metronome has a further disadvantage, in that it is possible to set it only for a series of regular clicks, and therefore is of value only to determine the principal beats of each measure, but powerless to indicate any irregular rhythm. The present invention cultivates the sense of musical time and may be set to illustrate both audibly and visibly any known musical rhythm. The principle of this invention is based on awakening a sense of the lapse of abstract time between the beginning of any one measure and the beginning of the next,

or between any one beat within a measure and the neXt beat.

In practice, music is written along a horizontal course, or stafi', in which the time value of the notes is not indicated by their relative spacing, as for example a measure containing two half notes will be compressed within three-quarters of an inch to save space, while another measure containing one half note and eight sixteenth notes will occupy perhaps a space of two inches, and furthermore the half note will occupy only one half of an inch, the rest of the measure being taken up by the eight sixteenth notes.

For the purpose of establishing a sense of the lapse of abstract time, equivalent to the time value for each measure, I employ a plate inscribed with a circular course along which the notes of any desired rhythm are spaced properly to indicate their time value in terms of measurement, thus in a measure of common time, a halt note will clear onehalf of the circular course, while in three four time, it will clear two-thirds of the course, etc.

Adjacent to each of these notes I provide an opening through which a mark upon a disk adapted to be revolved behind such plate becomes visible at such moments as the notes along the circular course are due to be indicated.

The effect of this upon the mind of the observer is firstly to make clear the proper spacing of the notes within the measure, as against the haphazard spacing provided in the usual printed horizontal statl; secondly, to indicate visibly exactly when each and which particular note becomes due; and thirdly, by inducing a sense of even, inevitable rotation, the mind is led to anticipate the proper moment for each note to be indicated.

If desired, for purposes of comparison, the rhythm shown on the circular course, may also be shown on the plate as it would appear on the horizontal .stafi.

To accomplish this one example of my in vention is illustrated in the drawings, in which- 1* igure 1 is a front view of a suitable case containing the device.

Fig. 2, is a view of the top part of the case.

Fig. is a top view of the revolving disk, 3. i

Fig. 4, is a front view corresponding to Fig. 1, ha 'ing a note plate, 7, inserted in front of the disk, 3.

Fig. 5, is a sectional. edge view on the line, X, X, of the note plate, 7, inserted in front of the disk, 3.

Fig. 6, is a view of the interior of the case with the back removed.

Fig. 7 is a section on the line, Y Y of Fig. 6.

Fig. 8 is an enlarged view of the speed regulator device.

Fig. 9 is an enlarged view showing a part of the movable plate for adjusting the speed regulator.

Fig. 10 is a metronomic scale.

11 is a note plate in time.

Fig. 12 is a note plate in C time.

Fig. 13 is a front view of a noteplate provided with turning parts and openings by means of which any desired time and rhythm may be indicated.

Fig. ll is a back view of the same.

Fig. 15 is an enlarged view of the turning slides shown in Figs. 13 and 14.

Similar letters 01'' reference indicate like parts in all the drawings.

In carrying out my, invention a suitable case is provided adapted to contain a spring motor, which may be an ordinary commercial clock movement, with the esca ement removed. This operates a suita le disk, 3, which is centrally mounted on a shaft, 15. This disk is provided with a button, l, of suitable color to be readily perceived, such as bright red.

Near the lower part of the disk, 3 a pro truding spring click wire, having an engaging finger, 6, is firmly attached and rotates with the disk, 3.

The relative positions of the button, t, and the click wire, 5, are plainly shown in top view in Fig. 3.

In front of the rotating disk, 3, and in the grooves, 2, 2, shown in Fig. 2, a card or note plate, 7, is inserted, which is provided with any desired number of openings, 8, 8, 8, as shown, behind which openings the rotating disk, 3, will carry the button, 1-, so that in its path it will pass behind each of the openings, 8, 8, on the lower part of the plate, 7, and to the opening, 8, in the upper part, enabling an observer to note its passage.

In this example of note plate, 7 a musical measure in ordinary musical. notation, 10, in

Fig.

itiine and containing three quarter-notes is shown, and the plate, 7, is provided with openings made relatively toeach other to indicate. that time by the passing of the colored-buttonyl, in its circular path starting from the upper opening, 8, and returning thereto. The plate, 7, is furthermore provided with suitable engaging devices, in this instance staples, 9, 9, 9, disposed relative to the openings, 8, S, 8, of the plate, 7, and in the path of the wire click spring part, 6, in such position relative to the spring that the same will engage therewith at the moment when the button. is observed at any particular opening and give the click at the same time. Opposite each opening and in order to bring to the mind the connection between the openings and the notes of the measure, enlarged notes, 11, 11, 11, in this instance marked respectively 1, 2, 3, to coincide with the three principal beats of the measure, are shown.

The back view of the mechanism for operating the rotating disk, 3, is shown in Fig. 6. This consists of a set of spring-driven gears, such as are used in an ordinary spring motor, as before stated, to which is added a bell, 12, which indicates the return of the colored button, a, to its highest point, by the impact of the spring, 13, operated by the finger, ll, attached to the. drive shaft, 15, which carries the disk, 3.

Spring motors of the character mentioned are usually provided with a shaft, as 16, attached to the gear running at the highest speed, to which shaft a tan governor is attached. This fan governor is to be removed, and in place thereof a device for regulating the speed of the motor is attached. which I have invented, and which is shown in Figs. 6, 7 and enlarged in Figs. 8 and 9, and may be adjusted to the plate, 17, at the back of the spring motor.

The speed regulator in the example of the invention here shown, i supported on an arm, 18, to the upper end of which a rod, 19, is attached, which extends toward the gears of the motor and slides in the tube, 20, which tube, 20, may be supported on the upper part of the motor plate, 17. To the lower part of the plate, 17, a rod, 21, is attached, which is provided with a tube, 22, which tube is attached to the lower part of the arm, 18, and slides on the rod, 21. By this arrangement the arm, 18, may be drawn away from or pushed toward the motor mechanism, maintaining its proper position, by the rod, 19, supported in the tube, 20, and the tube, 22, moving upon the rod, 21.

. In order to operate the arm, 18, from without the case containinu the mechanism, a rod, 23, is attached to t 1e arm, 18, and this rod, 23, may terminate in an indicator knob, 2 1, having a finger, 25, which points to a metronomic scale, 26, shown enlarged in Fig. 10. This scale, 26, is to be attached to the device in any suitable manner in relation to the finger, 25, in the instance shown in Fig. 7, by means of two rongs, 27, 27, to be inserted in suitable ho es in the bottom of the ease,1. r I

N The speed regulator of my invention consists of a uitable hub or part, 28, having two slots in which suitable flexible wires or arms, 29, 29, are inserted. The inserted ends of these wires, 29, 29, are formed into rings and are held 'movably in place in their respective slots by pins, 30, 30, and run through a flaring or countersunk opening, 31, sulficiently large for them to freely revolve in the tempered steel arm, 18, at a point exactly over the center of the shaft, 16, so that they cross each other and rest substantially a ainst the flaring opening, 31.

It will thus be seen that when the arm, 18, abuts against the hub, 28, as shown in Figs. 6, 7 ,and 9, the free ends of the regulating arms or wires, 29, 29, are at their greatest distance from each other, and in that position they exert the greatest strain or weight upon the action of the mechanism and top the movement of the same. As the arm, 18, is drawn away from the mechanism (by means of the knob, 24:, in this example of my invention), the projecting portions of the arms or wires, 29, 29, are shortened and drawn closer to each other, as indicated by the dotted line in Fig. 9, and the closer the free ends of the wires are to each other, the

less bearing or retarding power will they exercise upon the speed of the motor, and the adjustment of the parts is such that the free ends of the arms, 29, 29, can be brought close enough to each other not to effect the speed of the motor mechanism, if desired.

It will be understood that by means of graded balls or weights, as 32, 32, also, the length of the arms, 29, 29, may be adjusted to perform the service required; that is to say, if the space readily available for the arms is small, short arms with heavy balls or weights may be used to produce the same effect aslong arms with lighter weights, in cases where there is aboundant space.

. So also, in cases where the motor spring is not of great strength, simple wires, with-- out any weights at their ends would serve the purposes required.

The adjustment of the mechanism is such that any particular musical speed desired is indicated by the finger, 25, on the metro noniic scale, 26, et'in position by means of the knob, 24; the speed regulating arms, 29, 29, being thereby set in the position in which they permit the spring mechanism. to rotate the disk, 3, at the requisite speed.

Any other suitable regulating device may be, employed, but that invented and described herein by m has been foundsatisfactory.

In Fig. 11 a note plate, 7 bearing a musical measure in g mic indication of which calls for a quarter note, followed by an eighth note, followed by a quarter note, followed in turn by two sixteenth notes, making in all the value of six eighth notes.

time, 10, is shown, the ryth- For the purpose of indicating the moment at which each of these notes is due to be played, suitable openings, 8, 8, and opposite enlarged notes 11, 11, are provided; and opposite each of these openings the click engaging devices (in this instance sta ples, 9, 9) are attached to this car, 7*, to be operated as already described in regard to note card 7, Fig. 4.

Fig. 12 shows a note plate 7 in common time, indicating the rhythmic distribution of four sixteenth-notes, one dotted eighth note, followed by a sixteenth note, another group of four sixteenth notes, and another dotted eighth note, followed by a sixteenth note. Each of these notes is provided with a suitable opening 8, and where the openings are close together, they are made slightly smaller, leaving the blank space between them somewhat enlarged, in order that the passage of the colored button 1 behind them may be more readily observed, whereas when the notes are separated at a considerable distance from each other the openings may be as large as dot 4:.

The clicking devices 9, 9, the scale or measure 10, and the enlarged notes 11, 11, are provided and placed on these note plates opposite their respective openings 8, 8, as in plates 7, 7, already described.

For the purpose of instruction or training, any number of note plates, each provided with a measure bearing a particular rhythm, enlarged notes, openings and click devices, arranged similarly to Figs. ii, 11, 12, may be employed. as indicated, and thereby the perception of the division oi abstract time into equal or unequal portions may be inculcated or acquired.

In Fig. 13, a note plate 7 is shown which is provided with 16 openings such as are marked 8, in the other note plates. These openings 8, are adapted to be closed by shifting plates 8 pivoted as shown clearly in Fig. 15, by the bent stem 9*, in this instance passing through a washer 9 This note plate, one side oi which is marked 7, carrying the shifting plates 8, is intended for and can be used to demonstrate any musical rhythm in a musical time the upper denomination of which is 2, or a multiple 2 2 thereof; as for instance time, 4 t1me,

O, or time, etc., by shifting the plates 8 to uncover the holes 8, 8, properly to indicate any desired rhythm, as for instancethat displayed in Fig. 12. Each shifting plate 8 is provided with a pivot terminating in a stem parallel to the note plate and at right angles to the covering plate 8"". The side 7 in Figs. 1 1 and 1.3 is provided with a stud 9 disposed in such position that when any hole8 therein is a suitable adjustable plate equally divided into 12 openings with 12 shifting plates can. be readily constructed in the same manner; and it also will be readily understood that a similar note plate with 9 openings and 9 shiftcal times, such as g or when each beat is represented by a ing plates for musical times such as.

4 triplet, can also be constructed, and by such sets of note plates any desired musical rhythms or tempi can be readily provided when required for illustration or otherwise.

While the description here given. is of a small device which is useful for many purposes, it will beunderstood that my in vention is not limited to size, but that itmay be made of any convenient size desired to be used.

Thus the device may be made so large that it can be used in halls or school rooms. An enlarged indicator corresponding to dot 4, may consist of an. electric light, the disk 3, the openings 8, 8, from behind which the dot 4 is to be observed, may be increased in suitable proportions, the notes 11, and the bell and clicking devices may be proportionately enlarged so as to be heard and seen in the space and amid the noisewhich large bodies produce, for it may be used for dancing or in teaching dances, or for any purposes where it is an advantage to mark musical time or rhythm either visibly or audibly, or both.

The enlarged device may be run by any desired motive power. When it is operated by an electric motor some form of slipping friction clutch should be interposed between the disk shaft (as 15) and the motor, in order that the speed controller may become operative without destructive strainupon the motor. The enlarged disk shaft should be connected through with a suitable series of gears arranged in ascendingratio, and theshaft of the fastest running gear con nected with the speed regulator shown, and esc be h n, Whe the. r ee ds; f. the regulator are close together the disk will be revolved; at high speed, but when it is. desired to revolve. it at a lesser speedjthe partcorrespondingto; the part 18, through the hole in which, the regulating-wires or arms, 29, 29, pass, will be pulled nearer to the mechanism, and thereby the free ends of the arms will be moved wider apart, imposing more work upon the disk shaft and thus decreasing the rate of its speed without harm to the motor through the functioning of the friction clutch.

As the spot on the disk travels the same distance at each revolution of the disk, whether the plate set before it illustrates a 2 measure written in s time or m 0 (com- 4 mon) time, and as musical tempi in actual use range between 40 and 2 08 beats per minute, it will be seen that the disk must have a speed range from ten revolutions per minute for C time to one hundred and four revolutions per time, with any desired variation between those speeds. Having experimented with every known form of speed control and, found that the highest ratio which could be obtained, even depending in part upon friction, was 1 6, and that being insufficient for the purpose of the in vention, the combined speed control and governor shown was invented by me, and this being entirely independent of friction to accomplish its. result gives a speed range from rest up to the highest the motor is capable ofproducin With the cheap clock motor mentione a speed may beeasily, obtained of a ratio of 1: 30; There being no friction involved this is the highest speed such a motor is capable of producing with the regulator removed.

As it is of the highest importance that the velocity of the disk 3 should be steady, it is evident that some form of governor must be employed, and in order that the said velocity may correspond to any desired musical tempo, my speed regulator is provided.

And in this regulator the weights operate not merely to produce a uniform speed; but they may also cause the machine to run at any desired speed.

The form of speed controller herein shown and described differs from any heretofore known in that, while the point from which the balls are usually controlled has been taken on either side of the pivotal pointin the arm holding them, in the present invention. the point of the crossing of the arms. which becomes the real center of rotation, is utilized as the point of controL This obviously does away to a very great extent with frictional effort in the control. Again, the distance from the pivot tothe balls has always remained constant, but it will readily 'belunderstood' that in my device the length of the arm from thopivotal, pointminute for where the arms cross, to the balls or weights, is increased as theballs are swung apart, thus increasing the range through which it is possible to move the balls apart, and consequently enormously increasing the controlling power. By this speed regulator furthermore vibration and wear are reduced to the lowest'point, because the distance between the pivotal point and the free ends of the arms 29, 29, is decreased as the rate of speed is increased.

When it is desirable to indicate two dissimilar rythms in the same musical time, a second or additional rotating disk may be connected by suitable gears to be operated by the drive shaft, 15, in the device shown, and a card or plate provided with one of the dissimilar rythms placed in front of such additional rotating disk, so that the division of the musical .time will be equal for both and indicated by the device as herein shown and described, and one of the dissimilar rythms will be indicated by the additional rotating disk. This arrangement will aid learners who have an undeveloped-sense of time and rythm, to appreciate the rythm of three against four, as where, in piano playing, the left hand has three notes to strike in each measure while the ri ht hand strikes four in each measure.

It will also be understood that the size of the device may be increased by the preparation of disks of such enlargement that two or more measures of musical time equal to the measure shown in the drawings herewith, can be indicated at a single rotation of the disk, and a suitable bell or other sound device adjusted at the points where each measure of musical time commences and ends, so that a series of measures in the same musical time, but each containing difierent rythms indicated by suitably arranged openings and engaging devices can be produced. 7

In teaching the study of time, it is desirable to cause the student to understand that the unit of measurement in musical works is the measure, which may contain either 2, 3, a, 5 or 6 beats of stated value, which may be divided equally or unequally, according to the intention of the composer, and that it is of prime importance to attain the sense of the division of abstract time into equal portions, before proceeding to train the mind properly to divide and subdivide measures into beats and notes. This is accomplished in the present invention by the even rotation of the disk, and by suitable means for indicating, by a particular sound, the end ofeachrotation or measure, which is the beginning of the next. The student thereby learns to note visibly the continuous passage of time and the beginning and end of the measure, and at the same time learns to recognize audibly the beginning and end of the measure by the sound of a particular character as distinct from the sounds which he later learns, will indicate the subdivision of the measure.

It might be supposed that then to show the notes of a musical measure properly spaced along a conventional horizontal course would enable the mind immediately to grasp their relative value, but this is not true in fact. The eye fails, within a considerable margin, accurately to gage distances set out along a horizontal course, but when the distances are laid out around a circular course, the geometrical sense inherent in every human being is awakened, and with little diiiiculty mentally divides the circle into either two parts, three or four parts, and then subdivides these into any desired number of parts. Hence the importance of showing, as in the present invention, the measure of music which it is desired to elucidate as it is conventionally written, and at the same time and within the same view, showing the notes of the same measure properly spaced along a circular course.

My invention thus includes the important advantages of placing upon a teaching device, the musical measure with the notes spaced according to their time value, in the circular course, and in juxtaposition therewith the same notes as they appear in a written or printed horizontal staff, so that the student may apprehend both arrangements of the notes at the very instant that he becomes cognizant of the actual time value of such notes, and also the advantage that the mechanical rotating signal device cooperates with any number of plates that may be desired, each of which may be in scribed with the notes of any desired musical measure, whereby any measure which is difiicult can be studied and compared with any other desired measure. Thus one of the most difficult things to teach some pupils is found to be a syncopated measure. By providing a plate properly arranged according to my invention, the student at the same instant sees the notes as written on the horizontal stafi, and in the same view point adjacent thereto sees them spaced according to their time value, and the time value of each note is at the same moment made apprehensible to him audibly and also visibly by the rotating signaling device. And when tired for the time being, of studying a particular measure, the plate can be removed in a moment, and another plate with a different measure inserted for study or comparison.

It is also to be noted that after the device has been set for the length of the measure desired, the attention is not diverted from the subject by requiring any adjust-- ment of the mechanism in changing from one measure to another, as each plate is proinscribed with one or more musical notes,

vided with means by which it adjusts itself automatically, to the mechanism when placed before the rotating disk.

From the foregoing description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, the advantages of the construction and operation of my invention will be readily understood by those skilled in the art to which it appertains, and while I have described the principle of operation, together with the device in which it is embodied, I desire to have it understood that the device shown is merely illustrative and that such changes may be made therein when desired, asfall within the scopeof the appended claims.

Having thus described my invention what I claim asnew and desire to secure by Lettors Patent is:

A musical rhythm indicator, including a course inscribed with the notesof a musioa-l measure, a movable member mounted to traverse saidcourse, and means actuated by the movable member for indicating both visibly and audibl-y the passage of time conforming toeach note.

2. A musical rhythm indicator, including a course inscribed with notes of a musical measure, a movable member mounted to traverse "said course, means actuated by the movable member for visibly signaling the passage of time corresponding to each note, and independent means actuated by the movable member for audibly signaling the passage of time corresponding to each note.

3. A musical rhythm indicator, including acourse inscribed with the notes of a musical measure, a movable member mounted to traverse said course, means actuated by the movable member for visibly signaling the of time corresponding to eachnote, and independent means for signaling the end of each measure.

4. A musica-l rhythm indicator, including a'course inscribed with the notes of a musical measure, a movable member mounted to traverse said course, means actuated by the movable member for indicating both visibly and audibly the passage of time conforming to each note, and independent means for signaling the end-of each measure.

5. In a musical rhythm indicator provided with a plate having inscribed thereon in acircular-course the notes of any desired musical rhythm and a perforation adjacent to each of such notes, in combination with a rotating disk, back of such plate and carrying a suitable button adapted to be disclosed at each of such perforations when the disk is rotated, and means whereby as such button passes each perforation a definite length of time is audibly indicated.

-6. In a musical rhythm indicator, a plate openings near such notes, engaging parts near such openings, a movable indicatin part adapted to pass such openings provid with a suitable device operated by such engaging vparts, and adapted to produce an audible click at the instant when the indicating part passes such openings.

7. In a musical rhythm indicator a disk rotated by suitable means, a plate disposed in front of said disk and inscribed with the notes of a musical rhythm in a circular course, and having perforations adjacent to each ofrsaid notes through which a mark on the disk becomes visible in the course of the rotation of the disk.

8. In a musical rhythm indicator, a plate having a desired number of perforations spaced evenly along a circular course, and pivoted covering pants for such perforations adapted to be moved away from such perforations to unclose the same.

9. In a musical rhythm indicator a plate having a desired number of pa orations spaced evenly alonga circular course, pivoted coverings for such perforations adapted 'to *be moved away firovm the same to unclose the perforations, such pivoted coverings provided with parts adapted to project into the path of a clicking device when the coa erings unclose the perforations, and to be withdrawn from such path when the coverings are in position to close the perfora- 10. In a musical rhythm indicator a revolving-diskcarrymg a witable clicking device, in combination with a suitable late provided with openings arranged to indicate the notes of 1a musical measure, and having projections disposed in relation to suchclicking device adapted-to engage therewith and produce a clicking sound at the instant when a designated point of the disk passes such openings.

11. In a musical rhythm indicator an exposed disk mounted upon a revolving -shaft, a projection on such shaft, a striking part in the path of such projection adapted to engage therewith and also to release the same, and a bell disposed relative to such striking part to receive a blow from the same when released.

12. In a musical rhythm indicator, an exposed rotating disk provided with parts adapted to indicate the beginning and the end of each rotation by a sound of one character, and with parts adapted to indicate the passage of a predetermined part of such disk at other points of its rotation, by a sound of a diflerentclzaraoter.

1-3. In a musical rhythm indicator, a plate provided with a continuous series of uniformly spaced openings, removable covers for the said openings and-amovablemember arranged under the plateand provided with a signal point arranged to be successively displayed through such of the openings as are uncovered.

14. In a musical rhythm indicator, a plate provided with a continuous series of uniformly spaced openings, removable covers for said openings, trip means carried by the covers and arranged to be moved into operative position When the covers are moved away from the openings, a movable member mounted under the plate and provided with a. signal point arranged to be successively displayed through such of the openings as are uncovered, and signal means mounted upon the movable member for co- ,sse

operation with the trip fingers of the covers to produce an audible sound each time the signal point passes under an uncovered openmg.

15. A musical rhythm indicator, including a course inscribed With the notes of a musical measure, continuously rotating member mounted to traverse said course, and means actuated by the rotating memher for audibly signaling the passage of 25 time conforming to each note.

SAMUEL B. GRIMSON. Witnesses HENRY R. MYGATT, JOHN H. SILVER.

Copies of this patent may be obtained for five cents each, by addressing the Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. G.

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