TWI906153B - Fuel catalyst and method for enhancing complete combustion of fuel to reduce emissions - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a fuel catalyst and a method for enhancing complete combustion of fuel to reduce emissions. The fuel catalyst includes 175 to 225 parts by weight of hydrocarbon, 565 to 635 parts by weight of titanium dioxide, and 175 to 225 parts by weight of hexadecane. The hydrocarbon, titanium dioxide, and hexadecane are mixed or dissolved and mixed to form a solid or liquid fuel catalyst. The method for enhancing complete combustion includes: adding the fuel catalyst to a fuel at a weight ratio of 10,000:1 to 10,000:5 to nanonize the fuel molecules, thus achieving complete combustion, reducing pollutant emissions, and preventing air pollution.

Description

Fuel catalysts and their methods for promoting complete fuel combustion to reduce pollution.

This invention relates to a fuel catalyst that can break carbon chains in fuel and nano-scale fuel molecules to aid in complete combustion, and to a method for reducing air pollution.

Common fuels include diesel, gasoline, heavy oil, kerosene, and coal. The combustion of these fuels to generate power is an indispensable part of the transportation industry, including vehicles, aircraft, and ships. However, a drawback of fuel combustion is that incomplete combustion results in exhaust gases containing high or excessive levels of pollutants such as sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), causing air pollution problems.

Therefore, there is Patent No. I653330, "Method for using a novel fuel composition as fuel for an improved diesel engine," which was announced on March 11, 2019. The disclosure states that the novel fuel composition comprises a water-emulsified fuel containing water, fuel oil, and an emulsifier. Based on a total weight of 100 wt% for water and fuel oil, the weight range of water is 10-90 wt%, and the weight range of the emulsifier is 0.5-10 wt%. The modified diesel engine includes a cylinder comprising a cylinder body and a combustion chamber defined by the cylinder body. The cylinder body has an inner surface adjacent to the combustion chamber, and a catalyst is distributed on the inner surface. The catalyst is selected from metals, metal-containing alloys, metal oxide-containing complexes, metal salts, or combinations thereof. The metal is selected from platinum, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, titanium, or combinations thereof. In addition to significantly reducing the residual amounts of NOx, HC and PM in exhaust gases, it can also improve the fuel efficiency of the improved diesel engine while maintaining the same engine speed and without reducing torque.

The prior art of this patent mainly involves a catalyst that can be distributed on the inner surface of at least one of the cylinder head, cylinder manifold, and piston, combined with a novel fuel composed of water, fuel, and an emulsifier. In the combustion chamber, the water-emulsified fuel undergoes an oxidation-reduction reaction catalyzed by the catalyst on the inner surface of the cylinder, producing hydrogen and oxygen. Simultaneously, toxic NOx and HC produced due to incomplete combustion are converted into harmless nitrogen, oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide through oxidation-reduction reactions. PM is also converted into carbon dioxide and hydrogen through a water-gas reaction and the high-temperature reaction of water vapor, thus significantly reducing the residual amounts of NOx, HC, and PM in the exhaust gas. However, it cannot be used in commercially available fuel engines and requires the manufacture of specially modified fuel engines, thus limiting its widespread use.

There is also the patent application No. I774522 for "Internal Combustion Engine Oil Improvement Tablets" announced on August 11, 2012. It is disclosed that the internal combustion engine oil improver tablets contain the following components by weight percentage: palmitic acid hexadecyl ester 20-40%, lauric acid 5%, rosin 10-20%, stearic acid 10-15%, benzoyl ketone 20-50%, borneol 4%, and titanium dioxide 1%. Among these, palmitic acid hexadecyl ester is a combustion improver accounting for 20-40%, lauric acid is a lubricant and detergent accounting for 5%, rosin is a dispersant and catalyst accounting for 10-20%, stearic acid is an organic fatty acid and a synthetic ester synthesizer accounting for 10-15%, benzoyl ketone is an organic ester sublimation agent accounting for 20-50%, borneol is an organic volatile agent accounting for 4%, and titanium dioxide is a toxic substance decomposition agent accounting for 1%. Its constituent substances are stable, readily available, safe and non-toxic, do not produce secondary pollution, and can improve the combustion efficiency of gasoline and diesel, increase heat energy, and save fuel by more than 15%, and only a trace amount is needed to achieve the effect.

The prior patent only discloses the use of rosin as a catalyst, and titanium dioxide as a decomposing agent for nitrogen oxides, aromatics, and aldehydes. Therefore, the prior patent is completely different from the technical features of the present invention.

Therefore, in view of the aforementioned shortcomings of current catalysts used in fuels, the present invention provides a fuel catalyst comprising: 175 to 225 parts by weight of hydrocarbons; 565 to 635 parts by weight of titanium dioxide; and 175 to 225 parts by weight of hexadecane; wherein the hydrocarbons, titanium dioxide, and hexadecane are mixed or fused together to form a solid or liquid fuel catalyst.

The aforementioned hydrocarbon compounds are nanoscale particles with a particle size between 0.6 nanometers and 1.0 nanometers.

The types of hydrocarbons mentioned above include one or any combination of the following: alkanes with the general formula: C _{_n} H _{_2n+2} , n ≥ 1; alkenes with the general formula: C _{_n}H _{_2n}, n ≥ 2; dienes with the general formula: C _{_n} H _{_2n-2}, n ≥ 3; cycloalkanes with the general formula: C _{_n}H _{_2n} , n ≥ 3; alkynes with the general formula: C _{_n} H _{_2n-2}, n ≥ 2; and aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzene and its homologues with the general formula: C _{_n} H _{_2n-6} , n ≥ 6.

The chemical formula of the titanium dioxide is TiO₂. The titanium dioxide is a transparent liquid with a melting point of 1870℃, a boiling point of 2972℃, and a density of 4.23 g/cm³. The chemical formula of the hexadecane is _{C16H34 .} The hexadecane is a white solid or a colorless liquid with a melting point of 18.2℃, a boiling point of 286.79℃, a flash point of 135℃, an ignition point of 202℃, and a density of 0.7734 g/cm³.

The above-mentioned fuel catalyst is mixed or dissolved into a liquid state using a mixer at a temperature of 20 to 60°C for 1 hour at a speed of 350 rpm and a pressure of 10 psi/ ^cm² . The liquid fuel catalyst is then dried in a dryer at a temperature of 160°C for 2 hours to obtain a solid fuel catalyst.

This invention can also be a method to help fuels burn completely and reduce pollution by adding the above-mentioned fuel catalyst to a fuel to nano-molecularize the fuel and achieve complete combustion.

The weight ratio of the above-mentioned fuel and the fuel catalyst added is 10000:1 to 5.

The above refers to adding 1 to 5 liters of the fuel catalyst to 10,000 liters of the fuel mixture.

The types of fuels mentioned above are diesel, gasoline, heavy oil, kerosene, or coal.

The titanium dioxide is used to break the carbon chains in the fuel, making it present as many small carbon chains, thereby achieving molecular nanofiberization of the fuel. The hexadecane is used to increase the octane number of the fuel and purify the fuel.

Based on the above technical features, it has the following advantages:

1. By utilizing the titanium dioxide in the fuel catalyst, the carbon chains in the fuel can be broken, resulting in many small carbon chains. This makes the fuel molecules smaller and nano-sized, allowing the fuel molecules to burn completely. This avoids the emission of exhaust gases containing high or excessive levels of pollutants such as sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides due to incomplete combustion, and can improve black smoke emissions and prevent air pollution.

2. The use of hexadecane in fuel catalysts can increase the octane rating of fuel and purify it, thereby achieving effects such as anti-knock and improved combustion efficiency.

3. Fuel catalysts can help various fuels burn completely, thus improving fuel combustion efficiency and having a higher calorific value. This not only reduces pollutant emissions during combustion but also saves fuel.

4. Therefore, it can achieve fuel saving, complete combustion without air pollution, higher calorific value, no carbon deposits in the engine, and has the effects of temperature resistance and wear resistance.

5. It can be widely used in kerosene and coal mines for direct use, as well as in coal and various coal-fired power industries, factory boilers, coal slurry, heavy oil with added water, diesel oil for direct use, thermal power plants, gasoline for direct use, aviation oil for direct use, and lubricating oil for direct use.

The first embodiment of this invention is a fuel catalyst. The type of fuel can be diesel, gasoline, heavy oil, kerosene or other fuel oil or coal. This embodiment uses diesel as an example, but it does not limit the type of fuel used in this invention.

As shown in the first figure, the fuel catalyst comprises at least: hydrocarbons, titanium dioxide, and hexadecane. Among them:

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen. They are generally less dense than water and insoluble in water, but readily soluble in organic solvents. These hydrocarbons are nanoscale particles with a particle size ranging from 0.6 nanometers to 1.0 nanometers.

This hydrocarbon compound is also known as a "hydrocarbon" and its types include one or any combination of the following.

Alkanes, with the general formula: C _{_n}H _{_2n+2} (n≧1);

Alkenes, with the general formula: C _{_n}H _{_2n} (n≧2);

Diene hydrocarbons, with the general formula: C _{_n} H _{_2n-2} (n≧3);

Cycloalkanes have the general formula: C _{_nH_2n} (n ≧ 3);

Alkynes, with the general formula: C _{_n}H _{_2n-2} (n≧2);

Aromatic hydrocarbons do not have a fixed general formula. The general formula for benzene and its homologues is: _{CnH2n -6} (n≧6).

These "hydrocarbons" are mostly saturated hydrocarbons, including alkanes and cycloalkanes. Unsaturated hydrocarbons include alkenes and acetylenes, such as ethylene and acetylene. Other unsaturated hydrocarbons include aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, naphthalene, and anthracene, which are generally only obtained during petroleum processing. Petroleum hydrocarbons fall into three categories: alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Titanium dioxide, with the chemical formula TiO₂, is a transparent liquid and can be used as a main raw material for photocatalysts. It has a melting point of 1870℃, a boiling point of 2972℃, and a density of 4.23 g/cm³.

Hexadecane, with the chemical formula _{C16H34 ,} is a white solid or colorless liquid. It has a melting point of 18.2℃, a boiling point of 286.79℃, a flash point of 135℃, an ignition point of 202℃, and a density of 0.7734 g/cm³. It is miscible with diethyl ether, petroleum ether, and chloroform, slightly soluble in hot ethanol, and insoluble in water. It can be used as a solvent.

The fuel catalyst is manufactured by mixing or fusing the following components in proportion by weight: 175 to 225 parts by weight of liquid hydrocarbons; 565 to 635 parts by weight of liquid titanium dioxide; and 175 to 225 parts by weight of solid or liquid hexadecane. The mixing or fusing temperature is 20 to 60°C, the stirring time is 1 hour, and the stirring speed is 350 rpm at a pressure of 10 psi/ ^cm² . The liquid fuel catalyst is then dried in a dryer at 160°C for 2 hours to obtain the solid fuel catalyst. No pressure adjustment is required.

As shown in the second figure, the second embodiment of the present invention is a method to help fuel burn completely to reduce pollution, which is implemented in conjunction with the fuel catalyst of the above embodiment.

The aforementioned fuel catalyst can be added to any fuel. In this embodiment, diesel fuel is used, and the liquid fuel catalyst is added to the diesel fuel. The weight ratio of the diesel fuel to the added fuel catalyst is 10000:1 to 5. This weight ratio is applicable to adding liquid fuel catalyst to liquid fuel, solid fuel catalyst to solid fuel, liquid fuel catalyst to solid fuel, and solid fuel catalyst to liquid fuel. In actual use, the weight is converted according to the specific gravity of different fuels and the specific gravity of the fuel catalyst, and then an appropriate weight of fuel catalyst is added according to a weight ratio of 10000:1 to 5. However, for ease of calculation, the slight difference in specific gravity is ignored, and the conversion is directly performed with a ratio of 1 liter to 1 kilogram. Therefore, this invention allows for the addition of 1 to 5 liters of the fuel catalyst to 10,000 liters of diesel fuel for mixed use.

When diesel fuel containing this fuel catalyst enters the engine's combustion chamber and begins to burn, the titanium dioxide in the fuel catalyst breaks down the carbon chains in the diesel fuel, creating numerous smaller carbon chains. This process primarily utilizes titanium to break down the carbon chains into finer chains, each of which is connected to smaller molecules, thus miniaturizing the fuel or coal. Because the fuel catalyst activates the nano-scale formation of the hydrocarbon molecules in the diesel fuel, their smaller size increases kinetic energy and facilitates more complete integration with oxygen. This process reduces the size of diesel fuel molecules, achieving nano-sized molecules that allow for complete combustion. This improves engine combustion efficiency and results in a higher calorific value. Under conditions of complete combustion, it contributes to increased engine horsepower and offers advantages such as fuel economy and reduced fuel injector clogging. It also prevents excessive levels of pollutants like sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases caused by incomplete combustion, reducing black smoke emissions and preventing air pollution. By promoting complete combustion, it increases fuel efficiency and reduces pollutant emissions during combustion, thus achieving fuel savings. Furthermore, the hexadecane in the fuel catalyst can increase the octane number of the diesel fuel and purify it, thereby achieving effects such as anti-knock and improved combustion efficiency.

In particular, it nano-sized oil molecules, achieving a high reaction rate for complete combustion. It exhibits high oxidizing activity towards carbon monoxide at room temperature and even low temperatures (ranging from -70 to 250°C), converting carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide in a very short reaction time. This highly efficient catalytic activity effectively densifies the molecular structure of air, allowing diesel fuel to mix rapidly with air, reducing engine temperature and improving operating efficiency.

It can be widely used in kerosene and coal mines for direct use, as well as in coal and various coal-fired power industries, factory boilers, coal slurry, heavy oil with added water, diesel oil for direct use, thermal power plants, gasoline for direct use, aviation oil for direct use, and lubricating oil for direct use.

Please refer to Table 1 to test the pollutant concentration and emission rate of diesel fuel after combustion with and without the fuel catalyst of this invention (weight ratios of 10000:1 and 10000:5 respectively).

Table 1: Fuel Additives Sulfur dioxide (ppm) Nitric oxide (ppm) Nitrogen oxides (ppm) Carbon monoxide (ppm) carbon dioxide(%) Oxygen (%) efficiency(%) Revised Efficiency Complete Efficiency No fuel catalyst added 1189 64 67 5639 5.0 15.3 81.3 83.8 10000:1 ▼Decrease Rate▲Increase Rate 969 ▼18.5% 55 ▼14% 5.9 1455 ▼74.2% 7.0 13.0 90.9 93.8 10000:5 ▼Decrease Rate▲Increase Rate 461 ▼62.3% 45 ▼30% 47 561 ▼90% 7.4 12.5 91.9 ▲10.6% 95.8 ▲12%

As shown in Table 1 above, when this invention is added to diesel fuel at ratios of 10000:1 and 10000:5, the reduction in pollutant emissions is as follows: sulfur dioxide ( _SO2 ): 18.5~62.3%; nitrogen monoxide (NO): 14~30%; and carbon monoxide (CO): 74.2~90%, all significantly lower than the emissions without the addition. Furthermore, the combustion efficiency is increased by more than 12% after adding this fuel catalyst. Therefore, the exhaust gas from diesel fuel combustion with the addition of this invention shows a significant decrease in the concentration and emission rate of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides.

Please refer to Table 2 to test the concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx) after diesel combustion with and without the fuel catalyst of this invention:

Table 2: Before using fuel catalyst After using fuel catalyst NOx (ppm) SOx (ppm) NOx (ppm) SOx (ppm) peak 147.28 18.375 135.83 15.025 Lifeng 197.91 16.909 186.54 11.272 Same area 163.54 17.971 151.77 16.314

Similarly, as shown in Table 2 above, the exhaust gas from diesel combustion with the added fuel catalyst of this invention exhibits a significant decrease in the emission concentrations of nitrogen oxides ( _NOx ) and sulfur oxides ( _SOx ). Furthermore, long-term use of the fuel catalyst can reduce nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides by 7.1% and 9.2%, respectively.

Please refer to Table 3 to test the weight changes of particulate matter (PM) produced after the combustion of diesel fuel with and without the fuel catalyst of this invention (weight ratios of 10000:1 and 10000:5).

Table 3: Contains diesel Initial filter weight (g) Final filter weight (g) PM weight (g) No added fuel catalyst 217.96 223.58 5.62 Add fuel catalyst at a ratio of 10000:1 (▼ rate of decrease) 223.15 224.18 1.03 ▼81.6% Add fuel catalyst at a ratio of 10000:5 (▼ rate of decrease) 219.84 220.83 0.99 ▼82.3%

As shown in Table 3 above, when added to diesel fuel at weight ratios of 10000:1 and 10000:5, the PM reduction was 81.6% and 82.3% respectively, both of which are far lower than the PM values generated when no additive was used.

Please refer to Table 4 to test the changes in coal consumption and steam production when the boiler equipment uses coal combustion with and without the fuel catalyst of this invention.

Table 4: After using fuel catalyst No fuel catalyst used Average coal consumption per hour (tons) Average steam production per hour (tons) Average coal consumption per hour (tons) Average steam production per hour (tons) peak 64.8 536.1 67.1 533.2 Lifeng 42.1 354.7 42.2 347.0 Same area 56.8 472.4 58.5 469.1

Similarly, as shown in Table 4 above, even when used in boiler equipment that burns coal, adding the fuel catalyst of this invention can reduce coal consumption and increase steam production.

Accordingly, the fuel catalyst of this invention improves fuel combustion efficiency and reduces pollutant emissions during combustion by helping fuels to burn completely. Furthermore, this fuel catalyst can help various fuels burn completely, thus improving fuel combustion efficiency and having a higher calorific value. This not only reduces pollutant emissions during combustion but also achieves fuel conservation.

Based on the above description of the embodiments, the operation, use and effects of the present invention can be fully understood. However, the above-described embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and should not be used to limit the scope of the present invention. Simple equivalent changes and modifications made in accordance with the scope of the patent application and the description of the invention are all within the scope of the present invention.

without

[Figure 1] is a schematic diagram of the composition of the fuel catalyst of the first embodiment of the present invention.

[Figure 2] is a flowchart of a method for assisting complete combustion of fuel to reduce pollution, as shown in the second embodiment of the present invention.

Claims (10)

A fuel catalyst comprising: a hydrocarbon compound, comprising 175 to 225 parts by weight; titanium dioxide, comprising 565 to 635 parts by weight; and hexadecane, comprising 175 to 225 parts by weight, the hexadecane having the chemical formula _C16H34 , the _hexadecane being a white solid or colorless liquid with a melting point of 18.2°C, a boiling point of 286.79°C, a flash point of 135°C, an ignition point of 202°C, and a density of 0.7734 g/ ^cm³ ; the hydrocarbon compound, the titanium dioxide, and the hexadecane are mixed or fused together to form a solid or liquid fuel catalyst. For example, the fuel catalyst of claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon compound is in the form of nanoscale particles with a particle size between 0.6 nanometers and 1.0 nanometers. As in claim 1, the fuel catalyst comprises one or any combination of the following hydrocarbons: alkanes with the general formula _{CnH2n +2} , n ≥ 1; alkenes with the general formula _CnH2n , n ≥ 2; dienes with the general formula _{CnH2n -2 ,} n ≥ 3; cycloalkanes with the general formula _CnH2n , n ≥ 3; alkynes with the general formula _{CnH2n - 2} , n ≥ 2; and aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzene and its homologues with the general formula _{CnH2n -6} , n ≥ 6. For example, in the fuel catalyst of claim 1, the chemical formula of the titanium dioxide is _TiO2 , and the titanium dioxide is a transparent liquid with a melting point of 1870℃, a boiling point of 2972℃, and a density of 4.23 g/ ^cm3 . For example, the fuel catalyst in claim 1 is mixed or dissolved into a liquid state using a mixer at a temperature of 20 to 60°C for 1 hour at a speed of 350 rpm and a pressure of 10 psi/ ^cm² . The liquid fuel catalyst is then dried in a dryer at a temperature of 160°C for 2 hours to obtain a solid fuel catalyst. A method for reducing pollution by aiding complete combustion of fuel involves adding a fuel catalyst as described in any one of claims 1 to 5 to a fuel, thereby nano-combusting the fuel molecules to achieve complete combustion. For example, in claim 6, the method for assisting complete combustion of fuel to reduce pollution, wherein the weight ratio of the fuel to the fuel catalyst added is 10000:1 to 5. For example, the method for assisting complete combustion of fuel to reduce pollution, as in claim 6, involves adding 1 to 5 liters of the fuel catalyst to 10,000 liters of the fuel mixture. For example, in claim 6, methods to help fuels burn completely to reduce pollution, the type of fuel is diesel, gasoline, heavy oil, kerosene, or coal. For example, the method of assisting complete combustion of fuel to reduce pollution in claim 6, wherein the titanium dioxide is used to break the carbon chains in the fuel, making it present as many small carbon chains, so as to achieve molecular nanofiberization of the fuel, and the hexadecane is used to increase the octane number of the fuel and purify the fuel.