TWI868039B - Additive, cement-based composition containing the additive, and use thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

A cement-based composition and its uses are provided. The cemented-based composition includes a cementitious material, sands, and water. The cementitious material includes cement and an additive. The additive includes kaolinite, a first carbonyl compound, and a pH buffer. The first carbonyl compound includes ethylene carbonate. The pH buffer includes ethylene carbonate and ethanolamine.

Description

Additives, cement-based compositions containing additives and uses thereof

The present invention relates to an additive, a cement-based composition containing the additive and use thereof.

Cement or cement-based materials can be used for various purposes such as concrete, cement-based mortar, mud materials, gypsum products, etc., but the production of cement or cement-based materials is quite energy-intensive. Specifically, every ton of cement produced will produce about 0.9 to 1 ton of carbon dioxide. However, cement or cement-based materials are indispensable building materials, so how to reduce the carbon emissions of existing cement or cement-based materials to mitigate the impact on the environment has become one of the technical problems to be solved in this case.

In addition, as mentioned above, because cement or cement-based materials are indispensable building materials, they often have to meet specific design strength requirements. Therefore, in addition to mitigating the impact on the environment, the development of the above-mentioned technology to reduce carbon emissions must also take into account the strength requirements of cement or cement-based materials as building materials.

Furthermore, although green cement containing limestone (CaCO ₃ ) can improve its early compressive strength by fine grinding (for example, grinding its specific surface area from 3,700 m ² /g to 5,100 m ² /g), its late compressive strength cannot be increased to exceed that of traditional portland cement. Therefore, it is still difficult for these green cements to be further used in applications requiring higher compressive strength.

Considering that cement or cement-based materials are common and indispensable construction materials today, and based on the above-mentioned environmental issues and many defects in practical applications, how to improve existing cement or cement-based materials to provide more environmentally friendly and even provide traditional cement or cement-based materials (such as Portland Type I cement) with improved early and/or late compressive strength is a technical problem that still needs to be solved in the relevant technical field, and is also one of the technical problems to be solved in this case.

In view of this, some embodiments provide an additive comprising kaolin, a first carbonyl compound and an acid-base buffer. The first carbonyl compound comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of the following compounds: a compound represented by formula (I) and a compound represented by formula (II), wherein ^R1 and ^R2 are independently _C1 - _C5 alkyl, wherein A and B are independently selected from the group consisting of C, N, O and S, and the five-membered ring of the first carbonyl compound may be unsubstituted or selectively substituted by _C1 - _C5 alkyl. Formula (I) Formula (II) The acid-base buffer comprises a second carbonyl compound and an amino compound. The second carbonyl compound comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of the following compounds: a compound represented by formula (III) and a compound represented by formula (IV), wherein ^R3 and ^R4 are independently _C1 - _C5 alkyl, wherein X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of C, N, O and S, and the five-membered ring of the second carbonyl compound may be unsubstituted or selectively substituted by _C1 - _C5 alkyl. Formula (III) Formula (IV) The amino compound comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of: alcohol amine, diamine and polyamine. The kaolin is 0.06-4.995 parts by weight, the first carbonyl compound is 0.0001-2 parts by weight, and the acid-base buffer is 2×10 ^-9 -4×10 ^-2 parts by weight.

In some embodiments, the kaolin is present in an amount of 0.35 to 1.99 parts by weight, the first carbonyl compound is present in an amount of 0.0025 to 0.6 parts by weight, and the acid-base buffer is present in an amount of 2.5×10 ^-7 to 1.2×10 ^-2 parts by weight.

In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the acid-base buffer to the first carbonyl compound is 20 ppm to 20,000 ppm.

In addition, some embodiments also provide a cement-based composition, which includes a cement-based binder, sand and water. The cement-based binder includes cement and the additive. The cement is 95-99.9 parts by weight, the additive is 0.1-5 parts by weight, the sand is 80-330 parts by weight, and the water is 25-63 parts by weight.

In some embodiments, the cement-based binder further comprises slag, and the total weight of the slag and the additive is 0.4 to 0.6 times the weight of the cement-based binder.

In some embodiments, the cement is Portland Type I cement, limestone (CaCO ₃ ) cement, or a combination thereof.

In addition, some embodiments also provide a use of the above-mentioned cement-based composition for reducing the cement content in the cement-based composition, wherein the above-mentioned reduction in the cement content is compared to the cement content of the cement-based composition without the additive.

In addition, some embodiments further provide a use of the above-mentioned cement-based composition for improving the early compressive strength and/or late compressive strength of the cement-based composition, wherein the above-mentioned improved early compressive strength and/or late compressive strength is compared to the early compressive strength and/or late compressive strength of the cement-based composition without additives.

Some other embodiments also propose a use of the above-mentioned cement-based composition for making the cement-based composition solidify quickly while still maintaining or improving the early compressive strength and/or late compressive strength, wherein the above-mentioned maintenance or improvement of the early compressive strength and/or late compressive strength is compared to the early compressive strength and/or late compressive strength of the cement-based composition without additives.

Cross-references to Related Applications

This case claims priority to Republic of China Patent Application No. 112133150 filed on August 31, 2023, entitled "Concrete composition and use thereof," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

As used herein, the term "cementitious composition" refers to any composition containing cement, such as cement and concrete containing cement, sand and stone. Such cement or cementitious compositions can be used in a wide range of applications such as making concrete, cementitious mortar, mud materials and gypsum products; the applications listed here are merely illustrative and not limiting.

In some embodiments, an additive includes kaolinite (which can be represented by a chemical formula of Al ₂ O ₃ ·2SiO ₂ ·2H ₂ O or Al ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ ), a first carbonyl compound, and an acid-base buffer (pH buffer).

The first carbonyl compound comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of the following compounds: a compound represented by formula (I) and a compound represented by formula (II), wherein ^R1 and ^R2 are independently _C1 - _C5 alkyl; wherein A and B are independently selected from the group consisting of C, N, O and S, and the five-membered ring of the first carbonyl compound may be unsubstituted or selectively substituted by _C1 - _C5 alkyl. Formula (I) Formula (II)

The first carbonyl compound may be a carbonate ester compound. For example, as shown in Table 1 and Table 2, the first carbonyl compound may be at least one selected from the group consisting of: methyl hydrogen carbonate, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate (EC), and propylene carbonate (PC). In some embodiments, the first carbonyl compound includes ethylene carbonate.

Table 1: Examples of compounds of formula (I) No. Compound of formula (I) R ¹ R ² 1 Methyl Hydrocarbonate Hydrogen methyl 2 Dimethyl carbonate methyl methyl 3 Ethyl methyl carbonate methyl Ethyl 4 Diethyl carbonate Ethyl Ethyl 5 Dipropyl carbonate Propyl Propyl 6 Dibutyl carbonate Butyl Butyl

Table 2: Examples of compounds of formula (II) No. Compound of formula (II) A B Five-membered ring substitution 1 Ethylene carbonate C C - 2 Propylene carbonate C C A or B is substituted with methyl

The acid-base buffer comprises a second carbonyl compound and an amino compound.

The second carbonyl compound may be a compound different from the first carbonyl compound, or a compound that is completely or partially the same as the first carbonyl compound. Specifically, the second carbonyl compound comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of the following compounds: a compound represented by formula (III) and a compound represented by formula (IV), wherein ^R3 and ^R4 are independently _C1 - _C5 alkyl; wherein X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of C, N, O and S, and the five-membered ring of the second carbonyl compound may be unsubstituted or selectively substituted with C1-C5 alkyl. Formula (III) Formula (IV)

The second carbonyl compound may be a carbonate ester compound. For example, as shown in Tables 3 and 4 below, the second carbonyl compound may be at least one selected from the group consisting of: methyl hydrogen carbonate, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate (EC), and propylene carbonate (PC). In some embodiments, the first carbonyl compound includes ethylene carbonate.

Table 3: Examples of compounds of formula (III) No. Compound of formula (III) R ³ R ⁴ 1 Methyl Hydrocarbonate Hydrogen methyl 2 Dimethyl carbonate methyl methyl 3 Ethyl methyl carbonate methyl Ethyl 4 Diethyl carbonate Ethyl Ethyl 5 Dipropyl carbonate Propyl Propyl 6 Dibutyl carbonate Butyl Butyl

Table 4: Examples of compounds of formula (IV) No. Compound of formula (IV) X Y Five-membered ring substitution 1 Ethylene carbonate C C - 2 Propylene carbonate C C A or B is substituted with methyl

The amino compound may be any compound having at least one of the following substituents: -NH, _-NH2 and _-NH3 . For example, the amino compound may be an organic amine having a linear, branched and/or cyclic skeleton. For example, the amino compound includes at least one selected from the group consisting of alcoholamines, diamines and polyamines. The alcoholamine may be, for example, methanolamine (aminomethanol), ethanolamine (ethanolamine, ETA or MEA), N-methylethanolamine (2-(methylamino)ethan-1-ol), diethanolamine (diethanolamine, DEA or DEOA), triethanolamine (triethanolamine, TEA) or isopropanolamine (1-aminopropan-2-ol). The diamine may be, for example, ethylenediamine (EDA), aminoethylethanolamine (AEEA), piperazine (PIP), aminoethylpiperazine (AEP), 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine (HEP), or isophorone diamine (IPDA). The polyamine may be, for example, diaminodiethylamine (DETA) or triethylenetetramine (TETA). For example, the amino compound may be at least one selected from the group consisting of methanolamine, ethanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, isopropanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-hydroxyethylethylenediamine, piperidine, aminoethylpiperidinium, 1-piperidiniumethanol, isophoronediamine, diethylenetriamine, and triethylenetetramine. For example, the amino compound may include ethanolamine.

In some embodiments, the amino group (i.e., -NH, _-NH2 , and/or _-NH3 ) on the amino compound will react with the second carbonyl compound (e.g., ^R3 or ^OR3 of the compound of formula (III), and/or ^R4 or ^OR4 of the compound of formula (IV); or, for example, X or OX after ring opening of the compound of formula (IV), and/or Y or OY after ring opening of the compound of formula (IV)) to form, for example, bicarbonates (bicarbonates or hydrogencarbonates), carbamates, and/or carbamic acids. The above-mentioned bicarbonate compounds, carbamates, and carbamic acids all have at least an -O-(C=O)-functional group, and the compounds formed are relatively stable. Therefore, according to some embodiments, by stably forming a compound having an -O-(C=O)- functional group, a cementitious composition (described in detail below) added with an amino compound can effectively capture and fix carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide), thereby preventing carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) from escaping and being discharged into the environment. Based on this, in some embodiments, the cementitious composition has the ability to seal carbon, reduce carbon, and fix carbon (described in detail below).

In some embodiments, before the acid-base buffer is added to the cement-based composition, the second carbonyl compound and the amino compound in the acid-base buffer are first reacted by at least one of the following reaction formulas 1, 2, and 3 to obtain a reaction product: (Reaction 1) (Reaction 2) (Reaction Formula 3) Wherein, the options of the functional groups X, Y, ^R3 and ^R4 can be referred to above and will not be described in detail here. The above product can be, for example, a solid, and can be further formed into solid particles, powder or a combination thereof according to different requirements.

In terms of weight composition, the additive contains 0.06-4.995 parts by weight of kaolin, 0.0001-2 parts by weight of the first carbonyl compound, and 2×10 ^-9 -4×10 ^-2 parts by weight of the acid-base buffer.

In some embodiments, the additive contains 0.35-1.99 parts by weight of kaolin, 0.0025-0.6 parts by weight of the first carbonyl compound, and 2.5×10 ^-7 -1.2×10 ^-2 parts by weight of the acid-base buffer.

In some embodiments, the weight ratio of kaolin to the first carbonyl compound is 6:4 to 99.9:0.1. For example, the weight ratio of kaolin to the first carbonyl compound is any one of the following weight ratios: 60:40, 65:35, 70:30, 75:25, 80:20, 85:15, 90:10, 95:5, 99:1, 99.5:0.5, 99.9:0.1 and 99.99:0.01.

In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the acid-base buffer to the first carbonyl compound is 20 ppm to 20,000 ppm. In other embodiments, the weight ratio of the acid-base buffer to the first carbonyl compound is 100 ppm to 20,000 ppm. For example, the weight ratio of the acid-base buffer relative to the first carbonyl compound is any weight ratio in the following group: 20 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, 800 ppm, 900 ppm, 1,000 ppm, 1,500 ppm, 2,000 ppm, 2,500 ppm, 3,000 ppm, 3,500 ppm, 4,000 ppm, 4,500 ppm, 5,000 ppm, 5,500 ppm, 6,000 ppm, 6,500 ppm, 7,000 ppm, 7,500 ppm, 8,000 ppm, 8,500 ppm, 9,000 ppm, 9,500 ppm, ppm, 10,000 ppm, 11,000 ppm, 12,000 ppm, 13,000 ppm, 14,000 ppm, 15,000 ppm, 16,000 ppm, 17,000 ppm, 18,000 ppm, 19,000 ppm and 20,000 ppm. When the weight ratio of the acid-base buffer to the first carbonyl compound does not fall within the above weight ratio range (e.g., less than 20 ppm or greater than 20,000 ppm), the additive will be difficult or unable to achieve the expected effect. For example, if the additive is further used in a cement-based composition, the cement-based composition will be difficult or unable to achieve a significant improvement in early compressive strength and/or late compressive strength.

In some embodiments, the additive may be further added to the cement-based composition. For example, in some embodiments, a cement-based composition comprises a cement-based binder, sand and water, and the cement-based binder comprises cement and the additive. In terms of weight composition, the cement contained in the cement-based binder is 95-99.9 parts by weight, and the additive is 0.1-5 parts by weight; the sand is 80-330 parts by weight, and the water is 25-63 parts by weight. In some embodiments, the cement contained in the cement-based binder is 98-99.5 parts by weight, and the additive is 0.5-2 parts by weight; the sand is 100-275 parts by weight, and the water is 27-48 parts by weight.

The cement may be portland cement that complies with the National Standard of the Republic of China (hereinafter the same) CNS 61 [Portland cement], such as Type I or Type IA Portland cement, Type II or Type IIA Portland cement, etc. In some embodiments, the cement is Type I Portland cement specified in CNS 61. Alternatively, the cement may be cement containing limestone (CaCO ₃ , i.e. calcium carbonate), or may be cement containing both portland cement and limestone.

In some embodiments, the weight of the cement is 0.95 to 0.999 times the weight of the cement-based adhesive binder. In some embodiments, the weight of the cement is 0.98 to 0.995 times the weight of the cement-based adhesive binder. For example, the weight ratio of the cement to the cement-based adhesive binder is any weight ratio in the following group: 0.950, 0.955, 0.960, 0.965, 0.970, 0.975, 0.980, 0.985, 0.990, 0.991, 0.992, 0.993, 0.994, 0.995, 0.996, 0.997, 0.998 and 0.999 times. When the weight ratio of cement to cement-based binder is not within the above weight ratio range (e.g., less than 0.950 times), the additive will be difficult or unable to achieve the expected effect. For example, if the additive is further used in a cement-based composition, the cement-based composition will be difficult or unable to achieve a significant improvement in early compressive strength and/or late compressive strength.

The sand (or aggregate) may not contain stone or may further contain stone. The sand (or sand and gravel) may be aggregates that meet the specifications of CNS 1240 [Concrete aggregate] and/or CNS 3691 [Lightweight aggregate for structural concrete], for example, fine sand (or fine aggregate), coarse sand (or coarse aggregate), three-point stone (whose particle size is, for example, about 5-10 mm) and six-point stone (whose particle size is, for example, about 10-20 mm).

In some embodiments, the weight of the sand (S) is 0.8 to 3.3 times the weight of the cement-based adhesive binder (C). In some embodiments, the weight of the sand (S) is 1 to 2.75 times the weight of the cement-based adhesive binder (C). For example, the weight ratio of the sand to the cement-based adhesive binder (i.e., S/C) is any weight ratio in the following group: 0.80, 0.85, 0.90, 0.95, 1.00, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, 1.25, 1.30, 1.35, 1.40, 1.45, 1.50, 1.55, 1.60, 1.65, 1.70, 1.75, 1.80, 1.8 When the weight ratio of sand to cement-based binder (S/C) is not within the above weight ratio range (e.g., less than 0.80 times or greater than 3.30 times), the additive will be difficult or unable to achieve the expected effect. For example, if the additive is further used in a cement-based composition, it will be difficult or impossible for the cement-based composition to achieve a significant improvement in early compressive strength and/or late compressive strength.

The above water may be mixing water (or mixing water) that complies with the specification of CNS 13961 [Water for concrete mixing].

In some embodiments, the weight of the water (W) is 0.25 to 0.63 times the weight of the cement-based binder (C). In some embodiments, the weight of the water (W) is 0.27 to 0.48 times the weight of the cement-based binder (C). For example, the weight ratio of water to cement-based binder (i.e., W/C) is any weight ratio in the following group: 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.30, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.40, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, 0.50, 0.51, 0.52, 0.53, 0.54, 0.55, 0.56, 0.57, 0.58, 0.59, 0.60, 0.61, 0.62, and 0.63 times. When the weight ratio of water to cement-based binder (W/C) is not within the above weight ratio range (e.g., less than 0.25 times, or greater than 0.63 times), the additive will be difficult or unable to achieve the expected effect. For example, if the additive is further used in a cement-based composition, the cement-based composition will be difficult or unable to achieve a significant improvement in early compressive strength and/or late compressive strength.

In some embodiments, the cement-based composition further comprises slag. The slag may be blast furnace slag (e.g., water-quenched blast furnace slag), such as blast furnace slag that complies with the specifications of CNS 12223 [Water-quenched blast furnace slag] and/or CNS 12549 [Water-quenched blast furnace slag powder for concrete and cement mortar]. The slag is usually used to replace cement to increase the late compressive strength (e.g., to increase the compressive strength after 28 days), so the added weight of the slag usually corresponds to the weight of the cement to be replaced, for example, it is added to the cement-based composition by the same weight as the cement to be replaced.

In some embodiments, the total weight of the furnace stone and the additive is 0.4 to 0.6 times the weight of the cement-based adhesive. In some embodiments, the total weight of the furnace stone and the additive is 0.5 times the weight of the cement-based adhesive. For example, the total weight of the furnace stone and the additive relative to the weight of the cement-based adhesive is any weight ratio in the following group: 0.40, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, 0.50, 0.51, 0.52, 0.53, 0.54, 0.55, 0.56, 0.57, 0.58, 0.59 and 0.60 times. When the ratio of the total weight of furnace stone and additives to the weight of cement-based binder is not within the above weight ratio range (e.g., less than 0.4 times, or greater than 0.6 times), it will be difficult or impossible for the cement-based composition to achieve a significant improvement in early compressive strength and/or late compressive strength.

In some embodiments, the weight of the furnace stone is 0.45 to 0.499 times the weight of the cement-based binder, and the weight of the additive is 0.001 to 0.05 times the weight of the cement-based binder. In some embodiments, the weight of the furnace stone is 0.485 to 0.495 times the weight of the cement-based binder, and the weight of the additive is 0.005 to 0.015 times the weight of the cement-based binder. For example, the weight ratio of the furnace stone to the cement-based binder is any weight ratio in the following group: 0.450, 0.455, 0.460, 0.465, 0.470, 0.475, 0.480, 0.485, 0.490, 0.495, 0.496, 0.497, 0.498 and 0.499 times; the weight ratio of the additive to the cement-based binder is any weight ratio in the following group: 0.450, 0.455, 0.460, 0.465, 0.470, 0.475, 0.480, 0.485, 0.490, 0.495, 0.496, 0.497, 0.498 and 0.499 times; The weight ratio of the adhesive is any weight ratio in the following group: 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004, 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, 0.025, 0.030, 0.035, 0.040, 0.045 and 0.050 times. When the weight ratio of furnace stone to cement-based binder does not fall within the above weight ratio range (e.g., less than 0.45 times, or greater than 0.499 times) and/or the weight ratio of additive to cement-based binder does not fall within the above weight ratio range (e.g., greater than 0.05 times), the cement-based composition will have difficulty or be unable to achieve significant improvement in early compressive strength and/or late compressive strength.

As mentioned above, adding furnace rock can usually improve the late compressive strength of cement-based compositions (e.g., 28-day compressive strength). However, adding furnace rock will reduce the early compressive strength of cement-based compositions (e.g., 3-day or 7-day compressive strength). The reason is that general cement usually undergoes hydration reaction to provide early compressive strength of cement-based compositions. However, in the initial stage of addition, furnace rock will form an impermeable film on the surface of its particles, thereby increasing the reaction energy barrier of hydration. Therefore, the amount of catalysts such as calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) ₂ ) and gypsum (CaSO ₄ ·2H ₂ O) produced is relatively reduced, resulting in a slower hydration reaction rate of furnace rock than that of general cement. Therefore, the early compressive strength (e.g., 3-day or 7-day compressive strength) of the cement-based composition with furnace stone added can only be provided by the compressive strength generated by the hydration reaction of other cements that are not replaced by furnace stone. Therefore, the early compressive strength of the cement-based composition with furnace stone added will be lower than the early compressive strength of the cement-based composition without furnace stone added (e.g., all ordinary cement without furnace stone replacement).

In some embodiments, even if the early compressive strength of the cement-based composition decreases due to the addition of furnace rock, if the cement-based composition contains the additive of some embodiments of the present invention, the early compressive strength can be significantly improved, and thus higher than the early compressive strength (e.g., 3-day or 7-day compressive strength) of the cement-based composition in which only furnace rock replaces cement (but does not contain the additive of some embodiments of the present invention).

Even in some embodiments, compared with the late compressive strength (e.g., 28-day compressive strength) of a cement-based composition in which only furnace stone replaces cement (but does not contain the additives of some embodiments of the present invention), if the cement-based composition contains the additives of some embodiments of the present invention, its late compressive strength can be significantly improved, and even higher than the late compressive strength of the cement-based composition in which only furnace stone replaces cement (but does not contain the additives of some embodiments of the present invention).

As can be seen from the above, the additives of some embodiments of the present invention can produce a synergistic effect with the furnace stone in the cement-based composition, thereby achieving a higher early compressive strength (e.g., 3-day or 7-day compressive strength) and/or late compressive strength (e.g., 28-day compressive strength) of the cement-based composition.

In some embodiments, the cement-based composition further comprises a water reducing agent. The water reducing agent may comprise an air-entraining admixture conforming to the CNS 3091 [Air-entraining admixture for concrete] specification and various chemical admixtures conforming to the CNS 12283 [Chemical admixtures for concrete] specification and/or CNS 12833 [Chemical admixtures for fluidized concrete] specification. In some embodiments, the water reducing agent comprises a water reducing agent that complies with the CNS 12833 [Chemical admixtures for fluidized concrete] specification (including type A water reducing agent, type B retarder, type C early strength agent, type D water reducing and retarder, type E water reducing and early strength agent, type F high performance water reducing agent (or superplasticizer) and type G high performance water reducing and retarder). In some embodiments, the water reducing agent comprises a polycarboxylate ether (PCE).

In some embodiments, the water reducing agent is 64 to 96 parts by weight. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the water reducing agent to the cement-based adhesive is 0.64 to 0.96 times. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the water reducing agent to the cement-based adhesive is 0.8 times. For example, the weight ratio of the water reducing agent to the cement-based adhesive binder is any weight ratio in the following group: 0.64, 0.65, 0.66, 0.67, 0.68, 0.69, 0.70, 0.71, 0.72, 0.73, 0.74, 0.75, 0.76, 0.77, 0.78, 0.79, 0.80, 0.81, 0.82, 0.83, 0.84, 0.85, 0.86, 0.87, 0.88, 0.89, 0.90, 0.91, 0.92, 0.93, 0.94, 0.95 and 0.96 times. When the weight ratio of the water reducing agent to the cement-based binder does not fall within the above weight ratio range (e.g., less than 0.64 times, or greater than 0.96 times), it will be difficult or impossible for the cement-based composition to achieve a significant improvement in early compressive strength and/or late compressive strength.

As an exemplary illustration, the weight ratio of each component in the above cement-based composition can refer to the implementation modes shown in the following Table 5, Table 6 and/or Table 7.

Table 5: Weight ratio of the components contained in the cement-based composition of some embodiments Element Addition ratio (parts by weight) Bonding material cement 100 Additives sand 80~330 water 25~63 Water reducer 64~96

Table 6: Weight ratio of the components contained in the cement-based composition of some embodiments Element Addition ratio (parts by weight) Bonding material cement 95~99.9 Additives 0.1~5 sand 80~330 water 25~63 Water reducer 64~96

Table 7: Weight ratio of the components contained in the cement-based composition of some embodiments Element Addition ratio (parts by weight) Bonding material cement 98~99.5 Additives 0.5~2 sand 100~275 water 27~48 Water reducer 80

As an exemplary illustration, the weight ratio of each component in the above additives can refer to the implementation modes shown in the following Table 8 and/or Table 9.

Table 8: Weight ratio of the components contained in the cement-based additives corresponding to Table 5 and Table 6 Element Addition ratio (parts by weight) Additives Kaolin 0.06~4.995 First carbonyl compound 0.0001~2 Acid-base buffer 2×10 ^-9 ~4×10 ^-2

Table 9: Weight ratio of the components contained in the cement-based additives corresponding to Table 5 and Table 7 Element Addition ratio (parts by weight) Additives Kaolin 0.35~1.99 First carbonyl compound 0.0025~0.6 Acid-base buffer 2.5×10 ^-7 ~1.2×10 ^-2

Cement (e.g. Portland Type I cement) is made by heating calcium carbonate (CaCO ₃ ) and calcium oxide (CaO) or shale to, for example, 1,450 °C. The CaCO ₃ is converted to CaO (or quicklime), while the clay minerals produce inorganic oxides (e.g. aluminates and ferrates) such as dicalcium silicate (Ca ₂ SiO ₄ ; C2S). Further heating causes the aluminates and ferrates to melt. The CaO reacts with the C2S to form tricalcium silicate (Ca ₃ SiO ₅ ; C3S). As the mixture cools, tricalcium aluminate (Ca ₃ Al ₂ O ₆ ; C3A) and tetracalcium aluminoferrite (Ca ₄ Al _n Fe _(2-n) O ₇ ; C4AF) crystallize from the melt, and C3S and the remaining C2S undergo further phase changes. The above four minerals (i.e. C2S, C3S, C3A and C4AF) constitute the main body of the above cement.

In general cement, during the first few minutes of the hydration reaction, aluminum and iron react with gypsum (CaSO ₄ ·2H ₂ O) to form an amorphous gel on the surface of cement particles, and gradually generate needle-shaped or short-columnar ettringite (Ca ₆ Al ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ (OH) ₁₂ ·26H ₂ O; or trisulfide calcium sulphoaluminate hydrate, hereinafter referred to as AFt). In some embodiments, the cement-based composition contains the above-mentioned additives, so that the above-mentioned aluminum (e.g., Al(OH) ₄ ^- ) and iron (e.g., Fe ³⁺ ) can be better dispersed on the surface of cement particles and their surroundings (e.g., in their boundary layers), so as to further generate a gel and/or AFt with a better crystalline structure arrangement. Since gel and/or AFt with better lattice structure arrangement is rapidly generated in the initial stage of the hydration reaction, the cement-based composition containing the additive can have a higher early compressive strength (e.g., 3-day or 7-day compressive strength).

In addition, aluminum is extremely sensitive to the pH value of the environment (i.e. acidic or alkaline environment) and will exist in different forms on the surface of cement particles or in their surroundings (e.g. in their boundary layer) under the influence of pH value. For example, in an acidic environment, aluminum will exist in the form of Al ³⁺ , but in an alkaline environment, aluminum will exist in the form of Al(OH) ₄ ^- . In some embodiments, the cement-based composition contains the above-mentioned additives, and the amino compounds contained therein can further serve as acid-base buffers to adjust the pH value on the surface of cement particles or in their surroundings (e.g., in their boundary layer), so that the pH value on the surface of cement particles or in their surroundings is controlled in an alkaline environment, and aluminum can exist in the form of reactive Al(OH) ₄ ^- to undergo hydration reaction on the surface of cement particles or in their surroundings (e.g., in their boundary layer).

Then, after the initial period of reactivity, the cement hydration process slows down and enters the induction period. After about 3 hours, the induction period ends and the acceleration period begins. During the period of 3 to 24 hours, about 30% of the cement will react on the surface of cement particles to form Ca(OH) ₂ and calcium-silicon-hydrate rigid gel (CSH). After about 10 hours of hydration reaction, C3S will generate "external CSH" from the surrounding of AFt, rather than directly from the C3S surface of cement particles. Therefore, in the initial stage of the reaction, silicate ions ((SiO ₄ ) ^4- or H ₂ (SiO ₄ ) ^2- ) must diffuse through the aluminum- and iron-rich boundary layer to form CSH in the boundary layer. In the later stage of the acceleration period, after about 18 hours of hydration, C3A continues to react with CaSO ₄ ·2H ₂ O to form longer AFt columns. These AFt and CSH form a "hydrating shell" from the surface of anhydrous C3S.

In some embodiments, under appropriate acid-base environment and temperature conditions, the -O-(C=O)-functional group contained in the first carbonyl compound of the above-mentioned first carbonyl compound and/or acid-base buffer will be broken due to the reaction, and the -O-(C=O)-functional group broken from the carbonyl compound and/or acid-base buffer (i.e., equivalent to Ĉ=CO ₂ shown in the following reaction formula 4 and reaction formula 5) can be released and further participate in the following reaction formula 4 and reaction formula 5. In the following reaction formula 4 and reaction formula 5, C ₆ AŜ ₃ Ĥ ₃₂ =Aft, C=CaO, Â=Al ₂ O ₃ , Ŝ=SO ₃ , Ĥ=H ₂ O. C ₆ ÂŜ ₃ Ĥ ₃₂ + 3Ĉ → 3CĈ + 3CŜĤ ₂ + ÂĤ _x + (26-x)Ĥ （Equation 4） C ₆ ÂŜ ₃ Ĥ ₃₂ + 3Ĉ → 3CĈ + 3CŜĤ _1/2 + ÂĤ ₃ + 27.5Ĥ （Equation 5）

In some embodiments, AFt (i.e., C ₆ AŜ ₃ Ĥ ₃₂ in the above reaction formula 4 and reaction formula 5) can further react with the -O-(C=O)-functional group contained in the above first carbonyl compound and/or the first carbonyl compound of the acid-base buffer (or the -O-(C=O)-functional group released due to bond scission), for example, according to the above reaction formula 4 and reaction formula 5, and generate a large amount of water (i.e., Ĥ in the above reaction formula 4 and reaction formula 5). The large amount of water generated above can be used to avoid the situation that the hydration reaction cannot be continued due to water starvation. On the contrary, the large amount of water generated above will enable the hydration reaction to proceed continuously and further form a CSH gel. Since the compressive strength of general cement is mainly determined by CSH gel, in some embodiments, since CSH gel can be continuously generated in the initial stage of hydration reaction, the provided cement-based composition can have better compressive strength (including early compressive strength (e.g., 3-day or 7-day compressive strength)).

Then, about 1 to 3 days later, the hydration reaction slows down and enters a deceleratory period. C3A reacts with AFt to form calcium sulphoaluminate monosulfate (Ca ₄ Al ₂ O ₆ (SO ₄ )·12H ₂ O or Ca ₄ Al ₂ O ₆ (SO ₄ )·14H ₂ O; monosulfide calcium sulphoaluminate hydrate, hereinafter referred to as AFm). In addition, AFm (which is represented by C ₄ ÂĈĤ ₁₁ in the following reaction formula 6) can further react, for example, according to the following reaction formula 6, and generate a large amount of water (which is represented by Ĥ in the following reaction formula 6). As defined in the above reaction formula 4 and reaction formula 5, in the following reaction formula 6, C=CaO, Â=Al ₂ O ₃ , Ŝ=SO ₃ , Ĥ=H ₂ O, Ĉ=CO ₂ . As mentioned above, the large amount of water generated above can also be used to avoid the situation where the hydration reaction cannot continue due to lack of water in the hydration reaction. Therefore, in some embodiments, since CSH gel can be continuously generated through hydration reaction from the initial stage of the hydration reaction to the later deceleration stage, the provided cement-based composition can have better compressive strength (including early and late compressive strength (for example, 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength)). C ₄ ÂĈĤ ₁₁ + 3ĤĈ → 4CĈ + ÂĤ ₃ + 11Ĥ (Reaction 6)

In order to more clearly illustrate the implementation of the present invention, specific embodiments are only exemplarily described below, and it should be understood that these specific embodiments are not intended to limit the patent protection scope of the present invention.

example 1 ：Preparation of additives and cement-based compositions

1.1 Experimental Materials

This example uses experimental materials including the following: (1) Cement: Type I Portland cement that complies with CNS 61 specification, purchased from Taiwan Cement; or Portland limestone cement (IL) that complies with CNS 15286 specification, obtained from Green Cement on the following website: https://www.taiwancement.com/tw/lowCarbonProduct.html. (2) Furnace stone: Blast furnace stone that complies with CNS 12223 and CNS 12549 specifications, purchased from Zhonglian Furnace Stone. (3) Kaolin: Kaolin (calcined) that complies with CAS 92704-41-1 specification, purchased from KaMin LLC. (4) First carbonyl compound: Ethylene carbonate (EC), purchased from Donglian Chemical. (5) Second carbonyl compound: ethylene carbonate (EC), purchased from Donglian Chemical. (6) Amine compound: ethanolamine (ETA or MEA) (purchased from BASF), ethylenediamine (EDA) (purchased from BASF), diethylenetriamine (DETA) (purchased from BASF), piperidine (PIP) (purchased from BASF), aminoethylpiperidinium (AEP) (purchased from BASF), 1-piperidiniumethanol (HEP) (purchased from BASF) and N-hydroxyethylethylenediamine (AEEA) (purchased from BASF). (7) Sand (or gravel): Aggregates that meet the specifications of CNS 1240 and CNS 3691, including fine sand, coarse sand, three-point stone and six-point stone, which come from Zhuoshui River, Ligang River and Dajia River in Taiwan respectively. (8) Water: ordinary tap water that complies with the CNS 13961 standard. (9) Water reducer: polycarboxylate ether compounds (PCE) that comply with the CNS 12283 and CNS 12833 standards, purchased from Qingtai Resin Company.

1.2 Proportion of additives and cement-based components

The term "design compressive strength" (or design strength) used in this article refers to the design strength of structural cementitious compositions (such as concrete) that is sufficient to withstand the design loads obtained from structural analysis according to the strength design method. For a detailed definition, please refer to Chapter 2 (Analysis and Design) of the Concrete Structure Design Code promulgated by the Construction and Planning Administration of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of China.

The designed compressive strength of the cement-based composition used in this embodiment is 280 kgf/cm ² (4000 psi). For its formula, please refer to Formula 1 to Formula 25 shown in Tables 10 to 17 below.

The "water-to-cement ratio (W/C)" of each formula is defined as shown in the following formula 1, and the "sand-to-cement ratio (S/C)" is defined as shown in the following formula 2. (Formula 1) (Formula 2)

Table 10: Weight ratio of the ingredients in the cement-based compositions of Formulations 1 to 4 Recipe No. Ingredients 1 2 3 4 Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 99.5 99.0 98.0 Additives 0.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 water 48 sand 275 Water-to-cement ratio (W/C) 0.48 Sand to glue ratio (S/C) 2.75 Additives Kaolin (proportion of kaolin in additives) - 0.4 (80%) 0.8 (80%) 1.6 (80%) First carbonyl compound (EC) (the percentage of first carbonyl compound in additives) - 0.1 (20%) 0.2 (20%) 0.4 (20%) Acid-base buffer (EC + MEA) (weight ratio relative to the first carbonyl compound) - 100 ppm (If no special unit is specified, all units in the above table are parts by weight)

Table 11: Weight ratio of the ingredients in the cement-based compositions of Formulations 5 to 8 Recipe No. Ingredients 5 6 7 8 Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 99.5 99.0 98.0 Additives 0.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 water 48 sand 100 Water-to-cement ratio (W/C) 0.48 Sand to glue ratio (S/C) 1.00 Additives Kaolin (proportion of kaolin in additives) - 0.4 (80%) 0.8 (80%) 1.6 (80%) First carbonyl compound (EC) (the percentage of first carbonyl compound in additives) - 0.1 (20%) 0.2 (20%) 0.4 (20%) Acid-base buffer (EC + MEA) (weight ratio relative to the first carbonyl compound) - 100 ppm (If no special unit is specified, all units in the above table are parts by weight)

Table 12: Weight ratio of the ingredients in the cement-based compositions of Formulations 9 to 11 Recipe No. Ingredients 9 10 11 Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 99.5 99.0 Additives 0.0 0.5 1.0 water 27 sand 100 Water reducer 0.8 Water-to-cement ratio (W/C) 0.27 Sand to glue ratio (S/C) 1.00 Additives Kaolin (proportion of kaolin in additives) - 0.4 (80%) 0.8 (80%) First carbonyl compound (EC) (the percentage of first carbonyl compound in additives) - 0.1 (20%) 0.2 (20%) Acid-base buffer (EC + MEA) (weight ratio relative to the first carbonyl compound) - 100 ppm (If no special unit is specified, all units in the above table are parts by weight)

Table 13: Weight ratio of the ingredients in the cement-based compositions of Formulations 12 to 14 Recipe No. Ingredients 12 13 14 Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 99.5 99.0 Additives 0.0 0.5 1.0 water 60 sand 183 Water-to-cement ratio (W/C) 0.60 Sand to glue ratio (S/C) 1.83 Additives Kaolin (proportion of kaolin in additives) - 0.4 (80%) 0.8 (80%) First carbonyl compound (EC) (the percentage of first carbonyl compound in additives) - 0.1 (20%) 0.2 (20%) Acid-base buffer (EC + MEA) (weight ratio relative to the first carbonyl compound) - 100 ppm (If no special unit is specified, all units in the above table are parts by weight)

Table 14: Weight ratio of the ingredients in the cement-based compositions of Formula 1, Formula 16, Formula 4 and Formula 15 Recipe No. Ingredients 1 16 4 15 Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 Additives 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 water 48 sand 275 Water-to-cement ratio (W/C) 0.48 Sand to glue ratio (S/C) 2.75 Additives Kaolin (proportion of kaolin in additives) - 1.4 (70%) 1.6 (80%) 1.8 (90%) First carbonyl compound (EC) (the percentage of first carbonyl compound in additives) - 0.6 (30%) 0.4 (20%) 0.2 (10%) Acid-base buffer (EC + MEA) (weight ratio relative to the first carbonyl compound) - 100 ppm (If no special unit is specified, all units in the above table are parts by weight)

Table 15: Weight ratio of the ingredients in the cement-based compositions of Formula 1, Formula 4, Formula 17 and Formula 18 Recipe No. Ingredients 1 4 17 18 Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 Additives 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 water 48 sand 275 Water-to-cement ratio (W/C) 0.48 Sand to glue ratio (S/C) 2.75 Additives Kaolin (proportion of kaolin in additives) - 1.6 (80%) 1.5998 (80%) 1.5997 (80%) First carbonyl compound (EC) (the percentage of first carbonyl compound in additives) - 0.4 (20%) 0.4000 (20%) 0.3999 (20%) Acid-base buffer (EC + MEA) (weight ratio relative to the first carbonyl compound) - 100 ppm 10,000 ppm 20,000 ppm (If no special unit is specified, all units in the above table are parts by weight)

Table 16: Weight ratio of the ingredients in the cement-based compositions of Formulations 19 to 22 Recipe No. Ingredients 19 20 twenty one twenty two Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Limestone cement 0.0 100.0 99.0 98.0 Additives 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 water 48 sand 275 Water-to-cement ratio (W/C) 0.48 Sand to glue ratio (S/C) 2.75 Additives Kaolin (proportion of kaolin in additives) - - 0.8 (80%) 1.6 (80%) First carbonyl compound (EC) (the percentage of first carbonyl compound in additives) - - 0.2 (20%) 0.4 (20%) Acid-base buffer (EC + MEA) (weight ratio relative to the first carbonyl compound) - - 100 ppm 100 ppm (If no special unit is specified, all units in the above table are parts by weight)

Table 17: Weight ratio of the ingredients in the cement-based compositions of Formulation 19, Formulation 20, and Formulations 22 to 24 Recipe No. Ingredients 19 20 twenty two twenty three twenty four Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hearthstone 0.0 100.0 98.0 95.0 90.0 Additives 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 water 48 sand 275 Water-to-cement ratio (W/C) 0.48 0.49 0.52 Sand to glue ratio (S/C) 2.75 2.84 2.99 Additives Kaolin (proportion of kaolin in additives) - - 1.6 (80%) 1.6 (80%) 1.6 (80%) First carbonyl compound (EC) (Ratio of first carbonyl compound to additive) - - 0.4 (20%) 0.4 (20%) 0.4 (20%) Acid-base buffer (EC + MEA) (weight ratio relative to the first carbonyl compound) - - 100 ppm 100 ppm 100 ppm (If no special unit is specified, all units in the above table are parts by weight)

Table 18: Weight ratio of ingredients in the cement-based compositions of Formulation 25, Formulation 20, and Formulations 26 to 28 Recipe No. Ingredients 25 20 26 27 28 Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hearthstone 0.0 100.0 95.0 92.0 90.0 Additives 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 water 48 sand 275 Water-to-cement ratio (W/C) 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.53 Sand to cement ratio (S/C) 2.75 2.86 2.96 3.02 Additives Kaolin (proportion of kaolin in additives) - - 0.8 (80%) 0.8 (80%) 0.8 (80%) First carbonyl compound (EC) (the percentage of first carbonyl compound in additive) - - 0.2 (20%) 0.2 (20%) 0.2 (20%) Acid-base buffer (EC + MEA) (weight ratio relative to the first carbonyl compound) - - 100 ppm 100 ppm 100 ppm (If no special unit is specified, all units in the above table are parts by weight)

Table 19: Weight ratio of the ingredients in the cement-based compositions of Formula 1, Formula 23, Formula 29 and Formula 30 Recipe No. Ingredients 1 twenty three 29 30 Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 Hearthstone 0.0 50.0 49.5 48.5 Additives 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.5 water 48 sand 275 Water-to-cement ratio (W/C) 0.48 Sand to cement ratio (S/C) 2.75 Additives Kaolin (proportion of kaolin in additives) - - 0.4 (80%) 1.2 (80%) First carbonyl compound (EC) (Ratio of first carbonyl compound to additive) - - 0.1 (20%) 0.3 (20%) Acid-base buffer (EC + MEA) (weight ratio relative to the first carbonyl compound) - - 100 ppm 100 ppm (If no special unit is specified, all units in the above table are parts by weight)

As can be seen from the formulas 1 to 30 shown in Tables 10 to 19 above, this document only exemplifies a part of the formulas of cement-based compositions and their corresponding experimental results, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention to the above formulas 1 to 30. A person with ordinary knowledge in the technical field to which this case belongs should understand that the above formulas and the relative proportions of the components can be adjusted according to different needs to achieve corresponding or equivalent experimental results.

1.3 Mixing of cement-based components

According to the concrete composition ratio of the above-mentioned formula 1 to formula 30, the concrete composition corresponding to formula 1 to formula 30 is obtained by mixing through the following method: (1) Weigh each component according to the weight ratio of each component of formula 1 to formula 30. (2) First, pour sand (including fine sand and coarse sand), the first carbonyl compound and the pre-formed acid-base buffer into the mixing container; if the first carbonyl compound and the acid-base buffer are not required, then only the sand is poured into the mixing container in this step. (3) Then, cement and/or furnace stone are added to the mixing container and dry mixed, and dry mixed thoroughly to achieve uniformity. (4) If a water reducer is required, it is first mixed thoroughly with water in this step, poured into the mixing container, and mixed for 30 seconds. (5) After mixing, pour the specimen into the specimen mold (the compression specimen mold is 150*150*150 mm (GB or DIN test standard); or the cylindrical specimen is Φ150*300 mm (CNS or ASTM test standard)). (6) After matching each formula number, move each specimen to a curing room (temperature is 23 ±1.7 ℃, relative humidity is above 97%) for standard curing in accordance with CNS 1231 [Construction site concrete specimen preparation and curing method]. (7) After 24 hours, remove the mold and place it in a standard curing room for curing, and cure it to different ages (i.e., the age is about 7 days and 28 days from the time of adding water and mixing).

example 2 ：Carbon dioxide storage in cement-based compositions

Taking the formula 4 shown in Table 10 above as an example, the cement-based binder is a cement-based composition composed of 98.0 wt% of portland cement and 2.0 wt% of additives; in other words, the original 2.0 wt% of portland cement is replaced by 2.0 wt% of additives in formula 4. In some embodiments, the cement-based binder is a cement-based composition composed of 95.0 wt% of portland cement and 5.0 wt% of additives; in other words, some embodiments replace the original 5.0 wt% of portland cement with 5.0 wt% of additives. Therefore, compared to a cement-based binder composed of 100 wt% of Portland cement, in some embodiments such as Formula 4, for every 360 kg of cement-based binder (which may include at least Portland cement and additives; or may further include furnace stone and/or fly ash) produced, 7.2 kg (= 360 kg* 2.0 wt%) to 18 kg (= 360 kg* 5.0 wt%) of cement-based binder can be reduced. According to common knowledge in the technical field to which this case belongs, about 0.88 kg of carbon dioxide is emitted for every cubic meter (m ³ ) of cement-based binder (which may contain at least Portland cement; or may further contain furnace stone and/or fly ash). Therefore, in some embodiments, reducing the use of 7.2-18 kg of cement-based binder is equivalent to reducing the emission of 6.3-15.84 kg of carbon dioxide.

In addition, since each kg of additives can store about 0.1 kg of carbon dioxide, using 7.2~18 kg of additives will store about 0.72~1.8 kg of carbon dioxide. Therefore, replacing the original 2.0~5.0 wt% of Portland cement with an equal amount of 2.0~5.0 wt% of additives can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 7.02 kg (=6.3+0.72)~17.64 kg (=15.84+1.8), that is, for every 360 kg of cement-based binder (or 1 ^m3 of cement-based composition) produced, carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced by about 2 wt% (=7.02/360)~4.9 wt% (=17.64/360).

Based on this, in some embodiments, the cement-based composition containing the additive can be used for carbon reduction, carbon sequestration and/or carbon fixation purposes, for example, about 2 to 4.9 wt% of carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced for every 360 kg of cement-based binder (or 1 ^m3 of cement-based composition) produced. Therefore, in some embodiments, the cement-based composition containing the additive can be further used to achieve carbon capture and storage (CCS) in ESG sustainable development, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce product carbon footprint (PCF).

example 3 ：Compressive strength of cement-based compositions

The compressive strength test is carried out in accordance with the test method specified in CNS 1232 [Test method for compressive strength of concrete cylindrical specimens] to test the early (i.e., about 3 days and 7 days from the time of water addition and mixing) compressive strength and late (i.e., about 28 days from the time of water addition and mixing) compressive strength respectively. The compressive strength test used in this embodiment is as follows: (1) Take out the cement-based component specimens of each formula from the curing room and place them in a cool place before testing. (2) Clean the bottom of the cement-based component specimens of each formula first. (3) After adding water to gypsum and stirring evenly, pour it onto the top of the cement-based component specimens of each formulation, cover it with a glass sheet and place a level bubble to keep the top of the cement-based component specimens of each formulation level. (4) After leveling the concrete cylindrical test body according to CNS11297, remove the glass sheet. (5) Place the axis of the cylindrical specimen at the exact center of the pressure-bearing shaft of the universal testing machine, maintain the pressure rate at 150 kg/sec, and test until the cement-based component specimens of each formulation are destroyed. (6) Record the maximum load borne by the cement-based component specimens of each formulation. The maximum load divided by the pressure-bearing area is the compressive strength of the cement-based component specimens of each formulation.

It should be noted that the test results obtained in the following "Example 3A" to "Example 3L" are all cement-based compositions prepared by the preparation method of the above-mentioned "1.3 Mixing of cement-based compositions", and the compressive strength test of the cement-based compositions is carried out through the test steps of the above-mentioned Example 3, which are described first and will not be described in detail later.

In addition, the compressive strength test results corresponding to the following "Example 3A" to "Example 3L" are listed in Tables 20 to 29 respectively. As mentioned above, the term "design compressive strength" (or design strength) used in this article refers to the design strength of the structural concrete structure member that is sufficient to withstand the design load obtained from the structural analysis according to the strength design method. For a detailed definition, please refer to Chapter 2 (Analysis and Design) of the Concrete Structure Design Code announced by the Construction and Planning Administration of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of China, and no corresponding details will be given below.

example 3A : Compressive strength of cement-based composition-additive ratio ( S/C=2.75 ）

Please refer to Table 10 and Figure 1. Figure 1 shows the test results of the early and late compressive strength of the cement-based compositions of Formula 1 to Formula 4 shown in Table 10. The corresponding data can be found in Table 20 below.

Table 20: Early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength test results of cement-based compositions of Formulations 1 to 4 (design compressive strength: 280 kgf/cm ² ) Recipe No. Ingredients 1 (Control group) 2 3 4 Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 99.5 99.0 98.0 Additives 0.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 Sand to cement ratio (S/C) 2.75 Compressive strength 3 days (kgf/cm ² ) 289 300 303 304 7 days (kgf/cm ² ) 396 413 418 421 28 days (kgf/cm ² ) 481 504 513 515 Compressive strength increase/decrease percentage 3 days (%) - 3.8 4.8 5.2 7 days (%) - 4.3 5.6 6.3 28 days (%) - 4.8 6.7 7.1

As shown in Table 20 and Figure 1 above, in the early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength tests, compared to the designed compressive strength (i.e., 280 kgf/cm ² ), the compressive strengths of the cement-based composition containing additives at 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days are approximately 300~304 kgf/cm ² , 413~421 kgf/cm ² , and 504~515 kgf/cm ² , respectively, which are much higher than their designed compressive strengths. In addition, compared to Formula 1 (without additives) as the control group, the compressive strengths of the cement-based composition containing additives at 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days increased by 3.8~5.2%, 4.3~6.3%, and 4.8~7.1%, respectively. It can be seen that in some embodiments, compared with a cement-based composition without an additive, a cement-based composition containing an additive can effectively improve its 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength (i.e., early and late compressive strength).

example 3B : Compressive strength of cement-based composition-additive ratio ( S/C=1.00 ; W/C=0.48 ）

Please refer to Table 11 and Figure 2. Figure 2 shows the test results of the early and late compressive strength of the cement-based compositions of Formulations 5 to 8 shown in Table 11. The corresponding data can be found in Table 21 below.

Table 21: Early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength test results of cement-based compositions of Formulations 5 to 8 (design compressive strength: 280 kgf/cm ² ) Recipe No. Ingredients 5 (Control Group) 6 7 8 Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 99.5 99.0 98.0 Additives 0.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 Water-to-cement ratio (W/C) 0.48 Sand to cement ratio (S/C) 1.00 Compressive strength 3 days (kgf/cm ² ) 315 324 328 330 7 days (kgf/cm ² ) 436 453 458 462 28 days (kgf/cm ² ) 534 558 567 571 Compressive strength increase/decrease percentage 3 days (%) - 2.9 4.1 4.8 7 days (%) - 3.9 5.0 6.0 28 days (%) - 4.5 6.2 6.9

As shown in Table 21 and Figure 2, in the early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength tests, compared to the designed compressive strength (i.e., 280 kgf/cm ² ), the compressive strengths of the cement-based composition containing additives at 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days are approximately 324~330 kgf/cm ² , 453~462 kgf/cm ² , and 558~571 kgf/cm ² , respectively, which are much higher than their designed compressive strengths. In addition, compared to Formula 5 (without additives) as the control group, the compressive strengths of the cement-based composition containing additives at 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days increased by 2.9~4.8%, 3.9~6.0%, and 4.5~6.9%, respectively. It can be seen that in some embodiments, compared with a cement-based composition without an additive, a cement-based composition containing an additive can effectively improve its 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength (i.e., early and late compressive strength).

example 3C ：Compressive strength of cement-based compositions-sand-cement ratio (S/C)

Please refer to Table 20, Table 21 and Figures 3A to 3C. Figures 3A to 3C respectively show the test results of the compressive strength of the cement-based compositions of Formulations 1 to 4 and Formulations 5 to 8 at 3 days, 7 days and 28 days, respectively. The corresponding data can be referred to Tables 20 and 21 above.

As shown in Figures 3A to 3C, whether in the early stage (3 days and 7 days) or the late stage (28 days), the compressive strength of the cementitious composition with a higher sand-cement ratio (S/C) (e.g. S/C = 2.75 for Formulations 1 to 4) is lower than that of the cementitious composition with a lower S/C (e.g. S/C = 1.00 for Formulations 5 to 8). The higher the S/C, the more sand and less cementitious binder contained in the cement-based composition, which will affect the total amount of cement-based binder that can actually undergo hydration reaction, resulting in only a slight increase in the compressive strength of the cement-based composition with a higher S/C. In addition, regardless of whether the cement-based composition is composed of high S/C or low S/C, in some embodiments, the cement-based composition containing the additive can effectively improve its 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength (i.e., early and late compressive strength) compared to the cement-based composition without the additive.

example 3D : Compressive strength of cement-based composition-additive ratio ( S/C=1.00 ; W/C=0.27 ）

Please refer to Table 12 and Figure 4. Figure 4 shows the test results of the early and late compressive strength of the cement-based compositions of Formulations 9 to 11 shown in Table 12. The corresponding data can be found in Table 22 below.

Table 22: Early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength test results of cement-based compositions of Formulations 9 to 11 (design compressive strength: 280 kgf/cm ² ) Recipe No. Ingredients 9 (Control Group) 10 11 Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 99.5 99.0 Additives 0.0 0.5 1.0 Water reducer 0.8 Water-to-cement ratio (W/C) 0.27 Sand to cement ratio (S/C) 1.00 Compressive strength 3 days (kgf/cm ² ) 590 610 621 7 days (kgf/cm ² ) 823 846 848 28 days (kgf/cm ² ) 1,015 1,043 1,045 Compressive strength increase/decrease percentage 3 days (%) - 3.4 5.3 7 days (%) - 2.8 3.0 28 days (%) - 2.8 3.0

As shown in Table 22 and Figure 4 above, in the early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength tests, compared to the designed compressive strength (i.e., 280 kgf/cm ² ), the compressive strengths of the cement-based composition containing additives at 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days are approximately 610~621 kgf/cm ² , 846~848 kgf/cm ² , and 1,043~1,045 kgf/cm ² , respectively, which are much higher than their designed compressive strengths. In addition, compared to Formula 9 (without additives) as the control group, the compressive strengths of the cement-based composition containing additives at 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days increased by 3.4~5.3%, 2.8~3.0%, and 2.8~3.0%, respectively. It can be seen that in some embodiments, compared with a cement-based composition without an additive, a cement-based composition containing an additive can effectively improve its 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength (i.e., early and late compressive strength).

In addition, it can be seen from Table 22 and FIG. 4 that even if the cement-based composition contains a water reducer in some embodiments, the cement-based composition can still effectively improve its 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength (i.e., early and late compressive strength) because the cement-based composition contains additives, and the early and late compressive strengths are not affected by the addition of the water reducer.

example 3E ：Compressive strength of cement-based compositions-water-cement ratio (W/C)

Please refer to Table 21, Table 22 and Figures 5A to 5C. Figures 5A to 5C respectively show the test results of the compressive strength of the cement-based compositions of Formulations 5 to 7 and Formulations 9 to 11 at 3 days, 7 days and 28 days respectively. The corresponding data can be referred to Tables 21 and 22 above.

As shown in Figures 5A to 5C, whether in the early stage (3 days and 7 days) or the late stage (28 days), the compressive strength of the higher water-cement ratio (W/C) (e.g., W/C=0.48 for Formulations 5 to 7) is lower than that of the lower W/C (e.g., W/C=1.00 for Formulations 9 to 11). The higher the W/C, the more water and the less cement-based binder contained in the cement-based composition, which will affect the total amount of cement-based binder that can actually undergo hydration reaction. In addition, the higher proportion of water may form a relatively thick boundary layer on the cement surface, affecting the hydration reaction, thereby causing the compressive strength of the cement-based composition with a higher W/C to only slightly increase. In addition, regardless of whether the cement-based composition is composed of high W/C or low W/C, in some embodiments, the cement-based composition containing the additive can effectively improve its 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength (i.e., early and late compressive strength) compared to the cement-based composition without the additive.

example 3F : Compressive strength of cement-based composition-additive ratio ( W/C=0.60 ）

Please refer to Table 13 and Figure 6. Figure 6 shows the test results of the early and late compressive strength of the cement-based compositions of Formulations 12 to 14 shown in Table 13. The corresponding data can be found in Table 23 below.

Table 23: Early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength test results of cement-based compositions of Formulations 12 to 14 (design compressive strength: 280 kgf/cm ² ) Recipe No. Ingredients 12 (Control Group) 13 14 Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 99.5 99.0 Additives 0.0 0.5 1.0 Water-to-cement ratio (W/C) 0.60 Sand to cement ratio (S/C) 1.83 Compressive strength 3 days (kgf/cm ² ) 270 289 297 7 days (kgf/cm ² ) 390 413 425 28 days (kgf/cm ² ) 408 428 440 Compressive strength increase/decrease percentage 3 days (%) - 7.0 10.0 7 days (%) - 5.9 9.0 28 days (%) - 4.9 7.8

As shown in Table 23 and Figure 6 above, in the early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength tests, compared to the designed compressive strength (i.e., 280 kgf/cm ² ), the compressive strengths of the cement-based composition containing additives at 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days are approximately 289~297 kgf/cm ² , 413~425 kgf/cm ² , and 428~440 kgf/cm ² , respectively, which are much higher than their designed compressive strengths. In addition, compared to Formula 12 (without additives) as the control group, the compressive strengths of the cement-based composition containing additives at 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days increased by 7.0~10.0%, 5.9~9.0%, and 4.9~7.8%, respectively. It can be seen that in some embodiments, compared with a cement-based composition without an additive, a cement-based composition containing an additive can effectively improve its 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength (i.e., early and late compressive strength).

In addition, the test results of early and late compressive strength of formula 1 to formula 14 show that the cement-based composition containing additives can effectively improve its 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength (i.e., early and late compressive strength) at least under the condition that its water-cement ratio (W/C) is 0.27~0.60. In addition, the test results of early and late compressive strength of formula 1 to formula 14 also show that the cement-based composition containing additives can effectively improve its 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength (i.e., early and late compressive strength) at least under the condition that its sand-cement ratio (S/C) is 1.00~2.75.

example 3G : Compressive strength of cement-based compositions - weight ratio of kaolin and first carbonyl compound

Please refer to Table 14 and Figure 7. Figure 7 shows the test results of the early and late compressive strength of the cement-based compositions of Formula 1, Formula 16, Formula 4 and Formula 15 shown in Table 14. The corresponding data can be found in Table 24 below.

Table 24: Early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength test results of cement-based compositions of Formulation 1, Formulation 16, Formulation 4 and Formulation 15 (design compressive strength: 280 kgf/cm ² ) Recipe No. Ingredients 1 (Control group) 16 4 15 Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 Additives 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Additives Kaolin 80% 70% 80% 90% First Carbonyl Compound (EC) 20% 30% 20% 10% Acid-base buffer (EC + MEA) 100 ppm 100 ppm 100 ppm 100 ppm Compressive strength 3 days (kgf/cm ² ) 289 317 304 298 7 days (kgf/cm ² ) 396 442 421 406 28 days (kgf/cm ² ) 481 552 515 499 Compressive strength increase/decrease percentage 3 days (%) - 9.7 5.2 3.1 7 days (%) - 11.6 6.3 2.5 28 days (%) - 14.8 7.1 3.7

It can be seen from Table 24 and Figure 7 above that in the early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength tests, compared to the designed compressive strength (i.e. 280 kgf/cm ² ), the compressive strengths of the cement-based composition containing additives at 3 days, 7 days and 28 days are approximately 298~317 kgf/cm ² , 406~442 kgf/cm ² and 499~552 kgf/cm ² , respectively, which are all much higher than their designed compressive strength. In addition, compared with the control group of formula 1 (without additives), the 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength of the cement-based composition containing additives in formula 4 (same as formula 1, the weight ratio of kaolin to the first carbonyl compound is also 8:2) increased by 5.2%, 6.3% and 7.1% respectively. It can be seen that since the cement-based composition of formula 4 contains additives, its 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength is significantly improved.

It can also be seen from Figure 7 that compared with Formulation 4 (the weight ratio of kaolin to the first carbonyl compound is 8:2), the compressive strength of the cement-based composition containing additives of Formulation 16 (the weight ratio of kaolin to the first carbonyl compound is 7:3) and Formulation 15 (the weight ratio of kaolin to the first carbonyl compound is 9:1) at 3 days, 7 days and 28 days is also equivalent to the compressive strength of the cement-based composition containing additives of Formulation 4 at 3 days, 7 days and 28 days, and all are higher than the designed compressive strength. In other words, in some embodiments, compared to a cement-based composition without an additive, a cement-based composition containing an additive can effectively improve its 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength (i.e., early and late compressive strength) under the condition that the weight ratio of kaolin to the first carbonyl compound is 7:3 to 9:1 (i.e., the weight ratio is 2.33 times to 9.00 times).

example 3H : Compressive strength of cement-based compositions - weight ratio of kaolin and first carbonyl compound

Please refer to Table 15 and Figure 8. Figure 8 shows the test results of the early and late compressive strength of the cement-based compositions of Formula 1, Formula 4, Formula 17 and Formula 18 shown in Table 15. The corresponding data can be found in Table 25 below.

Table 25: Early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength test results of cement-based compositions of Formulation 1, Formulation 4, Formulation 17 and Formulation 18 (design compressive strength: 280 kgf/cm ² ) Recipe No. Ingredients 1 (Control group) 4 17 18 Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 Additives 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Additives Kaolin 80% 80% 80% 80% First Carbonyl Compound (EC) 20% 20% 20% 20% Acid-base buffer (EC + MEA) 100 ppm 100 ppm 10,000 ppm 20,000 ppm Compressive strength 3 days (kgf/cm ² ) 289 304 299 314 7 days (kgf/cm ² ) 396 421 425 417 28 days (kgf/cm ² ) 481 515 508 522 Compressive strength increase/decrease percentage 3 days (%) - 5.2 3.5 8.7 7 days (%) - 6.3 7.3 5.3 28 days (%) - 7.1 5.6 8.5

As shown in Table 25 and Figure 8 above, in the early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength tests, compared to the designed compressive strength (i.e. 280 kgf/cm ² ), the compressive strengths of the cement-based composition containing additives at 3 days, 7 days and 28 days were approximately 299~314 kgf/cm ² , 417~425 kgf/cm ² and 508~522 kgf/cm ² , respectively, which were much higher than their designed compressive strengths. In addition, compared to the control group of Formula 1 (without additives), the compressive strengths of the cement-based composition containing additives in Formula 4 (the weight ratio of Portland cement to additives was 98:2) at 3 days, 7 days and 28 days increased by 5.2%, 6.3% and 7.1% respectively. It can be seen that since the cement-based composition of Formula 4 contains additives, its compressive strength at 3 days, 7 days and 28 days is significantly improved.

It can also be seen from Figure 8 that compared with Formulation 4 (whose acid-base buffer content is 100 ppm), the 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strengths of the cement-based compositions of Formulation 17 (whose acid-base buffer content is 10,000 ppm) and Formulation 18 (whose acid-base buffer content is 20,000 ppm) are also equivalent to the 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strengths of the cement-based composition of Formulation 4, and are all higher than the designed compressive strength. In other words, in some embodiments, compared to a cement-based composition without the additive, the cement-based composition containing the additive can effectively improve its 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength (i.e., early and late compressive strength) under the condition that the weight of the acid-base buffer is 100-20,000 ppm of the first carbonyl compound.

example 3I : Compressive strength of cement-based compositions - Additives added to green cement (replacing green cement with an equal amount of additives)

Please refer to Table 16 and Figure 9. Figure 9 shows the test results of the early and late compressive strength of the cement-based compositions of Formulations 19 to 22 shown in Table 16. The corresponding data can be found in Table 26 below.

Table 26: Early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength test results of cement-based compositions of Formulations 19 to 22 (design compressive strength: 280 kgf/cm ² ) Recipe No. Ingredients 19 (Control Group) 20 twenty one twenty two Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Limestone cement 0.0 100.0 99.0 98.0 Additives 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 Compressive strength 3 days (kgf/cm ² ) 196 253 356 367 7 days (kgf/cm ² ) 348 469 488 492 28 days (kgf/cm ² ) 466 519 604 573 Compressive strength increase/decrease percentage 3 days (%) - 29.1 81.6 87.2 7 days (%) - 34.8 40.2 41.4 28 days (%) - 11.4 29.6 23.0

As can be seen from Table 26 and Figure 9 above, in the early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength tests, compared to the design compressive strength (i.e. 280 kgf/cm ² ), regardless of whether the cement is Portland cement (corresponding to Formula 19) or limestone cement (which represents "green cement", corresponding to Formula 20), in the case of cement-based compositions without additives, the 3-day compressive strength is approximately 196 kgf/cm ² and 253 kgf/cm ² respectively, both of which are lower than the design compressive strength.

However, when the additive is contained (corresponding to Formula 21 and Formula 22), compared to Formula 1 as the control group (which uses Portland cement and does not contain additives), even if the cement is limestone cement, the 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength of the cement-based composition containing the additive can be increased by 81.6-87.2%, 40.2-41.4% and 11.4-23.0%, respectively. It can be seen that in some embodiments, compared to the cement-based composition using Portland cement and not containing additives, even if the cement is limestone cement, because the cement-based composition contains additives, the cement-based composition can also effectively improve its 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength (i.e., early and late compressive strength).

Even if Formula 20 is further used as another control group, the 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strengths of the cement-based composition containing the additive can be increased by 40.7-45.1%, 4.1-4.9% and 10.4-16.4% respectively compared to Formula 20 as the control group (which uses limestone cement and does not contain additives). It can be seen that in some embodiments, compared to the cement-based composition using limestone cement but not containing additives, even if the cement is limestone cement, because the cement-based composition contains additives, the cement-based composition can still effectively improve its 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength (i.e., early and late compressive strength), regardless of whether the cement is Portland cement, limestone cement or a combination thereof.

example 3J : Compressive strength of cement-based compositions - Additives added to green cement (add 2% Additives added to reduced green cement)

Please refer to Table 17 and Figure 10. Figure 10 shows the test results of the early and late compressive strength of the cement-based compositions of Formulation 19, Formulation 20, and Formulation 22 to Formulation 24 shown in Table 17. The corresponding data can be found in Table 27 below.

Table 27: Early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength test results of cement-based compositions of Formulation 19, Formulation 20, and Formulation 22 to Formulation 24 (design compressive strength: 280 kgf/cm ² ) Recipe No. Ingredients 19 (control 1 group) 20 (control 2 groups) twenty two twenty three twenty four Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Limestone cement 0.0 100.0 98.0 95.0 90.0 Additives 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Compressive strength 3 days (kgf/cm ² ) 196 253 367 335 307 7 days (kgf/cm ² ) 348 469 492 442 430 28 days (kgf/cm ² ) 466 519 573 552 504 Compressive strength increase/decrease percentage 3 days (%) - 29.1 87.2 70.9 56.6 7 days (%) - 34.8 41.4 27.0 23.6 28 days (%) - 11.4 23.0 18.5 8.2

It can be seen from Table 27 and Figure 10 above that in the early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength tests, compared to the designed compressive strength (i.e. 280 kgf/cm ² ), the 3-day compressive strengths of the cement-based composition without additives, when using Portland cement (corresponding to Formula 19) and limestone cement (which represents "green cement", corresponding to Formula 20), are approximately 196 kgf/cm ² and 253 kgf/cm ² respectively, both of which are lower than their designed compressive strengths.

However, when the cement-based binder contains, for example, 2% additives (corresponding to Formulations 22 to 24), its 3-day compressive strength is approximately 367 kgf/cm ² , 335 kgf/cm ² and 307 kgf/cm ² , respectively, which are significantly higher than its design strength (280 kgf/cm ² ). It can be seen that in some embodiments, even if the limestone cement is reduced from 100 parts by weight of Formula 20 to 98 parts by weight (i.e., a reduction of 98%), 95 parts by weight (i.e., a reduction of 95%) and 90 parts by weight (i.e., a reduction of 90%), respectively, because the cement-based binder contains, for example, 2% of an additive (corresponding to Formulas 22 to 24), the cement-based binder as a whole is 100 parts by weight (i.e., 100%), 97 parts by weight (i.e., a reduction of 97%) and 92 parts by weight (i.e., a reduction of 92%), respectively, the cement-based composition can still have a 3-day compressive strength (i.e., early compressive strength) significantly higher than the designed strength by using the additive and the reduced limestone cement.

In addition, compared to the control group of formula 19 (which uses portland cement and does not contain additives), even if the cement is limestone cement, the 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength of the cement-based composition containing, for example, 2% of additives can still be increased by 56.6-87.2%, 23.6-41.4% and 8.2-23.0%, respectively. It can be seen that in some embodiments, compared to the cement-based composition using portland cement and not containing additives, even if the cement is limestone cement, because the cement-based composition contains, for example, 2% of additives, the cement-based composition can also effectively improve its 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength (i.e., early and late compressive strength).

Even if Formulation 20 is further used as another control group, compared to Formulation 20 as the control group (which uses limestone cement and does not contain additives, representing "green cement"), the 3-day compressive strength of the cement-based composition containing, for example, 2% of additives can be increased by 21.3~45.1%, the 7-day compressive strength can be increased by 4.9% (for example, Formulation 22), and the 28-day compressive strength can be increased by 6.4~10.4% (for example, Formulation 22 and Formulation 23). Therefore, it can be seen that in some embodiments, compared to a cement-based composition using limestone cement but without additives (i.e., "green cement"), even if the cement uses reduced limestone cement (98%, 95% and 90%), the cement-based composition can still effectively improve its 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength (i.e., early and late compressive strength) because the cement-based composition contains, for example, 2% of additives so that its cement-based binder is 100%, 97% and 92% respectively (i.e., reduced cement-based binder).

example 3K : Compressive strength of cement-based compositions - Additives added to green cement (add 1% Additives added to reduced green cement)

Please refer to Table 18 and Figure 11. Figure 11 shows the test results of the early and late compressive strength of the cement-based compositions of Formulation 25, Formulation 20, and Formulation 26 to Formulation 28 shown in Table 18. The corresponding data can be found in Table 28 below.

Table 28: Early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength test results of cement-based compositions of Formulation 25, Formulation 20, and Formulation 26 to Formulation 28 (Design compressive strength: 280 kgf/cm ² ) Recipe No. Ingredients 25 (control 1 group) 20 (control 2 groups) 26 27 28 Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Limestone cement 0.0 100.0 95.0 92.0 90.0 Additives 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Compressive strength 3 days (kgf/cm ² ) 297 349 350 357 296 7 days (kgf/cm ² ) 379 414 412 398 365 28 days (kgf/cm ² ) 479 487 491 525 426 Compressive strength increase/decrease percentage 3 days (%) - 17.5 17.8 20.2 -0.3 7 days (%) - 9.2 8.7 5.0 -3.7 28 days (%) - 1.7 2.5 9.6 -11.1

It can be seen from Table 28 and Figure 11 above that in the early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength tests, compared to the design compressive strength (i.e. 280 kgf/cm ² ), when the cement-based binder contains, for example, 1% additive (corresponding to Formulations 26 to 28), its 3-day compressive strength is approximately 350 kgf/cm ² , 357 kgf/cm ² and 296 kgf/cm ² respectively, which are significantly higher than its design strength (280 kgf/cm ² ). It can be seen that in some embodiments, even if the limestone cement is reduced from 100 parts by weight of Formula 20 to 95 parts by weight (i.e., a reduction of 95%), 92 parts by weight (i.e., a reduction of 92%), and 90 parts by weight (i.e., a reduction of 90%), respectively, because the cement-based binder contains, for example, 1% of an additive (corresponding to Formulas 26 to 28), the cement-based binder as a whole is 96 parts by weight (i.e., a reduction of 96%), 93 parts by weight (i.e., a reduction of 93%), and 91 parts by weight (i.e., a reduction of 91%), respectively, the cement-based composition can have a 3-day compressive strength (i.e., early compressive strength) significantly higher than the designed strength by using the additive and the reduced limestone cement.

In addition, compared to the control group of formula 25 (which uses portland cement and does not contain additives), even if the cement is limestone cement, the 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength of the cement-based composition containing, for example, 1% of additives can still be increased by 17.8-20.2%, 5.0-8.7% and 0.8-7.8%, respectively. It can be seen that in some embodiments, compared to the cement-based composition using portland cement and not containing additives, even if the cement is limestone cement, because the cement-based composition contains, for example, 1% of additives, the cement-based composition can also effectively improve its 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength (i.e., early and late compressive strength).

Even if Formulation 20 is further used as another control group, compared to Formulation 20 as the control group (which uses limestone cement and does not contain additives, representing "green cement"), the 3-day compressive strength of the cement-based composition containing, for example, 1% of additives can be increased by 0.3~2.3% (for example, Formulation 26 and Formulation 27), and the 28-day compressive strength can be increased by 0.8~7.8% (for example, Formulation 26 and Formulation 27). Therefore, it can be seen that in some embodiments, compared to a cement-based composition using limestone cement but without additives (i.e., "green cement"), even if the cement uses a reduced amount of limestone cement (95% and 92%), the cement-based composition can still effectively improve its 3-day and 28-day compressive strength (i.e., early and late compressive strength) because the cement-based composition contains, for example, 1% of additives so that its cement-based binder is 96% and 93% respectively (i.e., reduced cement-based binder).

example 3L ：Compressive strength of cement-based compositions - Cement-based binders contain furnace rock

Please refer to Table 19 and Figure 12. Figure 12 shows the test results of the early and late compressive strength of the cement-based compositions of Formula 1, Formula 23, Formula 29 and Formula 30 shown in Table 19. The corresponding data can be found in Table 29 below.

Table 29: Early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength test results of cement-based compositions of Formulation 1, Formulation 23, Formulation 29 and Formulation 30 (design compressive strength: 280 kgf/cm ² ) Recipe No. Ingredients 1 (Control group) twenty three 29 30 Cement-based adhesive Portland Cement 100.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 Hearthstone 0.0 50.0 49.5 48.5 Additives 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.5 Compressive strength 3 days (kgf/cm ² ) 267 166 206 216 7 days (kgf/cm ² ) 422 306 374 358 28 days (kgf/cm ² ) 571 520 585 587 Compressive strength increase/decrease percentage 3 days (%) - -37.8 -22.8 -19.1 7 days (%) - -27.5 -11.4 -15.2 28 days (%) - -8.9 2.5 2.8

From Table 29 and Figure 12 above, we can see that in the early (3 days and 7 days) and late (28 days) compressive strength tests, compared to the designed compressive strength (i.e. 280 kgf/cm ² ) and the control group of Formula 1 (which does not contain furnace stone and additives), when the cement-based binder contains furnace stone, in the case of a cement-based composition without additives (corresponding to Formula 23), its 3-day compressive strength is only about 166 kgf/cm ² , which is significantly lower than its designed compressive strength. Therefore, if the cement-based composition contains furnace stone, it will indeed cause its early compressive strength (e.g. 3-day compressive strength) to drop significantly (e.g., as shown in Table 29, a drop of 37.8%).

Even compared to the control group of formula 1 (which does not contain furnace stone and additives), when the cement-based binder contains furnace stone, the 7-day and 28-day compressive strengths of the cement-based composition without additives (corresponding to formula 23) are only about 306 kgf/cm ² and 520 kgf/cm ² , respectively, which are significantly lower than the corresponding compressive strengths of formula 1 (i.e. 422 kgf/cm ² and 571 kgf/cm ² ). It can be seen that if the cement-based composition contains furnace stone, it will indeed cause its early and late compressive strengths (such as 7-day and 28-day compressive strengths) to decrease significantly (for example, as shown in Table 29, a decrease of 27.5% and a decrease of 8.9%).

However, when additives are contained (corresponding to Formulations 29 and 30), compared to Formulation 23 (which does not contain additives) as the control group, the 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strengths of the cement-based composition containing additives are approximately 206~216 kgf/cm ² , 358~374 kgf/cm ² and 585~587 kgf/cm ² , respectively, which can be increased by 24.1~30.1%, 17.0~22.2% and 12.5~12.9%, respectively. It can be seen that in some embodiments, compared with a cement-based composition without additives, even if the compressive strength of the cement-based composition without additives is reduced due to the presence of furnace stone, if the cement-based composition contains additives, the cement-based composition can at least effectively improve its 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength (i.e., early and late compressive strength) under the condition that the total weight of furnace stone and additives is 0.5 times the weight of the cement-based binder, and is not affected by whether it contains furnace stone.

In summary, some embodiments of the present invention provide a cement-based composition having a working performance superior to that of existing cement and/or concrete. The cement-based composition can be used for purposes such as carbon reduction, carbon sealing and/or carbon fixation, maintaining or improving early (e.g., 3 days and 7 days) compressive strength, and/or maintaining or improving late (e.g., 28 days) compressive strength by containing kaolin, carbonyl compounds and acid-base buffers. In some embodiments, some embodiments of the present invention further provide cement-based compositions that can be used to improve the early and/or late compressive strength of green cement (e.g., cement containing limestone), and even if a smaller amount of green cement (e.g., cement containing limestone) is used, it can be used to provide a cement-based composition that still has excellent early and/or late compressive strength, thereby avoiding sacrificing the compressive strength that the above-mentioned cement-based composition should provide in response to environmental protection policies such as energy conservation and carbon reduction. Based on this, some embodiments of the present invention can provide a solution that is more environmentally friendly, more conducive to sustainable development, and can also take into account or even improve the working performance of cement-based compositions.

Although the present invention is disclosed as above with the aforementioned embodiments, they are not used to limit the present invention. Anyone skilled in similar techniques can make some changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of patent protection of the present invention shall be subject to the scope of the patent application attached to this specification.

without

FIG1 shows the test results of early and late compressive strength of cement-based compositions of formula 1 to formula 4 as shown in Table 10. FIG2 shows the test results of early and late compressive strength of cement-based compositions of formula 5 to formula 8 as shown in Table 11. FIG3A to FIG3C show the test results of compressive strength of cement-based compositions of formula 1 to formula 4 and formula 5 to formula 8 at 3 days, 7 days and 28 days, respectively. FIG4 shows the test results of early and late compressive strength of cement-based compositions of formula 9 to formula 11 as shown in Table 12. FIG5A to FIG5C show the test results of compressive strength of cement-based compositions of formula 5 to formula 7 and formula 9 to formula 11 at 3 days, 7 days and 28 days, respectively. FIG6 shows the test results of early and late compressive strength of cement-based compositions of Formula 12 to Formula 14 as shown in Table 13. FIG7 shows the test results of early and late compressive strength of cement-based compositions of Formula 1, Formula 16, Formula 4 and Formula 15 as shown in Table 14. FIG8 shows the test results of early and late compressive strength of cement-based compositions of Formula 1, Formula 4, Formula 17 and Formula 18 as shown in Table 15. FIG9 shows the test results of early and late compressive strength of cement-based compositions of Formula 19 to Formula 22 as shown in Table 16. FIG10 shows the test results of early and late compressive strength of cement-based compositions of Formula 19, Formula 20 and Formula 22 to Formula 24 as shown in Table 17. FIG11 shows the test results of the early and late compressive strength of the cement-based compositions of Formula 25, Formula 20, and Formula 26 to Formula 28 shown in Table 18. FIG12 shows the test results of the early and late compressive strength of the cement-based compositions of Formula 1, Formula 23, Formula 29, and Formula 30 shown in Table 19.

Claims (20)

An additive includes: kaolin; a first carbonyl compound including ethylene carbonate; and an acid-base buffer including ethylene carbonate and ethanolamine; wherein the kaolin is 0.06-4.995 parts by weight; the first carbonyl compound is 0.0001-2 parts by weight; and the acid-base buffer is 1×10 ^-7 -8×10 ^-4 parts by weight. The additive as claimed in claim 1, wherein the kaolin is present in an amount of 0.35 to 1.99 parts by weight, the first carbonyl compound is present in an amount of 0.0025 to 0.6 parts by weight, and the acid-base buffer is present in an amount of 2.5×10 ^-7 to 1.2×10 ^-2 parts by weight. The additive as described in claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the kaolin to the first carbonyl compound is 6:4 to 99.9:0.1. The additive as described in claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the acid-base buffer to the first carbonyl compound is 20 ppm to 20,000 ppm. The additive as described in claim 4, wherein the weight ratio of the acid-base buffer to the first carbonyl compound is 100 ppm to 20,000 ppm. A cement-based composition, comprising: a cement-based binder, comprising: 95 to 99.9 parts by weight of cement; and 0.1 to 5 parts by weight of an additive as described in any one of claims 1 to 5; 80 to 330 parts by weight of sand; and 25 to 63 parts by weight of water. The cement-based composition as described in claim 6, wherein the weight of the water is 0.27 to 0.48 times the weight of the cement-based binder. The cement-based composition as described in claim 6, wherein the weight of the sand is 1 to 2.75 times the weight of the cement-based binder. The cement-based composition as described in claim 6, wherein the cement-based binder further comprises slag, and the total weight of the slag and the additive is 0.4 to 0.6 times the weight of the cement-based binder. The cement-based composition as described in claim 9, wherein the weight of the furnace stone is 0.45 to 0.499 times the weight of the cement-based binder, and the weight of the additive is 0.001 to 0.05 times the weight of the cement-based binder. The cement-based composition as described in claim 10, wherein the weight of the furnace stone is 0.485 to 0.495 times the weight of the cement-based binder, and the weight of the additive is 0.005 to 0.015 times the weight of the cement-based binder. The cement-based composition as described in claim 6 further comprises a water reducer, 64 to 96 parts by weight. The cement-based composition as described in claim 12, wherein the water reducer comprises a polycarboxylate ether compound. The cement-based composition of claim 6, wherein the cement is Portland Type I cement, limestone (CaCO ₃ ) cement, or a combination thereof. A cement-based composition as described in claim 6, wherein the cement comprises Portland Type I cement. The cement-based composition as described in claim 6, wherein the cement comprises limestone (CaCO ₃ ) cement. A cement-based composition as described in any one of claims 6 to 16 for use in carbon reduction, carbon sealing and/or carbon fixation. A use of a cement-based composition as described in any one of claims 6 to 16 for reducing the content of cement in the cement-based composition, wherein the reduction in the content of cement is compared to the content of cement in a cement-based composition that does not contain the additive. A use of a cement-based composition as described in any one of claims 6 to 16 for improving the early compressive strength and/or late compressive strength of the cement-based composition, wherein the improvement in the early compressive strength and/or the late compressive strength is compared to the early compressive strength and/or late compressive strength of the cement-based composition not containing the additive. A use of a cement-based composition as described in any one of claims 6 to 16 for making the cement-based composition solidify quickly while still having maintained or improved early compressive strength and/or late compressive strength, wherein the maintained or improved early compressive strength and/or late compressive strength is compared to the early compressive strength and/or late compressive strength of the cement-based composition not containing the additive.

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