TWI700481B - 精密研磨液中大雜質顆粒的全像偵測及特徵化技術 - Google Patents
精密研磨液中大雜質顆粒的全像偵測及特徵化技術 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
利用全像視訊顯微鏡觀察來偵測樣本內的雜質。該樣本流經顯微鏡且產生全像圖。分析該全像圖以鑑定與樣本中之大雜質關聯的區域。測定該等樣本顆粒對於全像圖的貢獻以及特徵化該等雜質。
Description
本揭示係有關於精密研磨液中大雜質顆粒的全像偵測及特微化技術。
氧化物奈米顆粒的研磨液廣泛用作光子學及微電子裝置之化學機械平坦化(CMP)的研磨及拋光劑。CMP研磨液中存在團粒或其他過大污染物是高度不合意的,因為對於表面品質有不良影響,即使濃度只有十億分之一。努力防止凝聚以及排除污染物受挫於缺少用於在奈米顆粒海洋中偵測及特徵化數量相對少之大顆粒的技術。例如,直接成像式雷射掩蔽及光散射技術被研磨液的濁度以及奈米顆粒與較大污染物的反差不足排除在外。習知顆粒計數器被全濃度的研磨液顆粒堵塞及污染。用稀釋來糾正問題是不切實際的,因為隨後還得分析體積極大的流體以及稀釋過程可能影響可能被關注的凝聚過程。
一具體實施例有關於一種用於特徵化樣本中之雜質的方法。該方法包含:使該樣本流經一全像顯微鏡的一觀察體積,基於在該觀察體積內之該樣本在一第一時間的全像視訊顯微鏡觀察(holographic video microscopy),產生一第一全像圖,分析該第一全像圖中對應至一關注顆粒的一或更多關注區域,針對由光與該樣本之互動引起之一漫射波的一貢獻(contribution)來標準化該關注區域,使該經標準化之關注區域擬合(fit)於一光散射理論,以及特徵化關注顆粒的一或更多性質。
另一具體實施例有關於一種用於特徵化研磨液中之關注顆粒的方法。該方法包含:使該研磨液流經一全像顯微鏡的一觀察體積,基於在該觀察體積內之該樣本在一第一時間的全像視訊顯微鏡觀察,產生一第一全像圖,分析該第一全像圖,應用洛倫茨米氏分析(Lorenz Mie analysis)於該全像圖,以及特徵化該關注顆粒。
以上概要僅供圖解說明而非旨在以任何方式加以限制。除了上述作為例證的方面、具體實施例及特徵以外,參考以下附圖及詳細說明可明白其他方面、具體實施例及特徵。
以下詳細說明參考形成彼之一部份的附圖。在附圖中,類似的組件通常用相同的元件符號表示,除非上下文另有說明。描述於詳細說明、附圖及申請專利範圍中的示範具體實施例無意用來限制。可使用其他具體實施例,以及做出其他改變,而不脫離本發明專利標的的精神及範疇。應容易瞭解,可用各種不同的組態配置、取代、組合及設計如概述於本文及圖示於附圖的本揭示內容方面,這全都被清楚想到且做為本揭示內容的一部份。
描述於此的是線上全像視訊顯微鏡觀察的系統及方法。線上全像視訊顯微系統及方法的具體實施例應付需要是藉由以全濃度鑑定商業研磨液之中的大型夾雜物(large inclusion),以及產生數目、粒徑及組成物的準確資訊。在一具體實施例中,該研磨液由有70奈米特性尺寸以30.9%容積率分散於水中的二氧化矽奈米顆粒組成。此一研磨液是混濁的,因此性質上不同於已被先前技術實施全像顆粒特徵化考慮過的透光介質。關注夾雜物實質大於研磨液顆粒且有與流體介質不同的折射率。在一具體實施例中,夾雜物顆粒由特性尺寸有一微米的過大雜質顆粒組成。在另一具體實施例中,夾雜物顆粒包含由已堅硬地互相附著之多個研磨液顆粒形成的團粒。以屬於全像視訊顯微鏡觀察的應用而言,該研磨液為「散射流體」,它除了產生在被成像樣本體積中之任何關注顆粒的訊號以外,還產生散射訊號。
吾等更相信,在某些具體實施例中,關注顆粒,例如雜質,的相對粒徑與折射率兩者,相較於研磨液(特別是,研磨液的懸浮顆粒)對於偵測關注顆粒的能力有貢獻。關注顆粒比研磨液顆粒大的散射會允許偵測相對於研磨液顆粒有較小粒徑的關注顆粒。同樣,如果背景研磨液顆粒比關注顆粒更分散,相對於研磨液顆粒,關注顆粒需要大些以便偵測。
圖1圖示全像測量系統的一具體實施例,其係以準直光束照射樣本。圖示具體實施例使用以532奈米之真空波長操作的光纖耦合二極體雷射。被膠態顆粒散射的光線干涉光束在顯微鏡物鏡之焦平面中的其餘部份,這使放大干涉圖形轉發到習知視訊攝影機,在圖示具體實施例中,其具有47奈米/像素的有效放大率。該研磨液流經在安裝於顯微鏡平台上之標準微流控通道的雷射光束。
選擇夠快的流率使得在指定測量持續時間內可分析有指定體積的樣本,但是運動不會快到使全像圖在視訊攝影機的曝光時間期間明顯變模糊。最大可用流率與曝光時間成反比。最小可用曝光時間取決於照射雷射的強度以及相機的靈敏度及雜訊特性。選擇雷射強度與曝光時間的組合以確保記錄全像圖的訊號雜訊比夠高以從全像特徵化分析得到可靠的結果。接著,這決定樣本的最大可用流率,以及特徵化有指定體積之樣本的所需時間。在一具體實施例中,100微米/秒的尖峰流量速度足以用10分鐘測量周期偵測及特徵化以濃度十億分之一分散於CMP研磨液中之1000個過大雜質顆粒的性質。擷取該樣本的一系列全像圖作為數位視訊中的圖框。在圖示具體實施例中,每個1280像素x1024像素視訊框為顆粒在60微米x48微米x20微米之觀察體積中的全像圖。已用光散射之洛倫茨米氏理論的預測解釋在可比較系統得到的全像圖以得到個別膠態球體之粒徑及折射率的精密測量值。儘管典型CMP研磨液中的大濃度奈米顆粒促成記錄全像圖的隨機背景,然而具體實施例令人意外地發現,洛倫茨米氏分析仍然提供個別微米級污染物顆粒之性質的準確精密測量值。
關注顆粒(常為污染物)通常大於構成研磨液的顆粒。可用此技術特徵化的最大污染物顆粒取決於全像記錄儀器的組態。在一具體實施例中,可達到的粒徑範圍在200奈米至20微米之間。此外,由於這是顆粒解析型測量技術,因此全像特徵化可偵測及計數稀少的顆粒。
為了證明此技術及驗證其效力,由有70奈米標稱直徑之矽土奈米顆粒組成、經過詳細檢驗的商業CMP研磨液(Dow Ultrasol 2EX)播入膠態矽土球體(Bangs實驗室,目錄編號SS04N,批次編號5303)。1.5微米直徑的矽土球體促成圖2(a)全像圖的清楚可見靶心特徵。這些特徵使用影像分析濾波器偵測,其強調旋轉對稱的中心,然後選擇用於分析的周圍區域。一具體實施例利用描述於PCT/US2015/015666的分析技術,在此併入本文作為資料資料。特別是,定向對準變換用來偵測關注特徵。有可能使用本質上忽略研磨液之存在的標準技術進行實際的擬合。令人意外地,以此方式得到的數值相當接近獨立驗證的顆粒性質。
不過,在另一具體實施例中,該分析考慮到研磨液及解釋它。以下方程式(2b)及(4b)為達成此事的新方法,且提供顆粒特性在實驗上已確認準確的數值。圖2(b)圖示以此方式偵測的典型特徵。
用於全像顆粒特徵化的理想全像圖由相干準直光束與光束被照射顆粒散射之光線的疊加產生。當顆粒嵌入奈米顆粒研磨液中時,照射與散射波兩者被多顆粒光散射衰減,以及所得漫射波促成記錄全像圖的時間相依散斑。全像顆粒特徵化的先前應用尚未考慮到此一隨機散射貢獻,包括以為隨機散射可能已發揮作用者。可解釋這些額外效應,只要相干干涉圖形在某種程度上有助於整體強度分布。
在此u
0( r
)為橫向振幅輪廓以及k
= 2πn m/λ
為傳播通過折射率為n m
之介質有真空波長λ
之光線的波數。研磨液的散射使此光束衰減有效穿透深度κ −
1,這取決於研磨液顆粒的濃度及其光散射特性。如果通道厚度D遠大於衰減深度,則記錄全像圖會由漫射散射組成而且不保留與顆粒之性質有關的資訊。在此規畫下,成像平面位在z
= 0而且光線在位於z
=D
之通道的頂部進入研磨液。
衰減入射光的同一散射過程也建立有一些向成像平面傳播的漫射光場 E d
( r , t
)。該漫射場在動態光散射及漫射波光譜中產生散斑圖樣(speckle pattern)。它隨著進入研磨液的深度演變,因為來自入射波有更多的光線散射成隨機場以及隨機場本身被散射。它隨著顆粒本身在研磨液中重排及時演變。在一具體實施例中,分析訊號的時間相依部份以得到關於研磨液本身的資訊。這可包括關於研磨液顆粒之顆粒-粒徑分佈及濃度的資訊。如上述,該時間相依資訊可用來校準用來分析大顆粒全像圖的漫射背景強度。漫射光束的極化及相位隨機化傾向抑制與未散射光束的干涉。因此,在沒有顆粒下,焦平面的強度近似:(2a)(2b)
進一步假設該散斑圖樣有高斯統計值,方程式(2)可用來從流動中研磨液的視訊序列I
0( r , t
)得到未散射振幅u
0( r
) exp(− κD
)及漫射場之時間平均振幅u d
=(|E d
( r , t
)|) t
的獨立估計值。
衰減的照射及漫射散射場兩者在成像平面以上的高度z p
入射於球體上。如前,假設相干散射自照射的光線比散射自漫射場的光線對於記錄全像圖有更多貢獻。確保此狀態可藉由適當地減少通道深度D
,以最大程度地始終如一維持所欲流動特性及測量持續時間。因此,在成像平面中之點 r
處的散射場由以下式子給出近似值:(3)
在此 f s
(k r
)為洛倫茨米氏散射函數,其描述x
ˆ極化的平面波如何被有半徑a p
及折射率n p
的球體散射。方程式(3)解釋照射在到達顆粒之前的衰減,以及散射波在傳播到焦平面時的進一步衰減。為使描述簡潔,吾等將此後一效應建模成為單一指數因子,它忽略光徑長度對於散射角度的相依性。
此結果省略描述相干與漫射波之干涉的項,其時間平均值應該會消失。在此模型中,研磨液的整體效果是要減少目標顆粒之全像圖的對比,以及有助於高斯相加雜訊,這兩者減少全像圖的有效訊號/雜訊比,但是不以其他的方式影響它的對稱性。
通過分析不包含顆粒之全像圖的視訊序列,可量化漫射波對受測全像圖的貢獻。方程式(4b)的第一項表明可從全像圖提取之資訊的品質由通道厚度D
控制。實際上,如果D
遠大於研磨液的衰減長度,散射顆粒的全像圖全部會被漫射散射遮掩,以及甚至需要其他方法以偵測球體的存在。應瞭解,樣本單元的選擇可基於所欲通道厚度。
圖2(d)的圖像由方程式(4)對圖2(c)資料的非線性最小二乘方擬合產生。測量及擬合全像圖的差異描繪於圖2(d)。由擬合得到的顆粒半徑,a p
= 0.
749±
0.
006微米,符合製造商的規格,以及折射率,n p
= 1.
439±
0.
002,符合在理想成像條件下從矽土球體之同一樣本得到的數值。擬合的品質可從描繪於用陰影區表示物圖3的徑向輪廓來判斷,其追蹤實驗資料到由研磨液顆粒引起的隨機貢獻內。
第4(a)圖編制圖示來自相同單分散樣本(monodisperse sample)的矽土球體之半徑及折射率的875個單一顆粒測量值。繪圖中的每個資料點反映單一球體的測量性質以及用測量值在(a p , n p
)平面中的相對機率ρ
(a p , n p
)上色。平均半徑,a p
= 0.
79±
0.
01微米,符合製造商的規格。平均折射率,n p
= 1.
45±
0.
01,稍微小於塊狀矽土在成像波長的數值1.485,以及符合有2%孔隙率的球體,如在別處所述。此繪圖的資料在10分鐘內取得。
第4(b)圖圖示分散於矽土研磨液中之同一批矽土球體的可比較結果。半徑、折射率及孔隙率的數值符合在理想成像條件下得到的。此結果證明全像顆粒特徵化可產生微米級膠態顆粒以全濃度分散於奈米顆粒研磨液中之性質的準確精密結果。
應用此技術於矽土研磨液的儲備液在30分鐘後沒有產生可偵測特徵。2x109
個以上的矽土奈米顆粒在此時間內遭受觀察,這證明研磨液在十億分之一的位準沒有可偵測污染物。過大雜質顆粒之可偵測濃度的下限用測量的流率及持續時間設定。以較高流率測量較久允許偵測較小濃度的雜質顆粒。為了額外分析,故意用冷凍來誘發凝聚然後融化研磨液樣本以便分析。失穩的研磨液此時特徵為大量的微米級物體,它被描述於本文的系統及方法偵測為奈米顆粒團粒。這些團粒從極廣泛的粒徑分佈得出,其中有相當大的百分比為尺寸超過5微米的顆粒。
不過,應認為,團粒或污染物的類型可能更重要。例如,暫態團粒在研磨期間會有大小類似之固體污染物而遭受強剪力時可能沒有有害影響。為了調整觀察團粒的本質,融化研磨液經受30分鐘的音波處理(sonication)。圖5的虛曲線圖示全像測量的所得粒徑分佈。然而,音波處理似乎已破壞最大的團粒,半徑範圍達1微米的較小團粒仍然完好如初。這些團粒小到在目視檢查下不明顯,而且不出現在亮場影像中。由於夠結實而在音波處理後幸存,可能致使研磨液使用於研磨是不能接受的。個別顆粒之機械特性的額外洞察可從全像測量的折射率推論出。多孔顆粒傾向有低於整體值(bulk value)的折射率,其數量取決於顆粒的孔隙率。在低折射率(low-index)流體介質中的高折射率(high-index)顆粒在孔隙率增加時傾向顯示較低的折射率。接著,孔隙率的估計值可用來評估偵測顆粒對於意欲應用是否可能有害。同樣,可基於折射率,可區分例如分散氣泡的無害顆粒與有破壞性的固體顆粒。
這些結果證明,全像特徵化可用來偵測及測量個別污染物顆粒在CMP研磨液中的性質而不需要稀釋。顆粒解析測量產生污染物粒徑分布的測量值而不調用該分布的先驗模型。
如圖6所示,例如,可提供電腦可存取媒體120(例如,如本文所述的儲存裝置,例如硬碟、軟碟、記憶條、CD-ROM、RAM、ROM等等,或彼等之集合)(例如,與處理配置110通訊)。電腦可存取媒體120可為非暫時性電腦可存取媒體。電腦可存取媒體120可包含可執行指令130於其上。此外或替換地,可提供與電腦可存取媒體120分離的儲存配置140,它可提供指令給處理配置110以便將該處理配置組配成可執行某些示範程序、行程及方法,如本文所述,例如。該等指令可包括多個指令集。例如,在一些實作中,該等指令可包括用於以多個序列塊施加射頻能量至一體積的指令,在此每個序列塊至少包括第一階段。該等指令更可包括:連續重覆第一階段直到在每個序列塊開頭之磁化穩定的指令,用於把對應至多個序列塊之多個成像片段串接成單一連續成像片段的指令,以及用於把至少一鬆弛參數編碼成單一連續成像片段的指令。
系統100也可包括顯示或輸出裝置、輸入裝置,例如鍵盤、滑鼠、觸控螢幕或其他輸入裝置,且可經由邏輯網路連接至附加系統。利用接到有處理器之一或更多遠端電腦的邏輯連接,描述於本文的許多具體實施例可在網路化環境中實施。邏輯連接可包括區域網路(LAN)與廣域網路(WAN),在此舉例說明而不是限制。此類網路化環境在辦公室或企業電腦網路、內部網路及網際網路到處可見,且可能使用各式各樣的不同通訊協定。熟諳此藝者明白,此類網路運算環境通常可涵蓋許多類型的電腦系統組態,包括個人電腦、手持裝置、多處理器系統、基於微處理器或可編程消費者電子產品、網路PC、迷你電腦、主機電腦及其類似者。本發明具體實施例也可在分散式運算環境中實施,在此由通過通訊網路連結(用硬接線鏈路、無線鏈路、或者是硬接線或無線鏈路的組合)的本地及遠端處理裝置來完成任務。在分散式運算環境中,程式模組可位在本地及遠端記憶儲存裝置中。
在方法步驟的一般背景下描述各種具體實施例,在一具體實施例中,可用程式產品實現,其包括在網路化環境中由電腦執行的電腦可執行指令,例如程式代碼。一般而言,程式組件包括執行特定任務或實現特定抽象資料類型的常式、程式、物件、組件、資料結構等等。電腦可執行指令、相關資料結構及程式模組為用於執行揭示於本文之方法步驟的程式代碼實施例。此類可執行指令或相關資料結構的特別序列為用於實現描述於該等步驟之功能的對應動作。
可用標準編程技術和基於規則之邏輯及其他邏輯實現本發明的軟體及網頁實作以實現各種資料庫搜尋步驟、相關步驟、比較步驟及決策步驟。也應注意,使用於本文及申請專利範圍的用字「組件」及「模組」旨在涵蓋使用一或更多行之軟體代碼的實作及/或硬體實作,及/或用於接收手動輸入的設備。
關於任何複數及/或單數用語在本文中的實質用法,熟諳此藝者在對上下文及/或應用而言合適時,可將複數變成單數,及/或將單數變成複數。於本文中,可為求簡明而明確地提出此等各種單數/複數的排列組合。
為了圖解說明及描述,以上已呈現數個示範具體實施例的描述。非旨在窮盡或限制所揭示的精確形式,且可能有根據以上教導的修改及變體或可從該等揭示具體實施例的實施得到。因此,不應認為上述具體實施例是要限制本發明的範疇。
100‧‧‧系統
110‧‧‧處理配置
120‧‧‧電腦可存取媒體
130‧‧‧可執行指令
140‧‧‧儲存配置
150‧‧‧I/O埠
160‧‧‧記憶體
由以下說明及隨附申請專利範圍結合附圖可更加完整地明白本揭示內容的以上及其他特徵。應瞭解,這些附圖僅描繪根據本揭示內容的數個具體實施例,因此,不應被認為是要限制其範疇,本揭示內容將通過使用附圖以附加特性和細節來描述。
圖1為線上全像視訊顯微鏡的照片,其用來特徵化CMP研磨液中之過大顆粒。
圖2(a)為含濃度十億分之一之雜質顆粒的CMP研磨液之實驗記錄全像圖。此影像顯示由微米級球體之光散射引起的3個清楚特徵。圖2(b)圖示在由單一球體引起之特徵四周的關注區域。圖2(c)為擬合至全像顆粒特徵化理論的預測。圖2(d)為只顯示由奈米級研磨液顆粒引起之背景的殘像。
圖3為擬合至圖2(b)中之資料的徑向輪廓。陰影區表明估計徑向強度輪廓的統計不確定性,其係以較暗(藍色)的曲線表示。較淡(橘色)的曲線為擬合結果。
圖4(a)為膠態矽土球體分散於水中的粒徑與折射率之聯合分布。圖4(b)為相同球體樣本分散於矽土奈米顆粒研磨液中的可比較結果。
圖5為污染物顆粒在冷凍研磨液之融化樣本中的全像測量粒徑分佈。該虛曲線圖示相同樣本在30分鐘之音波處理後的結果。
圖6圖示使用於某些實作的電腦系統。
Claims (13)
- 一種用於特徵化流體中的顆粒的漿料之樣本中之雜質的方法,其包含下列步驟:使該漿料流經一全像顯微鏡的一觀察體積;藉由具有一雷射的全像視訊顯微鏡觀察系統,產生在該觀察體積內之該樣本在一第一時間的一第一全像圖;分析該第一全像圖中對應至一關注顆粒的一或更多關注區域;針對由該雷射與該漿料之互動引起之一漫射波的一貢獻來標準化該關注區域;使該經標準化之關注區域擬合於一光散射理論;以及基於該經標準化之關注區域之擬合,特徵化該關注顆粒的一或更多性質;其中該觀察體積的深度小於在該漿料中之該雷射的衰減深度。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該漿料包含有200奈米或更小粒徑的顆粒。
- 如請求項2所述之方法,其中該關注顆粒有約200奈米至約20微米的粒徑。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該尖峰流量約有100微米/秒。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其更包含:選擇一具深度D的樣本單元。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中特徵化一或 多個該關注顆粒的步驟包含:測定半徑及折射率。
- 一種用於特徵化漿料中之關注顆粒的方法,其包含下列步驟:使該漿料流經一全像顯微鏡的一觀察體積,該漿料包含一流體中之若干漿料顆粒和若干關注顆粒;使一雷射束與該漿料之一樣本互動,且基於在該觀察體積內之樣本在一第一時間的全像視訊顯微鏡觀察,產生一第一全像圖,該第一全像圖記錄來自一散射波和一漫射波的一光場,該散射波由該雷射束與該等關注顆粒之一顆粒之互動所產生,該漫射波由該雷射束和該散射波與該等漿料顆粒之互動所產生;將該漫射波的一貢獻量化成該第一全像圖;應用洛倫茨米氏分析於該第一全像圖;以及基於該洛倫茨米氏分析,特徵化該等關注顆粒之該顆粒。
- 如請求項7所述之方法,其更包含:選擇一具深度D的樣本單元。
- 如請求項7所述之方法,其中該漿料包含有200奈米或更小粒徑的顆粒。
- 如請求項8所述之方法,其中該關注顆粒有約200奈米至約20微米的粒徑。
- 如請求項7所述之方法,其中該尖峰流量約有100微米/秒。
- 如請求項7所述之方法,其中特徵化該關 注顆粒的步驟包含:測定半徑及折射率。
- 如請求項7所述之方法,其更包含在量化該貢獻之後,針對該漫射波的該貢獻來標準化該關注區域。
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