TWI778025B - 抗生素檢測及篩選系統 - Google Patents
抗生素檢測及篩選系統 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明提供一種用於檢測、篩選、選取、及評估抗生素的平台技術,其藉由使用製自完全敏感性臨床分離株之具有確定、單獨或組合、抗藥性機制的基因工程菌株。本發明之抗生素檢測及篩選系統可效率地且有效地評估針對體外與體內特定抗藥性機制的抗生素,且適於針對多重抗藥性細菌的新穎抗生素開發。
Description
本申請案主張美國臨時專利申請號62/463,168於2017年2月24日提申之優先權,其揭示內容在此併入本案以作為參考資料。
本發明係有關一種用於評估習知抗生素對指定抗藥性機制之抗微生物活性及篩選新穎抗微生物藥劑的平台技術。
抗生素抗藥性的出現已成為世界上主要的臨床及公共衛生威脅。1,2
根據英國最近一份報告指出,若抗菌抗藥性持續增加,直到2050年,每年將有1000萬人因其死亡,死亡率比癌症更高。1
正確使用抗生素與開發新型抗生素對於克服此一危機是必要的。
世界衛生組織(WHO)報導了肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae
)、大腸桿菌(Escherichia coli
)、及金黃色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus
)的抗藥性比率極高,其為醫院與社區感染的常見原因。4
肺炎克雷伯氏菌與大腸桿菌皆屬於腸桿菌科(Enterobacteriaceae
),並具有相似的抗生素抗藥性機制。5
了解對抗各個抗藥性機制的抗生素有效性可幫助我們開發及使用抗生素。傳統上,收集大量臨床抗藥性分離株,並用於臨床試驗前之抗生素檢測與篩選。6
然而,臨床分離株的抗藥性機制通常複雜,且尚未完全確定。很難確定哪種機制實際上涉及,或在賦予抗藥性方面扮演主要作用。沒有一定的資訊,就很難以有效方式改良抗生素候選物,以改進其抗菌活性。
本發明設計提供一種用於檢測、篩選、選取、及評估抗生素的平台技術,其藉由使用製自多重藥物(或較佳為完全)敏感性臨床分離株之具有確定、單獨或組合、抗藥性機制的基因工程菌株。
特別的是,本發明提供一種藉由使用基因工程菌株篩選抗菌劑的平台技術,其中彼等菌株在基因工程之前本質上對抗生素治療具有高度敏感性(較佳為對多重抗生素治療具有敏感性),且根據抗藥性機制之主要類型,在基因工程之後給定一或多個突變或抗生素抗藥性基因,其係選自由:(i)利用喪失外膜蛋白降低抗生素滲透性;(ii)藉由過量表達外排泵(efflux pumps)泵出抗生素;(iii)藉由修飾抗生素標靶或藉由獲得抗生素抗藥性標靶消除或減少抗生素的結合、以及(iv)藉由酵素切割或修飾使抗生素失活,及其任何結合物組成之群組。由於基因工程菌株給定之抗藥性機制習知且確定,只要藥劑培養於基因工程菌株且確定對其具有抗菌活性,我們就可得知該藥劑對基因工程菌株給定之抗藥性機制具有特異性。據此,視需要,本發明的平台技術可有效鑑定靶向特定抗藥性機制的抗菌劑。此外,相較於使用臨床抗藥性分離株的常規篩選方法,本發明的平台技術屬於較少勞力密集型,且進行大規模抗菌劑篩選亦可行,尤其是針對用於多重抗藥性機制的抗菌劑,此外,對於將選取的抗菌劑應用於後續藥物改良是有意義的。
具體而言,本發明提供一種用於篩選抗菌劑的方法,其包含: (1) 提供一野生型(WT)敏感性菌株,其對一參考抗生素具有WT參考抗藥性程度; (2) 提供一產自WT敏感性菌株的第一基因工程菌株,其係經由基因工程方式給定一第一突變或抗生素抗藥性基因(ET1),以賦予參考抗生素抗藥性,對參考抗生素展現ET1參考抗藥性程度,其中ET1參考抗藥性程度高於WT參考抗藥性程度; (3) 於一第一檢測劑存在下培養野生型敏感性菌株且分析第一檢測劑對抗野生型敏感性菌株的活性,以取得WT-Test1抗藥性程度; (4) 於第一檢測劑存在下培養第一基因工程菌株且分析第一檢測劑對抗第一基因工程菌株的活性,以取得ET1-Test1抗藥性程度; (5) 取得ET1-Test1抗藥性程度與WT-Test1抗藥性程度的ET1-Test1比;以及 (6) 根據ET1-Test1比,確定是否第一檢測劑為對抗第一基因工程菌株中ET1相關聯之抗藥性的潛在有效抗菌劑。
在一些具體實施例中,ET1參考抗藥性程度高於WT參考抗藥性程度1倍、2倍、3倍、或4倍以上。
在一些具體實施例中,野生型敏感性菌株對多重抗生素具敏感性,其係選自由b-內醯胺類、喹啉酮類、胺基苷類、四環素類、葉酸途徑抑制劑類、多黏菌素類、氯黴素類、弗斯黴素類、硝基呋喃類、及其任何結合物組成之群組。
在一些實施例中,若ET1-Test1比不超過4 (如4以下、3以下、2以下、1以下),則第一檢測劑確定為對抗ET1相關聯之抗藥性的潛在有效抗菌劑。
更具體的是,本發明方法進一步包含: (7) 於一第二檢測劑存在下培養野生型敏感性菌株且分析第二檢測劑對抗野生型敏感性菌株的活性,以取得WT-Test2抗藥性程度; (8) 於該第二檢測劑存在下培養第一基因工程菌株且分析第二檢測劑對抗第一基因工程菌株的活性,以取得ET1-Test2抗藥性程度; (9) 取得ET1-Test2抗藥性程度與WT-Test2抗藥性程度的ET1-Test2比;以及 (10) 根據ET1-Test2比,確定是否第二檢測劑為對抗第一基因工程菌株中ET1相關聯之抗藥性的潛在有效抗菌劑。
在一些實施例中,若ET1-Test2比不超過4,則第二檢測劑確定為對抗ET1相關聯之抗藥性的有效抗菌劑。
在一些實施例中,若ET1-Test2抗藥性程度,其以最小抑制濃度(MIC)表示,不超過10 mg/ml、5 mg/ml、2.5 mg/ml、1 mg/ml、或0.5 mg/ml,則第二檢測劑確定為對抗ET1相關聯之抗藥性的潛在有效抗菌劑。
更具體的是,本發明方法進一步包含: (11) 根據ET1-Test1比與ET1-Test2比,將第一檢測劑與第二檢測劑之較佳抗菌活性排名,該比愈低,排名愈高。
更具體的是,本發明方法進一步包含: (12) 提供一產自WT敏感性菌株的第二基因工程菌株,其係經由基因工程方式給定一第二突變或抗生素抗藥性基因(ET2),以賦予參考抗生素抗藥性,對參考抗生素展現ET2參考抗藥性程度,其中ET2參考抗藥性程度高於WT參考抗藥性程度; (13) 於一第一檢測劑存在下培養第二基因工程菌株且分析第一檢測劑對抗第二基因工程菌株的活性,以取得ET2-Test1抗藥性程度; (14) 取得ET2-Test1抗藥性程度與WT-Test1抗藥性程度的ET2-Test1比; (15) 根據ET2-Test1比,確定是否第一檢測劑為對抗第二基因工程菌株中ET2相關聯之抗藥性的潛在有效抗菌劑。
在一些實施例中,若ET2-Test1比不超過4 (如4以下、3以下、2以下、1以下),則第一檢測劑確定為對抗ET2相關聯之抗藥性的潛在有效抗菌劑。
在一些實施例中,若ET2-Test1抗藥性程度,其以最小抑制濃度(MIC)表示,不超過10 mg/ml、5 mg/ml、2.5 mg/ml、1 mg/ml、或0.5 mg/ml,則第一檢測劑確定為對抗ET2相關聯之抗藥性的潛在有效抗菌劑。
更具體的是,本發明方法進一步包含: (16) 藉由將ET1-Test1比加至ET2-Test1比,取得第一檢測劑相關之第一總和比值。
更具體的是,本發明方法進一步包含: (17) 於一第二檢測劑存在下培養野生型敏感性菌株且分析第二檢測劑對抗野生型敏感性菌株的活性,以取得WT-Test2抗藥性程度; (18) 於第二檢測劑存在下培養第一基因工程菌株且分析第二檢測劑對抗第一基因工程菌株的活性,以取得ET1-Test2抗藥性程度; (19) 取得ET1-Test2抗藥性程度與WT-Test2抗藥性程度的ET1-Test2比;以及 (20) 根據ET1-Test2比,確定是否第二檢測劑為對抗第一基因工程菌株中ET1相關聯之抗藥性的潛在有效抗菌劑。
在一些實施例中,若ET1-Test2比不超過4 (如4以下、3以下、2以下、1以下),則第二檢測劑確定為對抗ET1相關聯之抗藥性的潛在有效抗菌劑。
在一些實施例中,若ET1-Test2抗藥性程度,其以最小抑制濃度(MIC)表示,不超過10 mg/ml、5 mg/ml、2.5 mg/ml、1 mg/ml、或0.5 mg/ml,則第二檢測劑確定為對抗ET1相關聯之抗藥性的潛在有效抗菌劑。
更具體的是,本發明方法進一步包含: (21) 於第二檢測劑存在下培養第二基因工程菌株且分析第二檢測劑對抗第二基因工程菌株的活性,以取得ET2-Test2抗藥性程度; (22) 取得ET2-Test2抗藥性程度與WT-Test2抗藥性程度的ET2-Test2比; (23) 根據ET2-Test2比,確定是否第二檢測劑為對抗第二基因工程菌株中ET2相關聯之抗藥性的潛在有效抗菌劑。
在一些實施例中,若ET2-Test2比不超過4 (如4以下、3以下、2以下、1以下),則第二檢測劑確定為對抗ET2相關聯之抗藥性的潛在有效抗菌劑。
在一些實施例中,若ET2-Test2抗藥性程度,其以最小抑制濃度(MIC)表示,不超過10 mg/ml、5 mg/ml、2.5 mg/ml、1 mg/ml、或0.5 mg/ml,則第二檢測劑確定為對抗ET2相關聯之抗藥性的潛在有效抗菌劑。
更具體的是,本發明方法進一步包含: (24) 藉由將ET1-Test2比加至ET2-Test2比,取得第二檢測劑相關之第二總和比值。
更具體的是,本發明方法進一步包含: (25) 根據第一總和比值與第二總和比值,將第一檢測劑與第二檢測劑之較佳抗菌活性排名,該值愈低,排名愈高。
更具體的是,本發明方法進一步包含: (26) 根據ET2-Test1比與ET2-Test2比,將第一檢測劑與第二檢測劑之較佳抗菌活性排名,該比愈低,排名愈高。
在一些具體實施例中,較佳之抗菌活性包括對抗多重抗藥性機制的抗菌活性。
在一些實施例中,第一突變或抗生素抗藥性基因、或第二突變或抗生素抗藥性基因係根據一或多個抗藥性機制給定,其係選自由:(i)藉由喪失外膜蛋白降低抗生素滲透性;(ii)藉由過量表達外排泵泵出抗生素;(iii)藉由修飾抗生素標靶或藉由獲得抗生素抗藥性標靶消除或減少抗生素的結合;以及(iv)藉由酵素切割或修飾使抗生素失活,及其任何結合物組成之群組。
在一些實施例中,第一突變或抗生素抗藥性基因,或第二突變或抗生素抗藥性基因係選自由:ΔompK35
、ΔompK36
、ΔramR
、GyrA S83I、GyrA S83L、GyrA S83F、GyrA S83Y、GyrA D87N、ParC S80I、CTX-M-14、CTX-M-15、SHV-12、CMY-2、DHA-1-AmpR、KPC-2、KPC-3、IMP-8、NDM-1、VIM-1、OXA-48、QnrB、Qnr、AAC(6′)-Ib-cr、AAC(6′)-Ib-cr、AAC(3)-IId、AAC(3)-IVa、ANT(2’’)-Ia、ANT(3’’)-Ia、APH(3’)-Ia、APH(3’)-IIa、StrA-StrB、ArmA、RmtB、Tet(A)、Tet(B)、Tet(C)、Tet(D)、Tet(M)、Sul1、Sul2、DfrA1、DfrA16、AdeR D20N、AdeR A91V、AdeR P116L、AdeS G30D、AdeS A94V、AdeS R152K、AdeS T153M、ParC G78C、ParC S80L、ParC S80W、ParC S80Y、ParC E84K, VEB-3、ADC-30、IMP-1、OXA-23、OXA-58、OXA-66、OXA-72、AAC(3)-IIa、APH(3’)-VIa、及其任何結合物組成之群組。
在一些實施例中,第一突變或抗生素抗藥性基因、或第二突變或抗生素抗藥性基因係藉由染色體介導方法或質體介導方法給定。
除非另有定義,否則本文使用的所有技術與科學術語具有與本發明所屬領域技術人員通常理解的相同的含義。
除非上下文另外明確指明,否則本文使用的單數形式「一」、「一者」、及「該」包括複數參考物。因此,舉例而言,「一樣本」的引用包括複數個此類樣品及其對於本領域技術人員而言習知之同等物。
本文使用的「抗藥性」乙詞可指細胞對藥物治療(如抗生素治療)的抗藥性增加。
本文使用的「敏感性」與「抗生素敏感性」等詞可表示當使用推薦劑量時,微生物之生長受到正常可達濃度的抗菌劑而抑制。
本文使用的「抗藥性」與「抗生素抗藥性」等詞可表示微生物生長不受正常可達濃度之藥劑所抑制,且在治療研究中未顯示藥劑對微生物的臨床功效。
如本文使用,參考菌株對特定藥劑的抗藥性程度,可表示將抑制微生物可見之生長的最小量特定藥劑,如最小抑制濃度(MIC)。具有對藥劑較低抗藥性程度的菌株可表示菌株對該藥劑相對敏感(反映出相對較低的MIC),而若菌株對藥劑具有較高抗藥性程度,可表示菌株對藥劑具有相對抗藥性(反映出相對較高的MIC)。
根據本發明,菌株可源自任何細菌菌株,特別是導致人類常見傳染病的物種,包括但不侷限於,革蘭氏陰性菌,如肺炎克雷伯氏菌、大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌、鮑氏不動桿菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)、及銅綠假單胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),以及革蘭氏陽性菌,如金黃色葡萄球菌與腸球菌屬。
如本文使用,野生型敏感性菌株可意指一種菌株,其基因組未經基因工程方式改良,且對抗生素治療具有敏感性。較佳地,本文使用的野生型敏感性菌株對多重抗生素具有敏感性,其係選自由β-內醯胺類、喹啉酮類、胺基苷類、四環素類、葉酸途徑抑制劑類、多黏菌素類、氯黴素類、弗斯黴素類、硝基呋喃類、及其任何結合物組成之群組。本文使用之野生型敏感性菌株的具體實例包括肺炎克雷伯氏菌菌株NVT1001,其可獲自,例如,台灣台北三軍總醫院內科醫學部傳染病與熱帶醫學科。
如本文使用,基因工程菌株可由野生型敏感性菌株經基因工程方式產生,其在基因工程之後給定突變或抗生素抗藥性基因,以賦予抗藥性。基因工程可藉由本領域習知之常規方法製造,例如藉由染色體介導方法(如突變菌株染色體中的基因以賦予抗藥性)或質體介導方法(如添加外源基因以賦予該菌株抗藥性)。基因工程菌株可包括一或多個基於一或多個抗藥性機制的基因變化,其係選自由:(i)藉由喪失外膜蛋白降低抗生素滲透性;(ii)藉由過量表達外排泵泵出抗生素;(iii)藉由修飾抗生素標靶或藉由獲得抗生素抗藥性標靶消除或減少抗生素的結合;以及(iv)藉由酵素切割或修飾使抗生素失活,及其任何結合物組成之群組。在一些實施例中,突變或抗生素抗藥性基因係選自由:ΔompK35
、ΔompK36
、ΔramR
、GyrA S83I、GyrA S83L、GyrA S83F、GyrA S83Y、GyrA D87N、GyrA S80I、CTX-M-14、CTX-M-15、SHV-12、CMY-2、DHA-1-AmpR、KPC-2、KPC-3、IMP-8、NDM-1、VIM-1、OXA-48、QnrB、QnrS、AAC(6′)-Ib-cr、AAC(6′)-Ib-cr、AAC(3)-IId、AAC(3)-IVa、ANT(2’’)-Ia、ANT(3’’)-Ia、APH(3’)-Ia、APH(3’)-IIa、StrA-StrB、ArmA、RmtB、Tet(A)、Tet(B)、Tet(C)、Tet(D)、Tet(M)、Sul1、Sul2、DfrA1、DfrA16、AdeR D20N、AdeR A91V、AdeR P116L、AdeS G30D、AdeS A94V、AdeS R152K、AdeS T153M、ParC G78C、ParC S80L、ParC S80W、ParC S80Y、ParC E84K、VEB-3、ADC-30、IMP-1、OXA-23、OXA-58、OXA-66、OXA-72、AAC(3)-IIa、APH(3’)-VIa、及其任何結合物組成之群組。在一些實施例中,突變或抗生素抗藥性基因較佳為包括基因變化盡可能多,可用於篩選對抗多重抗藥性機制的強抗菌劑。
本發明提供用於篩選抗生素藥劑的方法。具體而言,本發明方法經由基因工程方式從野生型敏感性菌株創建基因工程菌株,其根據一或多個抗藥性機制,在基因工程後給定突變或抗生素抗藥性基因,以賦予參考抗生素抗藥性;然後,將檢測劑加入野生型敏感性菌株培養物與基因工程菌株培養物,以分別分析其對野生型敏感性菌株與基因工程菌株的活性,其中檢測劑對菌株的活性可以最小抑制濃度(MIC)表示(亦指本文所述之抗藥性程度;典型而言,較高的MIC表示較高的抗藥性程度與較低的抗菌活性,而較低的MIC表示較低的抗藥性程度與較高的抗菌活性);且若檢測劑活性對基因工程菌株的活性類似於對野生型敏感性菌株的活性,則該檢測劑被選為對抗該菌株之相同種株系的潛在抗菌劑。一般而言,檢測劑之抗菌活性以MIC表示,其較佳為不超過10 mg/ml、5 mg/ml、2.5 mg/ml、1 mg/ml、或0.5 mg/ml。
在特定實施例中,本發明方法欲確定對多重抗藥性機制具有抗菌活性的潛在試劑。
具體而言,本發明方法之優勢為開發平台技術以篩選大量藥劑的抗菌活性。此外,當檢測劑在第一輪過程中確定為潛在抗菌劑時,其可進行後續過程,係藉由創建另一具有新突變或抗生素抗藥性基因之基因工程菌株,並重複培養步驟,取得抗藥性程度,且分析其對野生型敏感性菌株與基因工程菌株的活性。該過程進行的次數越多,結果越準確,且藉由該過程的更多次運作而選取的試劑,對於各類型的抗藥性機制更有效。
現將參考下面實施例而更具體地描述本發明,其之提供旨在說明而非侷限。
實施例
本研究開發之系統提供一用於檢測、篩選、選取、及評估抗生素的平台技術,其使用具有由完全敏感性臨床肺炎克雷伯氏菌NVT1001分離株構築之單獨或結合的抗藥性機制的基因工程菌株。本研究構築的染色體介導抗藥性機制為:減少抗生素通透性,其由編碼外膜蛋白OmpK35及/或OmpK36的基因缺失所產生;7
活化抗生素輸出,由ramR
調節基因缺失產生,導致AcrAB-TolC外排泵過度表達(表1);8-11
以及經由gyrA
及/或parC
突變而改良喹啉酮(quinolone)靶點。12-15
多數質體介導機制對一類抗生素族群具有特異性,16
本研究針對β-內醯胺類、喹啉酮類、胺基苷類、四環素類、及葉酸途徑抑制劑類。由於許多類抗藥性在臨床上皆由結合抗藥性機制產生,故將相同抗生素組相關的機制結合。檢測針對此類結合機制之抗生素可用於進一步評估其抗菌活性。表 1.
基因工程菌株中相較於肺炎克雷伯氏菌NVT1001之acrA
、tolC
、ramA
、及ramR
的相對轉錄程度a a acrAB
與tolC
的表達受RamA正向調節,而RamR為調節ramA
表達的抑制子。1
先前的研究發現,在ramR
破壞後,acrA 、tolC
、及ramA
的表達分別增加了3.36倍、3.35倍、及25.04倍,2
而本研究亦得到類似結果。b
粗體字母表示與肺炎克雷伯氏菌NVT1001相比至少有2倍變化,該結果為三次不同實驗的平均值。c
ΔramR
,NVT1001之ramR
缺失菌株;ΔramR
::ramR
,ΔramR
菌株之ramR
互補菌株。
此外,腸桿菌科、鮑氏不動桿菌(Acinetobacter baumannii
)及綠膿桿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa
)經WHO確定為2017年新型抗生素研究與開發的三個關鍵重點病原體。3
鑑於鮑氏不動桿菌的基因背景與肺炎克雷伯氏菌的基因背景完全不同,因此可以在該病原體中找到特異性抗藥性基因。因此,藉由採用鮑氏不動桿菌構築策略體系。
本研究包括從鮑氏不動桿菌的完全敏感性臨床分離株中產生基因工程菌株。本研究構築的染色體介導抗藥性機制為活化抗生素輸出,其由adeR
或adeS
調節基因的突變產生,其導致AdeABC外排泵的過表達;41-46
以及經由gyrA
及/或parC
突變改良喹啉酮靶點。47-54
多數質體介導機制對一類抗生素族群具有特異性,55
其中本研究聚焦在β-內醯胺類、胺基苷類、及四環素類。所有彼等基因工程鮑氏不動桿菌菌株皆有清楚簡單的抗藥性機制,且經由本研究抗菌敏感性檢測評估其可用性。
在本發明之前,尚無完整系統用於檢測針對特定抗藥性機制的抗生素。本研究產生具有清楚簡單抗藥性機制的基因工程菌株,並經由體外與體內試驗評估其可用性。
1.
材料與方法
1.1
針對抗生素篩選系統設計抗藥性菌株的概念與方法
欲建立用於抗生素篩選系統的菌株,使用四種具有不同標靶相關之抗生素抗藥性方法。
針對構築染色體介導抗藥性,(i)減少抗生素滲透性(剔除肺炎克雷伯氏菌的外膜蛋白基因ompK35
與ompK36
),7
(ii)增加AcrAB-TolC表達(剔除調節基因ramR 8-11
或表達AdeABC外排泵(突變adeR
或adeS
調節基因)41-46
及(iii)進行抗生素標靶基因突變。12-15, 47-54
針對質體介導抗藥性,將不同類之質體介導抗藥性基因,包括:(i) β-內醯胺類抗藥性基因;(ii)喹啉酮類抗藥性基因;(iii)胺基苷類抗藥性基因;(iv)四環素類抗藥性基因;以及(v)葉酸途徑抑制劑類抗藥性基因16
個別轉移至敏感性菌株中。參見表2與表4。
1.2
菌株與質體
1.2.1
肺炎克雷伯氏菌
NVT1001
肺炎克雷伯氏菌NVT1001,莢膜血清型1,為一源自台灣肝膿腫病患的分離株17
,除安比西林外,對所有抗生素皆有完全敏感性。NVT1001菌株係用於構築表2所示抗生素抗藥性機制之基因工程菌株,本研究所構築NVT1001突變株之突變回復株見表3。
1.2.2
鮑氏不動桿菌
KW1
鮑氏不動桿菌KW1為一臨床分離株,其對檢測的抗生素完全敏感。KW1菌株係用於構築具有抗生素抗藥性機制的基因工程菌株,見表4。質體pYMAb5與pYMab5Tc為能在鮑氏不動桿菌與大腸桿菌中複製的穿梭載體,其分別攜帶卡那黴素或四環素的抗藥性基因。此二穿梭載體用於選殖本研究質體介導抗藥性機制的抗藥性基因(表4)。
1.3
框內缺失突變
將質體pUT-kmy,其由R6K複製起點、mobRP4轉移起點、及卡那黴素抗藥性基因匣組成,18
與sacB
基因連接,產生質體pUT-KB,其隨後用於構築突變株。19
質體pUT-KB為自殺載體,其含有源自枯草芽孢桿菌(Bacillus subtilis
)的反選取標記sacB
。20
當此基因經由整合的pUT-KB表達時,其賦予蔗糖敏感性表型,這使得能以蔗糖進行正選取(positive selection),以檢測載體的喪失。
經由框內缺失突變構築肺炎克雷伯氏菌菌株NVT1001的基因缺失。7
簡言之,以特定引子對的PCR擴增出兩個DNA片段(大小約1kb),以進入欲缺失區。然後,將含有互補末端的兩個凝膠純化PCR產物混合且經由重疊PCR擴增。21,22
以限制酶分解得到的PCR片段(大小約2kb),然後選殖至pUT-KB,其係以類似方式分解。欲進行同源重組,pUT-KB中每一基因缺失構築體經由電穿孔轉形至大腸桿菌S17-1λpir23
中,然後經由耦接移至肺炎克雷伯氏菌菌株NVT1001中。從添加卡那黴素(50 mg/L)的BIND (含肌醇-硝酸鹽-去氧膽酸鹽之亮綠(Brilliant green))培養盤上選取單交叉菌株,係因非肺炎克雷伯氏菌菌株在BIND培養盤上的生長能有效地被抑制。24
在選取卡那黴素抗藥性轉耦接子(transconjugants)後,質體的插入係以PCR搭配兩側靶基因引子對(primer pairs)進行驗證。在不存在卡那黴素的情況下,於37℃之20 mL腦心浸液(BHI)肉湯中培養6小時後,將完全生長的培養物塗佈於補充有10%蔗糖的LB瓊脂培養盤上。在雙交換發生後,選取蔗糖抗藥性與卡那黴素敏感性菌落,並利用PCR驗證基因缺失。
1.4
定點導向式突變
(Site-directed mutagenesis)
使用特定引子對的PCR,從肺炎克雷伯氏菌菌株NVT1001擴增整個gyrA
與parC
序列,伴隨其側翼區等DNA片段,接著選殖至質體pUT-KB。QuikChange定點導向式突變試劑盒(Stratagene)用於產生質體中gyrA
與parC
基因的突變,其使用製造商說明的方法。針對同源重組,含有gyrA
或parC
基因突變的質體經由電穿孔轉形至大腸桿菌S17-1λpir23
中,然後經由耦接移至肺炎克雷伯氏菌菌株NVT1001中。從添加卡那黴素(50 mg/L)的BIND培養盤上選取單交叉菌株,係因非肺炎克雷伯氏菌汙染物在BIND培養盤上的生長受抑制。24
在選取卡那黴素抗藥性轉耦接子後,質體的插入係以PCR驗證。在不存在卡那黴素的情況下,於37℃之20 mL BHI肉湯中培養6小時後,將完全生長的培養物塗佈於補充有10%蔗糖的LB瓊脂培養盤上。在雙交換發生後,選取蔗糖抗藥性與卡那黴素敏感性菌落,並利用PCR驗證基因突變。
將質體pUT-kmy,其由R6K複製起點、mobRP4轉移起點、及卡那黴素抗藥性基因匣組成,56
與sacB
基因連接,產生質體pUT-KB,其用於構築突變株。57
質體pUT-KB為自殺載體,其含有源自枯草芽孢桿菌的反選取標記sacB
。58
當此基因經由整合的pUT-KB表達時,其賦予蔗糖敏感性表型,這使得能以蔗糖進行正選取,以檢測載體的喪失。
使用特定引子對的PCR,從鮑氏不動桿菌KW1擴增整個adeR
、adeS
、gyrA
、及parC
序列,伴隨其側翼區等DNA片段,接著選殖至質體pUT-KB。QuikChange定點導向式突變試劑盒(Stratagene)用於產生質體中adeR
、adeS
、gyrA
、及parC
基因的突變,其使用製造商說明的方法。針對同源重組,含有adeR
、adeS
、gyrA
、或parC
基因突變的質體經由電穿孔轉形至大腸桿菌S17-1λpir23
中,然後經由耦接移至鮑氏不動桿菌KW1中。從添加頭孢噻肟(1 μg/ml)與卡那黴素(50 mg/L)的Luria-Bertani (LB)培養盤上選取單交叉菌株,係因非鮑氏不動桿菌汙染物的生長受頭孢噻肟(1 μg/ml)抑制。在選取卡那黴素抗藥性轉耦接子後,質體的插入係以PCR驗證。在不存在卡那黴素的情況下,於37℃之20 mL腦心浸液(BHI)肉湯中培養6小時後,將完全生長的培養物塗佈於補充有10%蔗糖的LB瓊脂培養盤上。在雙交換發生後,選取蔗糖抗藥性與卡那黴素敏感性菌落,並利用PCR驗證基因突變。
1.5
突變回復株之構築
利用等位基因交換法(allelic-exchange method)回復肺炎克雷伯氏菌NVT1001突變株野生型基因,其構築染色體介導抗藥性機制,如Tsaiet al
所述。19
簡言之,以特定引子對的PCR從肺炎克雷伯氏菌NVT1001擴增出全部野生型基因序列且伴隨兩側區域的DNA片段。分解得到的PCR片段,然後選殖至pUT-KB。針對同源重組,質體經由電穿孔轉形至大腸桿菌S17-1λpir23
中,然後經由耦接移至肺炎克雷伯氏菌菌株NVT1001突變株中。從添加卡那黴素(50 mg/L)的BIND培養盤上選取單交叉菌株,係因非肺炎克雷伯氏菌株在BIND培養盤上的生長有效地被抑制。24
在選取卡那黴素抗藥性轉耦接子後,質體的插入係以PCR驗證。在不存在卡那黴素的情況下,於37℃之20 mL BHI肉湯中培養6小時後,將完全生長的培養物塗佈於補充有10%蔗糖的LB瓊脂培養盤上。在雙交換發生後,選取蔗糖抗藥性與卡那黴素敏感性菌落,並利用DNA定序驗證野生型基因的回復。
1.6
質體構築及轉形
以特定引子對的PCR從臨床質體擴增出抗藥性基因且伴隨兩側區域的DNA片段。分解得到的PCR片段,然後選殖至質體pACYC177或pACYC184。接著所得質體經由電穿孔轉形至肺炎克雷伯氏菌菌株 NVT1001。將重組型細菌培養於含有卡那黴素(50 mg/L)與氯黴素(50 mg/L)的LB瓊脂培養盤上,並經由PCR與DNA定序確認選殖基因的存在。
以特定引子對的PCR從臨床質體擴增出抗藥性基因且伴隨兩側區域的DNA片段。分解得到的PCR片段,然後選殖至質體pYMAb5或pYMAb5Tc。隨後,所得質體經由電穿孔轉形至鮑氏不動桿菌KW1。將重組型細菌培養於含有卡那黴素(50 mg/L)與四環黴素(50 mg/L)的LB瓊脂培養盤上,並經由PCR與DNA定序確認選殖基因的存在。
1.7
抗菌敏感性檢測
根據製造商的說明,使用Etest (Biodisk AB,瑞典)確定抗生素的MIC。得自Etest的MIC,其位於標準二倍稀釋度之間,列入次回最高二倍值。根據CLSI建議,25
利用肉湯微量稀釋檢測,進一步測定頭孢他啶(ceftazidime)與頭孢噻肟(cefotaxime)對攜帶含有bla OXA-48
之pACYC177質體之肺炎克雷伯氏菌NVT1001的MIC,其結果以CLSI在2017年建立的斷點(breakpoints)進行解釋。25
同時,由於2016年與2017年缺乏CLSI斷點,塞吩頭孢菌素(cephalothin)的結果係根據CLSI在2015年建立的斷點進行解釋,26
且莫西沙星(moxifloxacin)的結果係根據EUCAST於2017年設立的斷點進行解釋。27
1.8
小鼠感染模型
由國家實驗動物中心(台灣)取得無病原體的6至8週大雄性BALB/c小鼠,並將其飼養在國防醫學中心(台灣)實驗動物中心的無病原體飼養室中。攜帶含有bla OXA-48
之pACYC177質體之肺炎克雷伯氏菌NVT1001係於37℃下之BHI肉湯中培養隔夜,然後在新鮮BHI肉湯中稀釋(1:100)。將培養基培養至中等指數生長期,然後將細胞洗滌一次,重新懸浮於0.85%無菌鹽水中,並根據OD600
值調整至所需濃度。利用鋪板細胞以驗證濃度,以確定活菌數。然後,每組六隻小鼠腹膜內注射含有兩倍90-100%致死劑量(LD90-100)的0.1 mL細胞懸液;習知此種4x103
cfu/小鼠接種物(inoculum)在7天內100%致死(數據未顯示)。同時,以0.85%無菌鹽水製備抗生素劑量。在接種後1小時,單獨使用抗生素或0.85%無菌鹽水作為單次皮下注射,每劑之量為0.3 mL。然後,每天監控小鼠共7天以測量存活率。ED50定義為給予50%檢測小鼠保護的單一劑量。
1.9
定量即時
PCR (qRT-PCR)
將肺炎克雷伯氏菌菌株隔夜培養於37°C之Mueller-Hinton肉湯(MHB)中,於新鮮MHB中稀釋(1:100),接著培養在37°C培養下直至OD600
到達0.8 (中期指數生長期)。利用RNeasy試劑盒提取RNA,並根據製造商說明書(Qiagen)以無RNase的DNase I處理。使用NanoVue分光光度計(GE Healthcare Life Sciences)測量RNA產量與品質。根據製造商說明書(Qiagen),使用Omniscript反轉錄酶,從1 μg RNA模板合成cDNA。以帶有Maxima SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix (Thermo Scientific)的ABI PRISM 7900HT即時PCR系統(Applied Biosystems)及表5所列的引子進行基因表達的相對定量。每個基因以23S rRNA內部對照組正規化後,計算倍數變化值,並以NVT1001菌株作為參考菌株的比較閾值方法。表 5.
本研究用於qRT-PCR之寡核苷酸引子
2.
結果
2.1
肺炎克雷伯氏菌
NVT1001
2.1.1
在抗生素抗藥性時孔蛋白
(porin)
喪失且外排泵過度表達
表6顯示對抗染色體介導抗藥性機制,即OmpK35/36喪失與AcrAB-TolC過度表達(ΔramR
),之抗生素MIC。彼等結果證實,OmpK35/36喪失與β-內醯胺類、葉酸途徑抑制劑類、弗斯黴素類、及硝基呋喃類的抗藥性增加有關,而AcrAB-TolC過度表達(ΔramR
)則與β-內醯胺類、喹啉酮類、四環素類、葉酸途徑抑制劑類、氯黴素類、及硝基呋喃類的抗藥性增加相關聯。二抗藥性機制單獨存在或結合對亞胺培南(imipenem)、胺基苷類、或多黏菌素類的MIC(s)無顯著(³4倍)效用。上述結果進一步以檢測突變回復株菌株的抗菌敏感性進行驗證,當將野生型菌株NVT1001或其突變株的MIC與相同基因型之突變回復株的MIC相比較時,發現類似結果(表7)。
2.1.2 β-
內醯胺類
表8與表9顯示β-內醯胺類對相關抗藥性機制的MIC。具體而言,表8顯示廣效性β-內醯胺分解酶(ESBL)與AmpC β-內醯胺分解酶的MIC,而表9則顯示碳青黴烯分解酶(carbapenemase)的MIC。當單獨檢測時,所產生的ESBL對哌拉西林(Piperacillin)/他唑巴坦、頭孢西丁(Cefoxitin)、亞胺培南、或多尼培南(Doripenem)的MIC無顯著(≥4倍)效用,當單獨檢測時,所產生的AmpC β-內醯胺分解酶對亞胺培南的MIC無顯著(≥4倍)效用(表8)。在有或無ESBL或AmpC β-內醯胺分解酶的情況下,顯示具有AcrAB-TolC過度表達(ΔramR
)的菌株對亞胺培南或多尼培南的MIC皆無顯著(≥4倍)效用(表8)。單獨產生KPC-2或KPC-3可賦予頭孢西丁中等抗藥性,且對其他受測β-內醯胺類具有抗藥性(表9)。此外,在有或無OmpK35/36喪失及/或AcrAB-TolC過度表達(ΔramR
)的情況下,IMP-8、NDM-1、VIM-1、及OXA-48菌株對氨曲南(Aztreonam)具有敏感性(表9)。
2.1.3
喹啉酮類
表10顯示喹啉酮類對染色體介導抗藥性機制的MIC。具有GyrA之單一突變(S83I、S83L、S83F、S83Y、或D87N)或具有AcrAB-TolC過度表達(ΔramR
)之菌株對所有受測喹啉酮類顯示MIC顯著(³4倍)增加(表5)。相反地,ParC之單一突變(S80I)對任何受測喹啉酮類顯示MIC無顯著(³4倍)效用,而S83I, S83L, S83F, S83Y, S83I/D87N, S83L/D87N, S83F/D87N, S83Y/D87N and ΔramR
/S83I突變株對喹啉酮類觀察到MICs顯著(³4倍)增加(表10)。上述結果進一步以檢測突變回復株菌株之抗菌敏感性進行驗證,當將野生型菌株NVT1001或其突變株的MIC與相同基因型之突變回復株的MIC相比較時,發現類似結果(表11)。
表6顯示喹啉酮類對有或無結合染色體介導抗藥性機制之質體介導抗藥性機制的MIC。與QnrB或QnrS相反的是,具有AAC(6′)-Ib-cr之菌株顯示MIC僅對環丙沙星(Ciprofloxacin)或諾氟沙星(Norfloxacin)顯著(³4倍)增加(表12)。甚至在無質體介導抗藥性機制時,具有GyrA (S83I)突變與AcrAB-TolC過度表達(ΔramR
)之菌株對所有受測喹啉酮類具有抗藥性(表12)。
2.1.4
胺基苷類
表13顯示胺基苷類在各抗藥性機制中的MIC。在不同胺基糖苷修飾酶(aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes)之菌株中發現數種不同抗藥性輪廓,儘管對阿米卡星(Amikacin)皆具有敏感性(表13)。16S rRNA甲基化酶、ArmA、及RmtB的產生與奇黴素(Spectinomycin)或鏈黴素MIC之可觀察到的影響無關,而兩者對受測之所有其他胺基苷類皆產生強的抗藥性(表13)。
2.1.5
四環素類
表14顯示四環素類對各抗藥性機制的MIC。有或無AcrAB-TolC過度表達(ΔramR
)時,Tet(B)、Tet(C)、Tet(D)、或Tet(M)的產生顯示對替加環素(Tigecycline)之MIC無可觀察到之效用(表8)。AcrAB-TolC過度表達(ΔramR)與Tet(A)產生使替加環素的MIC增加8倍,當兩種機制結合時,發現增加32倍(表14)。
2.1.6
葉酸途徑抑制劑類
表15顯示葉酸途徑抑制劑類對相關抗藥性機制的MIC。具有抗藥性機制之菌株對甲氧芐啶/磺胺甲噁唑皆具有敏感性(£2/38 mg/L),且具有特定機制組合之菌株對甲氧芐啶/磺胺甲噁唑具有抗藥性(表15)。具有孔蛋白喪失及/或Sul產生之菌株皆顯示對甲氧芐啶之MIC皆無顯著(³4倍)效用,而具有組合機制之多數其他菌株則顯示所有受測葉酸途徑抑制劑類之MIC皆與顯著(³4倍)增加相關聯(表15)。
2.1.7
體內研究
欲進一步證實本系統亦可用於檢測體內抗生素功效,使用小鼠感染模型。以攜帶含有bla OXA-48
之pACYC177質體之肺炎克雷伯氏菌NVT1001特別測定頭孢他啶與頭孢噻肟之50%有效劑量(ED50值)(圖1)。頭孢他啶的體內功效高於頭孢噻肟,其ED50估計為30 mg/kg,而以30 mg/kg頭孢噻肟處理則無小鼠存活(圖1)。在體外MIC試驗中,亦觀察到較高的頭孢他啶功效,其中利用肉湯微稀釋檢測,頭孢他啶與頭孢噻肟的MIC分別為0.5 mg/L與2 mg/L。
2.2
鮑氏不動桿菌
KW1
2.2.1
外排泵過度表達
AdeABC外排泵調節子基因之單一突變可顯著(≥4倍)增加頭孢他啶、健他黴素、四環黴素、及/或替加環素的MIC,包括AdeR的D20N、A91V、或P116L突變及AdeS的G30D、A94V、R152K、或T153M突變(表16)。 彼等突變亦可使環丙沙星的MIC增加2或3倍(表16)。
2.2.2
喹啉酮類靶點突變
GyrA的單一突變S83L可顯著(≥4倍)增加所有受測喹啉酮類的MIC (表17)。隨著ParC的進一步突變,包括G78C、S80L、S80W、S80Y、或E84K突變,可使彼等MIC增至高程度抗藥性(表17),而所有彼等ParC突變的單一突變顯示對任何受測喹啉酮類之MIC無顯著(≥4倍)效用(表17)。
2.2.3
β-
內醯胺類之質體介導抗藥性機制
表18顯示β-內醯胺類對相關抗藥性機制的MIC。CTX-M-15或ADC-30的生產可顯著(³4倍)增加所有受測β-內醯胺類的MIC。在本研究中,各受測碳青黴烯酶(carbapenemase)的產生皆顯示對氨曲南之MIC無增加效用,且受測OXA類碳青黴烯酶的產生亦發現對頭孢他啶之MIC無增加效用。
2.2.4
胺基苷類之質體介導抗藥性機制
表19顯示胺基苷類對各抗藥性機制之MIC。彼等胺基糖苷修飾酶的產生,可發現不同的抗藥性效用,但對阿米卡星、奈替米星、及鏈黴素之MIC皆無增加效用。16S rRNA甲基化酶(ArmA)的產生與奇黴素和鏈黴素MIC的增加效用無關,卻賦予受測之所有其他胺基苷類強的抗藥性。
2.2.5
四環素類之質體介導抗藥性機制
表20顯示四環素類抗藥性機制之MIC。Tet(A)、Tet(B)、或Tet(C)的產生可顯著(³4倍)增加四環黴素、去氧羥四環素、及米諾四環素(Minocycline)的MIC。在替加環素的MIC中,Tet(B)或Tet(M)的產生顯示無可觀察到的效用,而Tet(A)的產生可賦予2至3倍的增加。
3.
討論
在本研究中,從肺炎克雷伯氏菌NVT1001,一種完全敏感性臨床分離株,構築193個具有不同抗藥性機制的基因工程菌株,包括29個具有染色體介導抗藥性的菌株、33個具有質體介導抗藥性的菌株、及131個具有結合該二抗藥性機制的菌株。此外,從鮑氏不動桿菌KW1,一種完全敏感性臨床分離株,構築37個具有不同抗藥性機制的基因工程菌株,包括18個具有染色體介導抗藥性的菌株與19個具有質體介導抗藥性的菌株。由於構築彼等菌株之抗藥性機制,所有者皆習知對特定抗生素具有抗藥性。此外,利用不含轉位子的非結合性質體,構築質體介導抗藥性機制,因此彼等機制不易分開。彼等特徵顯示,使用彼等菌株比使用抗藥性臨床分離株更安全。
同時,與臨床抗藥性分離株相比,彼等基因工程菌株具有清楚簡單的抗生素抗藥性機制。在體外MIC試驗中,利用檢測對數個習知抗生素的MIC,確認彼等菌株的抗藥性輪廓。研究人員可藉由比較其與習知抗生素的MIC結果,以估計其抗生素效用。MIC試驗通常是評估抗生素的起點,且發明人的結果顯示彼等菌株可用於體外檢測抗生素活性。
體內小鼠感染模型常用於證明抗生素在預防致死性感染方面的功效。28-30
使用產生碳青黴烯酶OXA-48的臨床肺炎克雷伯氏菌分離株,先前的一項研究發現,頭孢他啶的MIC比頭孢噻肟的低4倍,且頭孢他啶的ED50比頭孢噻肟的還低。28
在本研究中,使用攜帶含有bla OXA-48
之pACYC177質體之肺炎克雷伯氏菌NVT1001,得到類似結果。與許多其他臨床分離株相比,此基因工程菌株可有效感染BALB/c小鼠而不損害其免疫系統,且在小鼠感染模型中其100%致死劑量(LD100)為4x103
cfu,類似其親代菌株NVT1001 (數據未顯示)。在不改變小鼠免疫系統情況下獲得的體內結果,在臨床使用期間應更接近真正的抗生素功效。結果表明,彼等基因工程菌株適合檢測體內抗生素活性。
對於面臨多重抗藥性的抗生素開發,體外選取與早期評估是體內研究與進一步臨床評估前的重要步驟。與使用臨床分離株相比,以本文描述的平台技術來評估抗生素,可闡明體外與體內抗藥性程度的確切原因。這些訊息可能反過來幫助評估抗生素的功效與潛在抗藥性。改良抗生素化學結構及開發中斷可降低與開發過程相關的成本。此外,由各研究與監控族群可得到抗生素抗藥性基因的全球盛行率與分佈。31-36
結合彼等數據,由此平台技術獲得的數據亦可協助估計各區新開發藥物的抗藥性率。此外,在特定抗藥性機制流行的地區,應更謹慎地使用抗生素。
此平台技術涵蓋的抗藥性菌株設定可擴展的。特別的是,通過基因構築,亦可在相同親代菌株中構築其他抗藥性機制或不同機制的組合,包括新鑑定出的機制。鑑於數種重要高抗藥性率細菌病原體的基因背景與肺炎克雷伯氏菌相當不同,在這些病原體中可找到特定抗藥性基因。37, 38
舉例而言,AdeABC外排泵的過表達可賦予鮑氏不動桿菌抗生素抗藥性,而此外排泵不存在於肺炎克雷伯氏菌中。37
欲全面評估抗生素的活性,彼等特定抗藥性機制亦應在其原始病原體中構築;實際上,發明人已成功構築其中數個(數據未顯示)。
總之,本研究構築各染色體與質體抗藥性機制,特別是在完全敏感性菌株中對β-內胺胺、喹啉酮類、胺基苷類、四環素類、或葉酸途徑抑製劑類賦予抗藥性的機制。發明人的研究結果證實,此平台技術可用於有效率與有效評估體內與體外靶向特定抗藥性機制的抗生素。此系統亦可用於篩選針對多重抗藥性細菌的新穎抗生素。References 1
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無
當結合附圖閱讀時,將能更好地理解本發明之前述發明內容及下列詳細描述。欲說明本發明,附圖中示出目前較佳之實施例。然而,應該理解的是,本發明不侷限於所示之精確安排與方式。
下圖中:
圖1A與1B顯示頭孢他啶(ceftazidime)(A)與頭孢噻肟(cefotaxime)(B)對於攜帶含有bla OXA-48
之pACYC177質體之肺炎克雷伯氏菌NVT1001小鼠腹膜炎-敗血症模型的體內功效。
無
<110> 基米庫斯生物科技股份有限公司
<120> 抗生素檢測及篩選系統
<150> 62463168
<151> 2017-02-24
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<220>
<223> 23S-qF引子
<210> 10
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 23S-qR引子
Claims (7)
- 一種用於篩選抗菌劑的方法,其包含:(1)提供野生型(WT)敏感性菌株;(2)提供產自該WT敏感性菌株的基因工程(GE)抗藥性菌株,其係經由基因工程方式,基於一或多種選自以下所組成之群組之抗藥性機制,賦予抗藥性:(i)利用喪失外膜蛋白而降低抗生素滲透性;(ii)藉由過量表達外排泵(efflux pumps)而泵出抗生素;(iii)藉由修飾抗生素標靶或藉由獲得抗生素抗藥性標靶而消除或減少抗生素的結合、以及(iv)藉由酵素切割或修飾使抗生素失活,及其任何組合;(3)於檢測劑存在下培養該WT敏感性菌株,並分析該檢測劑對抗該WT敏感性菌株的最小抑制濃度(MIC)值;(4)於該檢測劑存在下培養該GE抗藥性菌株,並分析該檢測劑對抗該GE抗藥性菌株的MIC值;(5)比較步驟(3)所述之該檢測劑對抗該WT敏感性菌株的MIC值與步驟(4)所述之該檢測劑對抗該GE抗藥性菌株的MIC值,取得比較結果;以及(6)根據步驟(5)之比較結果,確定是否該檢測劑為對抗該抗藥性的潛在有效抗菌劑,其中步驟(4)所述之該檢測劑對抗該GE抗藥性菌株的MIC值與步驟(3)所述之該檢測劑對抗該WT敏感性菌株的MIC值之間無顯著差異係表示該檢測劑為對抗該抗藥性的潛在有效抗菌劑。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中步驟(4)所述之該檢測劑對抗該GE抗藥性菌株的MIC值與步驟(3)所述之該檢測劑對抗該WT敏感性菌株的MIC值之比(ratio)不超過4表示步驟(5)所述之比較結果無顯著差異。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該GE抗藥性菌株包括一或多個突變或抗生素抗藥性基因,其係選自以下所組成之群組:△ompK35、△ompK36、△ramR、GyrA S83I、GyrA S83L、GyrA S83F、GyrA S83Y、GyrA D87N、GyrA S80I、CTX-M-14、CTX-M-15、SHV-12、CMY-2、DHA-1-AmpR、KPC-2、KPC-3、IMP-8、NDM-1、VIM-1、OXA-48、QnrB、QnrS、AAC(6')-Ib-cr、AAC(6')-Ib-cr、AAC(3)-IId、AAC(3)-IVa、ANT(2”)-Ia、ANT(3”)-Ia、APH(3’)-Ia、APH(3’)-IIa、StrA-StrB、ArmA、RmtB、Tet(A)、Tet(B)、Tet(C)、Tet(D)、Tet(M)、Sul1、Sul2、DfrA1、DfrA16、AdeR D20N、AdeR A91V、AdeR P116L、AdeS G30D、AdeS A94V、AdeS R152K、AdeS T153M、ParC G78C、ParC S80L、ParC S80W、ParC S80Y、ParC E84K、VEB-3、ADC-30、IMP-1、OXA-23、OXA-58、OXA-66、OXA-72、AAC(3)-IIa、APH(3’)-VIa、及其任何組合。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該菌株為肺炎克雷伯氏菌(K.pneumonia)、大腸桿菌(Escherichia coli)、沙門氏菌(Salmonella spp.)、鮑氏不動桿菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)、銅綠假單胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、或金黃色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該菌株為肺炎克雷伯氏菌菌株NVT1001。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該菌株為鮑氏不動桿菌KW1。
- 如請求項1至6中任一項之方法,其中該抗藥性機制由染色體介導方法或質體介導方法提供。
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