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TWI619971B - 用於調節能量路徑之裝置 - Google Patents

用於調節能量路徑之裝置 Download PDF

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Publication number
TWI619971B
TWI619971B TW103107307A TW103107307A TWI619971B TW I619971 B TWI619971 B TW I619971B TW 103107307 A TW103107307 A TW 103107307A TW 103107307 A TW103107307 A TW 103107307A TW I619971 B TWI619971 B TW I619971B
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Taiwan
Prior art keywords
switching layer
light
bright
liquid crystal
layer
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TW103107307A
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English (en)
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TW201443491A (zh
Inventor
麥克 強吉
安德列斯 拜耳
俄索拉 帕渥
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馬克專利公司
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Publication of TW201443491A publication Critical patent/TW201443491A/zh
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/137Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
    • G02F1/13725Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on guest-host interaction
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    • C09K19/60Pleochroic dyes
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    • C09K19/00Liquid crystal materials
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    • C09K19/60Pleochroic dyes
    • C09K19/606Perylene dyes
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06BFIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B3/00Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
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    • E06B3/67Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together characterised by additional arrangements or devices for heat or sound insulation or for controlled passage of light
    • E06B3/6715Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together characterised by additional arrangements or devices for heat or sound insulation or for controlled passage of light specially adapted for increased thermal insulation or for controlled passage of light
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/137Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
    • G02F1/13731Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on a field-induced phase transition
    • G02F1/13737Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on a field-induced phase transition in liquid crystals doped with a pleochroic dye
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    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
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    • G02F1/137Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
    • G02F1/13762Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering containing luminescent or electroluminescent additives
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    • C09K19/2007Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings linked by a chain containing carbon and oxygen atoms as chain links, e.g. esters or ethers the chain containing -COO- or -OCO- groups
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Abstract

本申請案係關於一種用於調節光通過光透射區域之路徑之裝置,其包含切換層,該切換層包含液晶介質,該液晶介質包含至少一種二色性染料,其中以一定方式選擇該裝置之參數光透射程度及各向異性程度。

Description

用於調節能量路徑之裝置
本申請案係關於一種調節光通過光透射區域之路徑之裝置,其包含切換層,該切換層包含液晶介質,該液晶介質包含至少一種二色性染料。該裝置較佳用於調節光通過窗及類似建築物開口之路徑以控制輸入建築物中之能量。
出於本發明之目的,術語光意謂在UV-A、VIS及NIR區域中之電磁輻射。特定言之,其意謂不經通常用於窗之材料(例如玻璃)吸收或僅在可忽略之程度上經吸收之輻射。根據通常使用之定義,UV-A光意謂具有320至380nm之波長之輻射,VIS光意謂具有380nm至780nm之波長之輻射且NIR光意謂具有780nm至2000nm之波長之輻射。出於本發明之目的,術語光因此意謂具有320至2000nm之波長之輻射。
出於本申請案之目的,術語液晶介質意謂在某些條件下具有液晶特性之材料。該材料較佳在室溫下及在室溫以上及以下之一定溫度範圍內具有液晶特性。液晶介質可包含單一化合物或其可包含複數種不同化合物。
出於本申請案之目的,二色性染料意謂吸光化合物,其中吸收特性係取決於分子與光之偏振方向之對準。
隨著能量成本不斷增加,建築物之能效之重要性不斷增加。窗及玻璃立面表示建築物之部分,在強烈日曬之情況下大多數能量通過該等部分輸入至建築物中。
在冷季,期望最高值之光及由此傳輸之能量通過玻璃區域進入建築物。此使得能夠節省加熱及照明成本。
另一方面,在暖季,期望通過玻璃區域輸入至建築物中之能量儘可能最低。此使得能夠達成更合意的室內氣候或節省空氣調節成本。另外,減小入射光強度在此等情況下可為所需的,例如為了減少歸因於直接日曬之眩目。
因此,需要控制光之路徑且因此控制通過窗或玻璃區域之能量流動之裝置。特定言之,需要能夠使通過玻璃區域之能量流動與在特定時間點(熱、冷、高日曬、低日曬)占主導地位之條件匹配之裝置。
先前技術揭示大體上適合於調節通過窗口區域或其類似物之光進入之裝置。此等裝置包含作為切換層之包含一或多種二色性染料之液晶介質。舉例而言,WO 2009/141295揭示一種切換裝置,其藉由電氣控制起作用且包含切換層,該切換層包含液晶介質,該液晶介質包含一或多種二色性染料。切換層表示一種客體/主體系統,已知其用於顯示裝置(參看B.Bahadur等人,Mol.Cryst.Liq.Cryst.,1991,209,39-61)。
來自WO 2010/118422、在溫度控制下可切換之裝置亦具有表示客體/主體系統之切換層。
在本發明過程中之研究已顯示,最大可能切換範圍(亦即裝置之亮態之光透射與暗態之光透射之間的最大可能差異)之達成對於調節光之路徑之裝置為極其需要的。
迄今為止,未與包含液晶介質(其包含一或多種二色性染料)之切換裝置關聯來關注此技術目標。代替地,該等裝置通常關於其對比度,亦即亮態下之光透射與暗態下之光透射之比率進行最佳化。然而,在用於調節光通過光透射區域之路徑之用途的情況下,對比度重要性極小,因為其主要為亮態下之高光透射且重要的儘可能最暗之暗 態較少。
在關於用於調節光路徑之上文所提及之裝置之研究的過程中,現已發現切換層之參數各向異性程度R及亮態下之光透射τv亮之某些組合可達成裝置之光透射範圍之極佳值。
切換層之各向異性程度R係根據式R=[E(p)-E(s)]/[E(p)+2*E(s)]自平行於液晶介質之對準分子之對準方向偏振之光之吸光度E(p)之量測值及垂直於液晶介質之對準分子之對準方向偏振之光之吸光度E(s)之量測值計算。此處使用之參考物為在切換層中不含染料之其他方面相同的裝置。確切方法係指示於實施例中之B)1)下。
切換層之亮態下之光透射程度τv亮以百分比形式指示。其係自在裝置之亮態下切換層之光透射程度相對於作為參考物的具有無染料之切換層的裝置之比率計算。出於本申請案之目的,其係根據歐洲標準EN410、等式(1)(鑲嵌玻璃之發光及太陽能特徵之測定(Determination of luminous and solar characteristics of glazing))自光譜透射度(考慮標準施照體之相對光譜分佈及標準觀測器之光譜亮度靈敏度)測定。
切換層之光透射程度之範圍以百分比形式指示。其表示亮態下之光透射程度(τv亮)與暗態下之光透射程度(τv暗)之間的差異。此處之值τv暗係在裝置切換至暗態中之情況下根據上文所提及之用於τv亮之量測之方法測定。
本申請案因此係關於一種調節光通過光透射區域之路徑之裝置,其中該裝置包含至少一個切換層,其包含液晶介質,該液晶介質包含至少一種二色性染料,且其中切換層具有至少0.65之各向異性程度R及40%至90%之根據標準EN410之亮態下之光透射程度τv亮
此類型之裝置具有如下優點:其具有大的光透射範圍。對於具有單一切換層之裝置,此範圍較佳大於25%、尤佳大於28%、極其較佳大於30%且最佳大於35%。
該裝置之較佳特徵在於切換層具有0.7至0.9、較佳0.7至0.85、極其較佳0.75至0.8之各向異性程度R。
該裝置之較佳特徵另外在於切換層之亮態下之光透射程度τv亮為60%至85%、較佳70%至80%。
該裝置之較佳特徵在於就既定參數R而言,以下適用於切換層之參數τv亮:τv亮最小v亮v亮最大及τv亮最小=0.8*(67*R+30)且τv亮最大=1.2*(67*R+30)。
該裝置之較佳特徵在於就既定參數τv亮而言,以下適用於切換層之參數R:R最小<R<R最大及R最小=0.8*(0.015*τv亮-0.45)且R最大=1.2*(0.015*τv亮-0.45)。
該裝置較佳應用於建築物、容器、車輛或其他實質上封閉之空間之光透射區域。然而,該裝置可用於任何所需內部空間,尤其在此等空間僅具有與環境之有限空氣交換且具有光透射邊界面時,可通過該等面進行呈光能形式之來自外部之能量輸入。裝置之用途尤其與通過光透射區域,例如通過窗口區域經受強日曬之內部空間相關。
因此,本發明另外係關於如上文所述之根據本發明之裝置調節光通過光透射區域進入內部空間中之路徑之用途。
根據本發明之裝置亦可用於美觀性房間設計,例如用於光及顏色效果。亦可發生其信號作用。舉例而言,呈灰色或彩色之包含根據本發明之裝置之門及壁元件可切換為透明。另外,該裝置亦可包含使用藍色客體/主體顯示器調變亮度之白色或彩色平板背光,或調變顏色之黃色平板背光。亦可借助於與根據本發明之裝置組合的自諸如白色或彩色LED或LED串列之側照射之光源產生其他美觀性效果。在此情況下,根據本發明之裝置之一個或兩個玻璃面可具有粗糙化或結構 化玻璃以用於光之耦合輸出及/或用於光效果之產生。
在一較佳實施例中,根據本發明之裝置為窗、尤佳包含至少一個玻璃區域之窗、極其較佳包含多窗格絕緣玻璃之窗之組件。
根據一較佳實施例,根據本發明之裝置直接地應用於窗之玻璃區域,尤佳為多窗格絕緣玻璃之內部。
另外較佳的是該裝置具有至少兩個玻璃窗格。包含該裝置之窗尤佳總計具有至少三個玻璃窗格。此處較佳的是該裝置配置於窗之兩個玻璃窗格之間。
根據一較佳實施例,該裝置應用於多窗格絕緣玻璃內部或此類型之玻璃外部。通常青睞於在面向內部空間之窗格一側上或在多窗格絕緣玻璃之情況下,在兩個玻璃窗格之間的間隙中使用。然而,其他配置在某些情況下亦為可設想的及較佳的。熟習此項技術者將能夠關於裝置之耐久性、光學及美觀性觀點、關於窗格之清潔及關於裝置對溫度變化之反應性之實用觀點權衡某些配置之優點及缺點。
尤其青睞於一種配置,其中窗之第一玻璃窗格係由該裝置之玻璃窗格形成,使得包含該裝置之窗之層序為如下:
1)玻璃層
2)導電層,較佳為ITO層
3)對準層
4)切換層
5)對準層
6)導電層,較佳為ITO層
7)玻璃層
8)玻璃層,其中在玻璃層7)與8)之間存在自由空間,其可例如由絕緣氣體,諸如惰性氣體填充。
窗較佳經配置,以該種方式使得層1)鄰接於外部且層8)鄰接於內部。然而,反向配置在某些條件下亦為可能的及較佳的。
可藉由其他層,諸如額外玻璃層或保護層(例如抵抗UV輻射、抵抗NIR輻射、抵抗VIS輻射及/或抵抗物理損害)補充上文所提及之層序。
此類型之應用可藉由修整存在之窗或藉由完全新的安裝進行。
該裝置之較佳特徵在於其具有至少0.05m2、較佳至少0.1m2、尤佳至少0.5m2且極其較佳至少0.8m2之面積。
該裝置為可切換裝置。該裝置之切換在本文中意謂改變裝置之光透射。此可根據本發明用於調節光通過裝置之路徑且因此調節空間中之光進入。
根據本發明之裝置較佳為電可切換的。然而,其亦可為純熱可切換的,如例如WO 2010/118422中關於調節光路徑之裝置所描述。
在後一種情況下,較佳經由歸因於包含根據本發明之液晶介質之切換層之溫度變化的向列狀態至各向同性狀態之轉變進行切換。
在向列狀態下,液晶介質之分子呈有序形式且因此二色性化合物亦如此,例如歸因於對準層之作用而平行於裝置之表面對準。在各向同性狀態下,分子呈無序形式。液晶介質之分子之排序造成二色性染料之排序。根據二色性染料分子具有取決於相對於光之振動平面之對準之較高或較低吸收係數之原則,二色性染料自身之有序與無序存在之間的差異造成根據本發明之裝置之光透射之差異。
若裝置為電可切換的,則其包含藉助於電壓使切換層之液晶介質之分子對準之構件。在此情況下,其較佳包含兩個或兩個以上電極,該等電極係安裝於包含液晶介質之切換層之兩側上。該等電極較佳由ITO或薄、較佳透明金屬及/或金屬氧化物層,例如銀或熟習此項技術者已知用於此用途之替代材料組成。該等電極較佳具有電接頭。 較佳藉由電池、可再充電電池、超級電容器或藉由外部電源提供電源。
藉由施加電壓進行在藉由液晶介質之分子之對準進行電切換的情況下之切換操作。進而如以上所解釋同樣地對準至少一種二色性染料,使得在裝置之光透射中引起差異。
在一較佳實施例中,該裝置自具有高吸收(亦即低光透射)之狀態(其存在於無電壓之情況下)轉化為具有較低吸收(亦即較高光透射)之狀態。液晶介質較佳在兩種狀態下均為向列型。無電壓狀態之較佳特徵在於液晶介質之分子及因此二色性染料係平行於裝置之表面對準(水平對準)。此較佳藉由恰當地選擇之對準層達成。電壓下狀態之較佳特徵在於液晶介質之分子及因此二色性染料係垂直於裝置之表面。
在上文所提及之實施例之替代實施例中,該裝置自具有低吸收(亦即高光透射)之狀態(其存在於無電壓之情況下)轉化為具有較高吸收(亦即較低光透射)之狀態。液晶介質較佳在兩種狀態下均為向列型。無電壓狀態之較佳特徵在於液晶介質之分子及因此二色性染料係垂直於裝置之表面對準(垂直對準)。此較佳藉由恰當地選擇之對準層達成。電壓下狀態之較佳特徵隨後在於液晶介質之分子及因此二色性染料係平行於裝置之表面。
根據一較佳實施例,根據本發明之裝置之特徵在於其自身產生使切換層切換所需之所有能量。該裝置因此較佳為自給的且不需要任何外部供應之能量。為此,其較佳地包含將光能轉化為電能之裝置,尤佳太陽能電池。
在本發明之一較佳實施例中,將光能轉化為電能之裝置與用於根據本發明之裝置的電切換之構件電連接。可直接地或間接地,亦即經由其間連接之電池或可再充電電池或其他儲存能量之單元進行藉由太陽能電池之能量供應。太陽能電池較佳應用於裝置之外部或裝置之 內部,如例如WO 2009/141295中所揭示。青睞於使用在漫射光之情況下尤其有效之太陽能電池,及透明太陽能電池。舉例而言,有可能在根據本發明之裝置中使用矽太陽能電池或有機太陽能電池。
該裝置較佳具有以下層結構,其中各層較佳地直接鄰接於彼此:
1)玻璃層或聚合物層
2)導電層,較佳為ITO層
3)對準層
4)切換層
5)對準層
6)導電層,較佳為ITO層
7)玻璃層或聚合物層。
該裝置較佳包含一或多個,尤佳兩個直接鄰接於切換層配置之對準層。對準層及電極可存在於雙層,例如聚醯亞胺塗佈之ITO層中。對準層較佳為聚醯亞胺層,尤佳為包含摩擦聚醯亞胺之層。若分子與對準層在同一平面(水平對準),則以熟習此項技術者已知之某一方式摩擦之聚醯亞胺導致液晶介質之分子在摩擦方向之優先對準。為達成液晶介質之分子與對準層之表面之垂直對準(垂直對準),以某一方式處理之聚醯亞胺較佳用作對準層之材料(針對極高預傾角之聚醯亞胺)。另外,藉由曝露製程使用偏光獲得之聚合物可用作對準層以達成液晶介質之分子之優先方向(光對準)。
另外較佳的是在水平對準之情況下,液晶介質之分子不與對準層在完全同一平面,而是具有輕微傾斜角(預傾斜)。
根據本發明較佳的是存在兩個或兩個以上對準層,該等層在切換層之兩側上引起液晶介質之分子之平行或90°旋轉之優先方向。
該裝置尤佳恰好包含兩個對準層,該等層中之一者鄰接於切換 層之一側且另一者鄰接於切換層之相對側,其中該兩個對準層在切換層之兩側上引起液晶介質之分子之平行或90°旋轉之優先方向。
在平行配置之情況下,包含液晶介質之切換層之兩側上及包含液晶介質之切換層內之液晶介質之分子彼此平行。在90°扭轉配置之情況下,切換層一側上之液晶介質之分子與切換層之另一側上之分子成90°角。在切換層內,分子成中間角,使得在切換層之一側上之優先對準與切換層之另一側上之優先方向之間存在平滑轉變。
另外較佳的是在無電壓狀態下存在液晶介質之分子之水平對準,其中該等分子在切換層之兩側上平行於彼此對準。
然而,可設想對準層及隨之而來的液晶介質分子之對準之替代實施例(熟習包含液晶介質之裝置領域中的技術者所熟悉且必要時可使用)。
另外較佳地,根據本發明之裝置中之切換層係配置於兩個基板層之間或在附近環繞。該等基板層可例如由玻璃或聚合物,特定言之玻璃、PET、PEN、PVB或PMMA組成。
該裝置之較佳特徵在於其不包含基於聚合物之偏光器,尤佳不包含固體材料相中之偏光器且極其較佳完全不包含任何偏光器。
然而,根據一替代實施例,該裝置亦可包含一或多個偏光器。此等偏光器較佳為線偏光器。若存在一或多個偏光器,則此等偏光器較佳地平行於切換層經配置。
若恰好存在一個偏光器,則其吸收方向較佳地在偏光器所處之切換層一側上垂直於根據本發明之裝置之液晶介質分子之優先對準。
在根據本發明之裝置中,可採用吸收以及反射偏光器二者。青睞於使用呈薄光學膜形式之偏光器。可用於根據本發明之裝置中之反射偏光器之實例為DRPF(漫反射偏光膜,3M)、DBEF(雙重亮度增強膜,3M)、DBR(層化聚合物分佈Bragg反射器,如US 7,038,745及US 6,099,758中所述)及APF膜(高級偏光膜,3M,參看Technical Digest SID 2006,45.1、US 2011/0043732及US 7023602)。另外可能使用反射紅外光之基於線柵之偏光器(WGP,線柵偏光器)。可用於根據本發明之裝置中之吸收偏光器之實例為Itos XP38偏光膜及Nitto Denko GU-1220DUN偏光膜。可根據本發明使用之圓形偏光器之實例為APNCP37-035-STD偏光器(American Polarizers)。另一實例為CP42偏光器(ITOS)。
根據本發明之裝置較佳恰好包含一個切換層。
該切換層較佳具有在1與100μm之間、尤佳在5與50μm之間的厚度。
該裝置之較佳特徵在於該切換層包含三種或三種以上不同的二色性染料。
另外較佳的是至少一種二色性染料為發光的,較佳為發螢光的。
此處之螢光意謂化合物藉由吸收具有一定波長之光而處於電子激發態下,其中該化合物隨後藉由光發射轉化為基態。發射光較佳地具有比吸收光長之波長。自激發態至基態之轉變另外較佳地為自旋容許的,亦即在無自旋變化之情況下進行。螢光化合物之激發態之壽命另外較佳地短於10-5s,尤佳短於10-6s,極其較佳在10-9與10-7s之間。
液晶介質中之二色性染料之吸收光譜較佳地彼此互補,以該種方式使得眼睛出現黑色之印象。液晶介質之兩種或兩種以上二色性染料較佳地覆蓋可見光譜之一大部分。此較佳地藉由至少一種吸收紅光之二色性染料、至少一種吸收綠光至黃光之二色性染料及至少一種吸收藍光之二色性染料達成。
可製備對於眼睛呈現黑色或灰色之染料混合物之精確方式為熟 習此項技術者已知且係描述於例如Manfred Richter,Einführung in die Farbmetrik[Introduction to Colorimetry],第2版,1981,ISBN 3-11-008209-8,Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co中。
二色性染料另外較佳地主要吸收UV-VIS-NIR區域,亦即在320至2000nm之波長範圍內之光。此處之UV光、VIS光及NIR光係如上文所定義。二色性染料尤佳具有在400至1300nm範圍內之吸收最大值。
液晶介質中之所有二色性染料合起來之比例較佳總計為0.01至10重量%、尤佳0.1至7重量%且極其較佳0.2至7重量%。個別二色性染料之比例較佳為0.01至10重量%、較佳0.05至7重量%且極其較佳0.1至7重量%。
二色性染料另外較佳地選自指示於B.Bahadur,Liquid Crystals-Applications and Uses,第3卷,1992,World Scientific Publishing,第11.2.1部分中之染料類別,且尤佳選自其中存在之表格中給定之明確化合物。
較佳至少一種二色性染料、尤佳所有二色性染料係選自偶氮化合物、蒽醌、次甲基化合物、甲亞胺化合物、部花青素化合物、萘醌、四嗪、苝、聯三芮、聯四芮、高碳芮及吡咯亞甲基。
蒽醌染料係描述於例如EP 34832、EP 44893、EP 48583、EP 54217、EP 56492、EP 59036、GB 2065158、GB 2065695、GB 2081736、GB 2082196、GB 2094822、GB 2094825、JP-A 55-123673、DE 3017877、DE 3040102、DE 3115147、DE 3115762、DE 3150803及DE 3201120中,萘醌染料係描述於例如DE 3126108及DE 3202761中,偶氮染料係描述於EP 43904、DE 3123519、WO 82/2054、GB 2079770、JP-A 56-57850、JP-A 56-104984、US 4308161、US 4308162、US 4340973,T.Uchida、C.Shishido、H.Seki及M.Wada:Mol.Cryst.Lig.Cryst.39,39-52(1977),以及H. Seki、C.Shishido、S.Yasui及T.Uchida:Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.21,191-192(1982)中,且苝係描述於EP 60895、EP 68427及WO 82/1191中。
極其青睞於如例如揭示於EP 2166040、US 2011/0042651、EP 68427、EP 47027、EP 60895、DE 3110960及EP 698649中之芮染料。
根據一較佳實施例,液晶介質僅僅包含選自芮染料之類別之二色性染料。
可存在於液晶介質中之較佳二色性染料之實例係描繪於下表中:
根據本發明,該裝置之切換層包含液晶介質。
液晶介質較佳為在裝置之操作溫度下呈向列型之液晶。其尤佳為在裝置之操作溫度以上及以下+-20℃範圍內、極其較佳在+-30℃範圍內呈向列型之液晶。
或者,液晶介質可為在根據本發明之裝置之操作溫度下呈膽固醇型之液晶。
液晶介質另外較佳地具有在70℃至170℃、較佳地90℃至160℃、尤佳95℃至150℃且極其較佳105℃至140℃之溫度範圍內之清澈點,較佳地自向列型液晶狀態相變為各向同性狀態。
另外,液晶介質之介電各向異性△ε較佳大於3、尤佳大於7。
或者,液晶介質之介電各向異性△ε可較佳小於-2、較佳小於-3。
液晶介質另外較佳地包含3至20種不同化合物、較佳8至18種、尤佳10至16種不同化合物。
液晶介質另外較佳地具有0.01至0.3、尤佳0.04至0.27之光學各向異性(△n)。
液晶介質另外較佳地具有大於1010歐姆*公分之比電阻。
可用作液晶介質之組分之化合物為熟習此項技術者已知且因而可自由地加以選擇。
液晶介質另外較佳包含至少一種含有一或多個基於1,4-伸苯基及1,4-伸環己基之結構要素之化合物。液晶介質尤佳包含至少一種含有2、3或4個、尤佳3或4個基於1,4-伸苯基及1,4-伸環己基之結構要素之化合物。
液晶介質可包含一或多種對掌性摻雜物。此等摻雜物隨後較佳以0.01至3重量%、尤佳0.05至1重量%之總濃度存在。為獲得高扭轉值,亦可將對掌性摻雜物之總濃度選擇為高於3重量%,較佳達至10重量%之最高值。
液晶介質較佳地包含一或多種穩定劑。穩定劑之總濃度較佳地在整體混合物之0.00001與10重量%之間、尤佳在0.0001與1重量%之間。
根據本發明之裝置另外較佳地包含光導系統,其自切換層傳導光至將光能轉化為電能或熱能之單元。光導系統較佳地如WO 2009/141295中所述來建構。光導系統收集且集中與裝置碰撞之光。其較佳地收集且集中由包含液晶介質之切換層中之螢光二色性染料發射之光。光導系統與轉化光能為電能之裝置、較佳太陽能電池接觸,使得所收集之光以集中形式與此裝置碰撞。
光導系統較佳地藉由全內反射傳導光。該裝置之較佳特徵在於光導系統具有至少一個波長選擇性鏡,其較佳地選自一或多個膽固醇型液晶層。
根據本發明之裝置之較佳特徵在於其包含一或多個具有抗反射設計之玻璃層。藉由薄膜技術之塗佈方法進行抗反射塗層之產生。此等方法包括例如物理氣相沈積,諸如熱蒸發及濺鍍沈積。可藉由單層系統或藉由多層系統達成抗反射措施。
根據本發明之裝置之較佳特徵在於其包含兩個或兩個以上玻璃層,且除切換層以外該裝置之全部層之根據標準EN410之光反射程度 ρv係小於35%、較佳小於30%、尤佳小於25%且極其較佳小於20%。
除切換層以外該裝置之全部層之根據標準EN410之光反射程度ρv尤佳如上文所指出,且該裝置包含三個或三個以上玻璃層。
藉由使用分光光度計量測層配置之光譜反射度且藉由根據標準EN410、等式(4)、考慮標準施照體之相對光譜分佈及標準觀測器之光譜亮度靈敏度自其計算參數ρv來測定裝置之光反射程度ρv
實施例
在本申請案中,藉由縮寫(字首語)再現液晶化合物之結構。此等縮寫係明確呈現及解釋於WO 2012/052100(第63-89頁)中,使得參考該公開申請案以解釋本申請案中之縮寫。
所有物理特性均係根據「Merck Liquid Crystals,Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals」,Status 1997年11月,Merck KGaA,Germany測定,且適用於20℃之溫度。除非在各情況下另外明確指示,否則△n之值係於589nm下測定,且△ε之值係於1kHz下測定。ne及no在各情況下為異常及尋常光束在上文所指出之條件下之折射率。
A)製造裝置
1)裝置之建構程序
製造根據本發明之裝置E-1至E-6及比較裝置V-1至V-9。
根據本發明之裝置具有以下層序:
a)包含來自Corning之拋光1.1mm鹼石灰玻璃之玻璃層
b)ITO層,200埃(ångström)
c)包含來自JSR之聚醯亞胺AL-1054之對準層,300埃
d)液晶層(組成指示於2)中),24.3μm
e)如c)
f)如b)
g)如a)
對準層為摩擦反向平行的。
ITO層具有適當觸點以便為電可切換的。
如同根據本發明之裝置建構比較裝置,差異在於由於切換層中之主體及/或染料及/或染料濃度之選擇,參數τv亮(亮態下之光透射程度)及R(各向異性程度)中之一者或兩者在根據本發明之範圍之外。
2)裝置之客體/主體混合物之組成(E:根據本發明,V:比較)
3)主體混合物之組成:
4)染料之結構:
染料Lumogen 305可購自BASF SE。
B)測定參數τ v亮 (亮態下之光透射程度)及R(各向異性程度)及H(範圍)
1)在550nm下自在染料分子平行對準之情況下包含兩個玻璃片(其間配置有對準層及包含二色性染料之液晶介質)之裝置之吸光度E(p)的值及在染料分子垂直對準之情況下同一裝置之吸光度E(s)的值測定各向異性程度R。藉由對準層達成染料分子之平行對準。相對於不含染料但具有其他方面相同之構造之裝置量測裝置之吸光度。使用偏光進行量測,該偏光之振動平面在一種情況下,平行於對準方向(E(p))振動且在後續量測中垂直於對準方向(E(s))振動。樣品在量測期間不進行切換或旋轉。因此經由入射偏光之振動平面之旋轉進行E(p)及E(s)之量測。
詳言之,程序係如下所述:使用Perkin Elmer Lambda 1050 UV光譜儀記錄用於E(s)及E(p)之量測之光譜。光譜儀配備有Glan-Thompson偏光器,量測及參考光束均在250nm-2500nm之波長範圍內。兩個偏光器藉由步進馬達控制且在相同方向對準。對於量測及參考光束始終同步地且在相同方向進行偏光器之偏光器方向之變化,例如自0°至 90°之轉換。可使用描述於T.Karstens,University of Würzburg,1973之論文中之方法測定個別偏光器之對準。在此方法中,偏光器相對於對準之二色性樣品以5°步進旋轉,且以固定波長,較佳在最大吸收區域中記錄吸光度。對於各偏光器位置運行新零線。就兩個二色性光譜E(p)及E(s)之量測而言,塗佈有來自JSR之聚醯亞胺AL-1054之反向平行摩擦之測試單元係位於量測及參考光束二者中。兩個測試單元應選擇為具有相同層厚度,通常15-25μm。含有純主體(液晶)之測試單元係位於參考光束中。在液晶中含有染料之溶液之測試單元係位於量測光束中。量測及參考光束之兩個測試單元係以相同對準方向安裝於射線路徑中。為確保光譜儀之最大可能精確性,確保E(p)在其最大吸收之波長範圍內,較佳在0.5與1.5之間。此對應於30%-5%之透射。其係藉由層厚度及/或染料濃度之對應調整設定。
各向異性程度R係根據下式自E(p)及E(s)之量測值計算:R=[E(p)-E(s)]/[E(p)+2*E(s)],如「Polarized Light in Optics and Spectroscopy」,D.S.Kliger等人,Academic Press,1990中指示。
2)亮態下之光透射程度τv亮係以百分比形式指示。其係相對於作為參考之液晶介質中無染料之其他方面相同裝置自包含兩個玻璃片(其間配置有對準層及包含二色性染料之液晶介質)之裝置之亮態下之光譜透射度計算。量測設置與針對各向異性程度之吸光度量測之情況下相同。
光透射程度τv亮係根據歐洲標準EN410、等式(1)(鑲嵌玻璃之發光及太陽能特徵之測定(Determination of luminous and solar characteristics of glazing))自量測之光譜透射度(考慮標準施照體之相對光譜分佈及標準觀測器之光譜亮度靈敏度)測定。
3)範圍H係以百分比形式指示。其表示在裝置之亮態下切換層之 光透射程度(τv亮)與在裝置之暗態下切換層之光透射程度(τv暗)之間的差異。此處之值τv暗係在裝置切換至暗態中時根據上文所提及之用於τv亮之量測之方法測定。
4)關於裝置E-1至E-6及V-1至V-9獲得之值
實例顯示取決於參數τv亮及R之選擇,獲得具有極不同範圍H(在7.9%與35.2%之間)之裝置。
僅當適當地選擇參數τv亮及R時才達成約25%及25%以上之所需範圍H(裝置E-1至E-6):R必須具有至少0.65之值,且τv亮必須在40%與90%之間。
若在此範圍之外選擇該等參數中之一者或兩者,則達成不充分範圍H,其顯著小於20%,在一些情況下小於10%(比較裝置V-1至V-9)。
量測結果顯示在所選之各向異性程度R過低之情況下(V-6至V-8)達成基本上低範圍。所選之τv亮之值高(如在實例V-6中)或低(如在實例V-8)為無關的。
然而,若各向異性程度足夠高(E-1至E-6及V-9),則可達成適合 之範圍H,但僅與適合之τv亮值組合,如藉由實例V-9所示,在該實例中,儘管具有適合之R值,但由於過高τv亮而未獲得範圍H之令人滿意的值。
量測結果另外顯示在不充分亮透射τv亮之情況下基本上僅達成低範圍,與是否存在適合之R值(V-5)無關。
量測結果另外顯示在過高之τv亮值之情況下無法達成範圍H之令人滿意的值(V-1、V-2及V-9),與各向異性R之值高或低無關。
因此,該等實驗總體而言顯示意外結果,即僅各向異性之適合值與亮透射τv亮之適合值之組合可達成光透射之高範圍。
特定顯示之實例用於解釋及說明本發明。熟習此項技術者將能夠藉由製備具有適合之各向異性程度之液晶介質在申請專利範圍之範疇內製造其他裝置。此舉在利用其一般專家知識及一般基本相關性,諸如染料之分子結構與各向異性程度之間的相關性及液晶介質之其他化合物對此等參數之影響方面獲得成功。可藉由適當選擇切換層中染料之吸光度及其濃度製造具有適合之亮透射之裝置。

Claims (20)

  1. 一種用於調節光通過光透射區域之路徑之裝置,其中該裝置包含兩個或兩個以上之玻璃層及至少一個切換層,該切換層包含液晶介質,該液晶介質包含至少一種二色性染料,且其中該切換層具有至少0.65之各向異性程度R及40%至90%之根據標準EN410的亮態下之光透射程度τv亮
  2. 如請求項1之裝置,其中其包含一或多個對準層,該等對準層係直接鄰接於該切換層配置。
  3. 如請求項1之裝置,其中其恰好包含兩個對準層,該等層中之一者鄰接於該切換層之一側且另一者鄰接於該切換層之相對側,且其中該兩個對準層在該切換層之兩側上引起該液晶介質之分子的平行或90°旋轉之優先方向。
  4. 如請求項1至3中任一項之裝置,其中在無電壓狀態下存在該液晶介質之分子之水平對準,其中該等分子在該切換層之兩側上平行於彼此對準。
  5. 如請求項1至3中任一項之裝置,其中其包含藉由電壓使該切換層之該液晶介質的分子對準之構件。
  6. 如請求項1至3中任一項之裝置,其中其包含光導系統,該系統自該切換層傳導光至將光能轉化為電能或熱能之單元。
  7. 如請求項1至3中任一項之裝置,其中其包含將光能轉化為電能之裝置,該裝置與用於切換根據本發明之裝置之構件電連接。
  8. 如請求項1至3中任一項之裝置,其中其包含一或多個具有抗反射設計之玻璃層。
  9. 如請求項1至3中任一項之裝置,其中其恰好包含一個切換層。
  10. 如請求項1至3中任一項之裝置,其中該切換層包含三種或三種 以上不同的二色性染料。
  11. 如請求項1至3中任一項之裝置,其中該等二色性染料中之至少一者為發光的。
  12. 如請求項1至3中任一項之裝置,其中該等二色性染料中之至少一者係選自偶氮化合物、蒽醌、次甲基化合物、甲亞胺化合物、部花青素化合物、萘醌、四嗪、苝、聯三芮、聯四芮、高碳芮及吡咯亞甲基。
  13. 如請求項1至3中任一項之裝置,其中其具有至少0.05m2之面積。
  14. 如請求項1至3中任一項之裝置,其中該切換層具有0.7至0.9之各向異性程度R。
  15. 如請求項1至3中任一項之裝置,其中該切換層具有60%至85%之亮態下之光透射程度τv亮
  16. 如請求項1至3中任一項之裝置,其中就該切換層之既定參數R而言,以下適用於該切換層之參數τv亮:τv亮最小v亮v亮最大及τv亮最小=0.8*(67*R+30)且τv亮最大=1.2*(67*R+30)。
  17. 如請求項1至3中任一項之裝置,其中就既定參數τv亮而言,以下適用於該切換層之參數R:R最小<R<R最大及R最小=0.8*(0.015*τv亮-0.45)且R最大=1.2*(0.015*τv亮-0.45)。
  18. 如請求項1至3中任一項之裝置,其中除該切換層以外該裝置之全部層之根據標準EN410之光反射程度ρv係小於35%、較佳小於30%、尤佳小於25%且極其較佳小於20%。
  19. 一種包含多窗格絕緣玻璃之窗,其包含至少一個如請求項1至18中任一項之裝置。
  20. 一種如請求項1至18中任一項之裝置之用途,其係用於調節光通過光透射區域進入內部空間中之路徑。
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