TWI607705B - 忌避劑、刺咬忌避劑及節肢動物媒介病預防劑 - Google Patents
忌避劑、刺咬忌避劑及節肢動物媒介病預防劑 Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
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Description
本發明係有關忌避劑、刺咬忌避劑及節肢動物媒介病預防劑，更詳細係有關使節肢動物(蚊子等昆蟲．壁虱．蜘蛛等)不要靠近之忌避劑，為了預防被節肢動物刺咬之刺咬忌避劑，及做為以節肢動物為媒介而感染疾病之預防劑。
屬於節肢動物媒介病(昆蟲媒介病)一種的瘧疾，以瘧蚊屬的蚊子為媒介之瘧原蟲為疾病之原因。在日本由於感染者人數較少而認識較低，但根據WHO(The World Health Report)推算，全世界1年間約有3億人~5億人發病，且其中150萬~270萬人死亡。現今關於瘧疾已提案有藉由內服藥劑而預防感染或治療之許多技術(例如專利文件1)。雖然瘧疾可使用抗瘧疾藥物治療，但由於引起疾病的瘧原蟲產生抗藥性等而使藥效逐漸喪失，與其說是改善，實情是惡化面正逐漸擴大。
專利文件1：特開2004-269440號公報
人類感染瘧疾係由如下所述之方式引起。即首先蚊子刺咬了感染瘧疾動物(包含人類)，藉由吸取該感染動物之血液，瘧原蟲侵入蚊子體內而繁殖。一段時間後(10~12天後)，該感染蚊再藉由刺咬人類將蚊子體內的瘧原蟲送入人體，而感染人類。藉由如此的感染環瘧原蟲連綿不絕地持續生存著。另外，蚊子在吸取動物血液之前，會將口器插入皮膚搜尋血管。這樣的行為有專門名稱「probing」，於本說明書中僅單純稱之為「刺咬」。嚴格地說「吸血」係於「刺咬(probing)」後所進行的行為。
本發明之發明者們，對於感染瘧疾最初階段，亦即是否有預防感染蚊刺咬的方法，經過各種檢討後，發現藉由將二氧化氯水溶液塗佈於皮膚表面可預防蚊子靠近，同時可產生蚊子刺咬的忌避效果，完成本發明。
本發明係以提供使蚊子等節肢動物不要靠近，或即使靠近也可防止該節肢動物之刺咬，及可抑制因其而產生之微生物感染之藥劑為目的。
與本發明有關之忌避劑其構成特徵，係為了使節肢動物不要靠近之忌避劑，係含二氧化氯為有效成分。
而藉由本構成之忌避劑，可防止蚊子等節肢動物靠近。
與本發明有關之刺咬忌避劑其特徵構成，係為防止節肢動物之刺咬之刺咬忌避劑，其特徵係含有二氧化氯為有效成分。
根據本構成之刺咬忌避劑，可防止蚊子等節肢動物之刺咬。
與本發明有關之節肢動物媒介病預防劑之第一特徵構成，係以節肢動物為媒介而感染之節肢動物媒介病之預防劑，其特徵係含有二氧化氯為有效成分。
根據本構成之節肢動物媒介病預防劑，可預防以節肢動物為媒介之例如原蟲及寄生蟲為病因之疾病。
與本發明有關之節肢動物媒介病預防劑之第二特徵構成，係該節肢動物媒介病係瘧疾。
藉由本構成之節肢動物媒介病預防劑，可預防瘧原蟲之感染。
本發明中之節肢動物可舉出例如昆蟲之瘧蚊、家蚊、沼蚊、黑斑蚊等蚊類，采采蠅、白蛉、蚋、虻、斑虻等蠅類，體蝨等虱類、蚤類、刺椿象類等，壁虱類則有蓖麻豆蝨、恙蟲、軟蜱等。
本發明中節肢動物媒介病之具體例(括弧內係主要的媒介節肢動物)係可舉出例如瘧疾(瘧蚊)、血絲蟲病(瘧
蚊、家蚊、沼蚊、黑斑蚊)、登革熱(黑斑蚊)、黃熱病(黑斑蚊)、日本腦炎(三斑家蚊)、西尼羅河熱(家蚊、黑斑蚊)、利什曼病(白蛉)、非洲錐蟲病<非洲睡眠病>(采采蠅)、美洲錐蟲病<卡格氏病>(刺椿象)、非洲眼蟲病(虻)、野兔病(斑虻、蓖麻豆蝨)、斑疹傷寒(體蝨)、回歸熱(體蝨、軟蜱)、淋巴腺鼠疫(只寄生於老鼠)、美洲錐蟲病<卡格氏病>(刺椿象)、萊母病(蓖麻豆蝨)、恙蟲病(恙蟲)、壁虱腦炎(蓖麻豆蝨)、日本紅斑熱((蓖麻豆蝨)等，但未限定於此。
使二氧化氯形成使用水或其他溶媒之液劑、泡沫劑等，例如以噴灑劑的方式使用。另外以水溶液方式使用時，為安定二氧化氯濃度，可添加亞氯酸鈉(例如1~20%)，磷酸緩衝溶液(例如1~20%)(例如pH4~7)，另外為使將液劑塗佈於皮膚時液劑容易浸潤擴散，亦可於液劑中加入界面活性劑(例如0.1~5%)。進而考慮為了容易噴灑，可將做為噴出劑之液化丙醇氣體等置入容器。
噴灑劑以外之劑形可舉出例如使二氧化氯之液劑包含於以往已知之基材內，例如經調製為乳霜狀、凝膠狀、果凍狀、乳液狀、膏狀、泡狀等型態者(例如軟膏劑、乳霜劑、乳液劑、噴霧劑、擦劑等)。所使用之基材若為藥學上許可者則無特別限定，可舉出為乙醇、異丙醇等低碳醇類、三乙醇胺、水、蜜蠟、荷荷芭油、橄欖油、可可油、
麻油、黃豆油、酪梨油、茶花油、落花生油、聚氧乙烯硬化蓖麻油等油脂類、白色凡士林、流動石蠟、二氧化矽油、揮發性二氧化矽油、黃色凡士林等礦物油、月桂酸、肉荳蔻酸、硬酯酸、油酸等高級脂肪酸等。
其使用量由於係因環境(氣溫及溼度)而異而無法一以概之，但一般使用的製劑以含有二氧化氯濃度0.01ppm~500ppm為佳，0.1ppm~250ppm更佳，且每日一次或2~5次適量地使用。另外以使二氧化氯最終pH為4.5~6.5為佳。於該範圍之外時保存安定性會降低，保存中的藥理活性會有所變動等，例如有可能於2年如此長之保存期後藥理活性減弱。於本發明中二氧化氯液劑pH範圍於5.5~6.0更佳。
調製如下所述之二氧化氯液劑。將溶存有2000ppm二氧化氯氣體之250ml水中，加入680ml之水及80ml之25%亞氯酸鈉溶液進行攪拌，再加入磷酸二氫鈉使該溶液之pH值成為5.5~6.0並加以攪拌，而得由溶存二氧化氯氣體、亞氯酸鈉及磷酸二氫鈉所構成之1000ml二氧化氯水溶液。
於下述舉使用二氧化氯之預防瘧疾感染試驗之結果，但在此之前，介紹取得用於該實驗之瘧原蟲與史帝芬塞瘧蚊(Anopheles stephensi mosquito)之方法，以及瘧疾感染蚊之製作方法。
小鼠瘧原蟲目前可於自治醫科大學(日本國栃木縣下野市藥師寺3311-1)之醫動物學部門取得(無償)。較常被使用者為Plasmodium berghei或P.yoelii等種類。可使小鼠感染，且由於對人類無感染性而可方便使用於實驗室研究。
而寄存於ATCC之人類瘧原蟲可使用P.falciparum FCR-3株(ATCC 30932)，以及P.falciparum Honduras-1株(ATCC 30935)(添加人類血清至10%，將經過濾滅菌之RPMI1640培養基(pH7.4)做為試驗培養基。將人類瘧原蟲於O2濃度5%、CO2濃度5%、N2濃度90%、溫度36.5℃的條件下進行培養。)。由於具有對人類感染性，必須特別注意針刺意外。另外於使蚊子感染時，必須處於使蚊子無法逃出之嚴密封閉的實驗環境。
瘧蚊目前可於自治醫科大學(日本國栃木縣下野市藥師寺3311-1)之醫動物學部門取得(無償)。
使用上述瘧原蟲使小鼠(swiss-webster小鼠等)感染瘧疾，再藉由使瘧蚊吸取該感染小鼠之血，而可獲得瘧疾感染蚊。相關業者即可施行。詳述係遵循實驗基本技術Matsuoka氏等人(Matsuoka,H.,Yoshida,S.,Hirai,M.,and Ishii,A.Parasitol.Int.51,17-23,2002)以及Arai氏等人(Arai,M.,Ishii A.and Matsuoka,H.Am.J.Trop.Med.Hyg.70,139-143,2004)之技術。首先將感染了瘧原蟲的紅血球(2*106個)注射入小鼠腹腔內，於3天後2-5%之紅血球感染瘧原蟲，將該小鼠以0.2mg之甲苯噻嗪(xylazine)與2mg之卡門(ketamine)藉由肌肉注射進行麻醉。再藉由使該小鼠於20℃下供母蚊吸血30分鐘，而使蚊子感染瘧疾。根據上述方法準備經感染瘧原蟲之蚊子(Anopheles stephensi)。使用浸染有5%果糖及0.05%p-aminobenzoic acid之濾紙做為飼料，於26℃，溼度50-70%，14小時明，10小時暗之房間內進行飼育。藉此可得瘧疾感染蚊。
瘧疾感染蚊係於學校法人自治醫科大學(日本國栃木縣下野市藥師寺3311-1)松岡裕之教授(本申請案發明者)之研究室，使用感染小鼠進行繼代飼育，僅限於追加試驗本發明時可利用該設施(限於本研究室內之實驗)。
對24隻小鼠進行麻醉並分成二群。即24隻中的11
隻(小鼠編號1~11)，作為比較對照群而於皮膚上噴灑水，剩下的13隻(小鼠編號21~33)則做為二氧化氯群，於皮膚上噴灑以前述調製例1所調製之二氧化氯水溶液。另外，小鼠背部的毛以動物用剃毛刀剃去，於其背部噴灑直徑約為3cm面積之水(比較對照群)以及二氧化氯液。此時使皮膚上的藥液塗佈均勻。塗佈的程度為皮膚面為均勻的濕潤程度。其後，分別將各小鼠放置於透明容器(管子)上(每一個管子上放一隻小鼠)。各管子中預先依下述[表1]之比例放入經感染瘧疾(Plasmodium berghei)(1992年9月自London,Imperial College導入。其後於日本之三重大學．自治醫科大學使用於實驗)之瘧蚊Anopheles stephensi(1992年9月自London,Imperial College導入。其後於日本之三重大學．自治醫科大學．長崎大學．香川大學進行繼代培養且使用於實驗)，給予瘧疾感染蚊刺咬機會。將感染蚊先放入50ml之塑膠試驗管中並以紗布做為蓋子，預先絕食24小時。於15分鐘的觀察期間，計數刺咬小鼠之蚊子之數目，發現比較對照群88隻中有42隻(刺咬率：47.7%)，二氧化氯群101隻中有6隻(刺咬率：5.9%)。該差距為於統計學上有意義的差(危險率p<0.001)。由不刺咬可明顯得知蚊子很忌諱厭惡二氧化氯群之小鼠。判斷感染瘧疾係如下述方式進行。即經刺咬後，自各小鼠尾部採取0.5μl血液，將其薄塗於載玻片上經Giemsa染色後，藉由以顯微鏡觀察是否有感染瘧疾。
另外，使用根據以往周知之方法使二氧化氯氣體產
生，再將其通入水中所得之150ppm(2.2mM)之二氧化氯水溶液(未含亞氯酸鈉，磷酸二氫鈉)進行相同試驗，結果與使用調製例1為幾乎相同之結果(參照下述表1)。
另外研究被瘧疾感染蚊刺咬後發生瘧疾症狀的小鼠的程度為何。由上述[表1]可知，相對於比較對照群小鼠11隻中有6隻發生瘧疾症狀(發病率：54.5%)，二氧化氯群小鼠13隻中僅有1隻發生瘧疾症狀(發病率：7.7%)，可明確得知可藉由二氧化氯水溶液預防瘧疾感染。
Claims (5)
- 一種用以使蚊子不要靠近之皮膚塗佈劑，其特徵係含有0.01~500ppm之二氧化氯為有效成分，進而含有1~20%之亞氯酸鈉及pH值4~7之1~20%之磷酸緩衝溶液。
- 如請求項1之皮膚塗佈劑，其中，前述蚊子為瘧疾感染蚊子。
- 如請求項1或2之皮膚塗佈劑，其中，前述皮膚塗佈劑之劑形為液狀、乳霜狀、凝膠狀、果凍狀、乳液狀、膏狀、泡狀。
- 如請求項3之皮膚塗佈劑，其中，前述劑形為液狀，係進一步含有0.1~5%之界面活性劑。
- 一種噴灑劑，其係具備如請求項1或2之皮膚塗佈劑的構成。
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| JPH0881580A (ja) * | 1993-02-12 | 1996-03-26 | Stephen T Wellinghoff | 二酸化塩素発生ポリマー包装フィルム |
| JP2000191422A (ja) * | 1998-12-24 | 2000-07-11 | Minoru Toyoshima | 害虫忌避剤 |
| TW200730206A (en) * | 2005-11-28 | 2007-08-16 | Taiko Pharmaceutical Co Ltd | Countermeasure method for preventing floating virus infection |
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| WO2009145191A1 (ja) | 2009-12-03 |
| HK1154758A1 (zh) | 2012-05-04 |
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| CN102046013B (zh) | 2015-04-08 |
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| JP5582405B2 (ja) | 2014-09-03 |
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| US20110183004A1 (en) | 2011-07-28 |
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