TWI581960B - 輕量之混成式玻璃層疊物 - Google Patents
輕量之混成式玻璃層疊物 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI581960B TWI581960B TW101121929A TW101121929A TWI581960B TW I581960 B TWI581960 B TW I581960B TW 101121929 A TW101121929 A TW 101121929A TW 101121929 A TW101121929 A TW 101121929A TW I581960 B TWI581960 B TW I581960B
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Classifications
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- B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
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- B32B17/10761—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
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- C03C27/00—Joining pieces of glass to pieces of other inorganic material; Joining glass to glass other than by fusing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
- C03C3/083—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
- C03C3/095—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing rare earths
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
- Securing Of Glass Panes Or The Like (AREA)
Description
此申請案依照專利法主張美國臨時申請案61/500,766與美國申請案13/247182之優先權,該二申請案分別於2011年6月24日及2011年9月28日提出申請,在此仰賴該二申請案之內文,並且將該二申請案之全文以參考形式併入。
本發明大體上關於玻璃層疊物,特別是關於包含化學強化的外玻璃嵌板(pane)與無化學強化的內玻璃嵌板之混成玻璃層疊物。此類混成層疊物特徵在於輕量、良好的消聲(sound-damping)效能以及高抗衝擊性。尤其,所揭露的混成層疊物滿足非擋風玻璃應用上的商業上可應用之衝擊測試規格。
玻璃層疊物可用作為建築與運輸應用上的窗戶與鑲嵌玻璃(glazing),該等應用包括汽車、鐵路車輛與飛機。如在此所用,鑲嵌玻璃是牆壁或其他結構的透明或半透明的部分。建築與汽車應用中所用的常見類型的鑲嵌玻璃包括澄澈與著色的玻璃,包括層疊的玻璃。包含由塑化聚乙烯醇縮丁醛(poly(vinyl butyral)(PVB))片分隔
的相對玻璃片之層疊的鑲嵌玻璃可用於例如窗戶、擋風玻璃或天窗。某些應用中,期望具有高機械強度與隔音(sound-attenuating)性質的玻璃層疊物,以提供安全的阻擋同時減少來自外部源的聲音透射。在許多車輛應用中,燃料的節省取決於車輛重量。因此,期望減少用於此類應用的鑲嵌玻璃重量而不至於使強度與隔音性質打折。就此而言,玻璃層疊物在機械效能上對外部衝擊事件強韌是有利的,外部衝擊事件諸如意圖的強力侵入或與石頭或冰雹的接觸;且玻璃層疊物還能適當地消除內部衝擊事件所造成的能量(及破裂(fracture))也是有利的,內部衝擊事件諸如為例如碰撞期間與乘客之間的接觸。根據前文所述,期望一種薄且輕量的鑲嵌玻璃,且該鑲嵌玻璃擁有與較厚重的鑲嵌玻璃相關聯的耐用性與消聲性質。
根據本發明之一個態樣,一種玻璃層疊物包含外部玻璃片、內部玻璃片與形成在該外部與內部玻璃片之間的聚合物中間層。為了使玻璃層疊物的衝擊表現最佳化,該外部玻璃片包含化學強化玻璃並且可具有低於或等於1 mm的厚度,而該內部玻璃片包含無化學強化玻璃且可具有低於或等於2.5 mm的厚度。一些實施例中,聚合物中間層(例如聚乙烯醇縮丁醛或PVB)可具有低於或等
於1.6 mm的厚度。所揭露的混成玻璃層疊物構造可有利地反應衝擊而分配應力。例如,所揭露的玻璃層疊物能夠反應外部衝擊事件提供卓越的抗衝擊性並且阻擋斷裂(breakage),尚能反應內部衝擊事件適當地消除能量以及破裂。
本發明額外的特徵與優點將於下文的【實施方式】中提出,並且在某種程度上那些熟悉本領域之技術人員從該敘述中將很容易理解該些特徵與優點,或藉由實施在此於隨後的【實施方式】、請求項及附圖中所述之本發明,而能夠認識該些特徵與優點。
應瞭解,前文的【發明內容】與下文的【實施方式】都呈現本發明的實施例,申請人希望前文的【發明內容】與下文的【實施方式】提供概述或框架以使世人理解本發明所主張之本質與特質。在此納入附圖以提供對本發明之進一步之理解,且該等附圖被納入本說明書並且構成本說明書之一部分。該等圖式繪示了各種實施例,並連同說明書以解釋本發明之原則與操作。
在此揭露的玻璃層疊物裝配成包括外部化學強化玻璃片與內部無化學強化玻璃片。如在此所界定,當使用玻璃層疊物時,外部玻璃片將會接近或接觸環境,而內部玻璃片將會接近或接觸併入該玻璃層疊物的結構或車輛
(例如汽車)的內部(例如座艙)。
示範性玻璃層疊物繪示於第1圖。該玻璃層疊物100包含外部玻璃片110、內部玻璃片120與聚合物中間層130。聚合物中間層可以直接實體接觸(例如層疊於)各別的外部及內部玻璃片之各者。外部玻璃片110具有外部表面112以及內部表面114。以此類推,內部玻璃片120具有外部表面122以及內部表面124。如所繪示的實施例所示,外部玻璃片110的內部表面114與內部玻璃片120的內部表面124個別與聚合物中間層130接觸。
使用期間,期望玻璃層疊物反應外部衝擊事件抵抗破裂。然而,反應內部衝擊事件(諸如玻璃層疊物被車輛的乘客所撞擊)時,期望玻璃層疊物留住車輛中的乘客且尚能在一旦衝擊後消除能量以盡量減少受傷。ECE R43頭型測試模擬由車輛內發生的衝擊事件,該測試是一種要求反應特定內部衝擊的層疊鑲嵌玻璃破裂的常規測試。
在不希望受限於理論的情況下,當玻璃片/聚合物中間層/玻璃片層疊物的一個嵌板受衝擊時,受衝擊的該片的相對表面以及相對片的內部表面進入張力狀態。計算過的雙軸負載下玻璃片/聚合物中間層/玻璃片層疊物的應力分佈顯示,受衝擊的該片之相對表面中的拉張應力量值可能相當於(或甚至稍微大於)低負荷率(loading rate)的在相對片之外部表面處經歷的拉張應力之量值。然而,對於高負荷率(為一般在汽車中所經歷的衝擊特性)
而言,相對片的外部表面處的拉張應力量值可能遠大於受衝擊的該片的相對表面處的拉張應力。如在此所揭露,透過將混成玻璃層疊物裝配成具有化學強化的外部玻璃片與無化學強化的內部玻璃片,可最適化對外部與內部衝擊事件二者的抗衝擊性。
適合的內部玻璃片是諸如鹼石灰(soda-lime)玻璃的無化學強化玻璃片。視情況而定,內部玻璃片可受熱強化。在使用鹼石灰玻璃作為無化學強化玻璃片的實施例中,可使用習知裝飾材料與方法(例如玻璃熔塊琺瑯與網版印刷),此舉簡化玻璃層疊物製造製程。色調受到調整(tinted)的鹼石灰玻璃片可併入混成玻璃層疊物中,以達成遍及電磁光譜上的期望透射及/或衰減。
適合的外部玻璃片可受離子交換製程化學強化。在此製程中,一般透過將玻璃片浸潤在熔融鹽浴中一段預定時間,在玻璃片表面處或附近的離子與來自鹽浴的較大金屬離子交換。一個實施例中,熔融鹽浴的溫度大約為430℃,且預定的時間大約為8小時。將較大的離子併入玻璃中藉由在接近表面區域中建立壓縮應力而強化該玻璃片。在玻璃的中央區域內誘導相對應的拉張應力,而平衡壓縮應力。
適合用於形成混成玻璃層疊物的示範性離子可交換玻璃是鹼鋁矽酸鹽玻璃或鹼鋁硼矽酸鹽玻璃,然而可考量其他玻璃組成物。如在此所用,「離子可交換」意味玻璃能夠將位在玻璃表面處或玻璃表面附近的陽離子與尺寸
上較大或較小的同價陽離子交換。一種示範性玻璃組成物包含SiO2、B2O3及Na2O,其中(SiO2+B2O3)≧66 mol.%且Na2O≧9 mol.%。實施例中,玻璃片包括至少6wt.%的氧化鋁。進一步的實施例中,玻璃片包括一或多種鹼土族氧化物,使得鹼土族氧化物的含量至少5 wt.%。一些實施例中,適合的玻璃組成物進一步包含K2O、MgO與CaO之至少一者。在特定實施例中,該玻璃可包含61-75 mol.%的SiO2;7-15 mol.%的Al2O3;0-12 mol.%的B2O3;9-21 mol.%的Na2O;0-4 mol.%的K2O;0-7 mol.%的MgO;以及0-3 mol.%的CaO。
進一步的適合用於形成混成玻璃層疊物的示範性玻璃組成物包含:60-70 mol.%的SiO2;6-14 mol.%的Al2O3;0-15 mol.%的B2O3;0-15 mol.%的Li2O;0-20 mol.%的Na2O;0-10 mol.%的K2O;0-8 mol.%的MgO;0-10 mol.%的CaO;0-5 mol.%的ZrO2;0-1 mol.%的SnO2;0-1 mol.%的CeO2;低於50 ppm的As2O3;以及低於50 ppm的Sb2O3;其中12 mol.%≦(Li2O+Na2O+K2O)≦20 mol.%且0 mol.%≦(MgO+CaO)≦10 mol.%。
尚有進一步的示範性玻璃組成物,包含:63.5-66.5 mol.%的SiO2;8-12 mol.%的Al2O3;0-3 mol.%的B2O3;0-5 mol.%的Li2O;8-18 mol.%的Na2O;0-5 mol.%的K2O;1-7 mol.%的MgO;0-2.5 mol.%的CaO;0-3 mol.%的ZrO2;0.05-0.25 mol.%的SnO2;0.05-0.5 mol.%的CeO2;低於50 ppm的As2O3以及低於50 ppm的Sb2O3;
其中,14 mol.%≦(Li2O+Na2O+K2O)≦18 mol.%,且2 mol.%≦(MgO+CaO)≦7 mol.%。
特定實施例中,鹼鋁矽酸鹽玻璃包含氧化鋁、至少一種鹼金屬、且在一些實施例中還包含大於50 mol.%的SiO2、在其他實施例中還包含至少58 mol.%的SiO2及在另外其他實施例中還包含至少60 mol.%的SiO2,其中該比值,其中在該比值中該等成份是以mol.%表達,且該等修飾劑是鹼金屬氧化物。在特定實施例中,此玻璃包含(或由以下成份構成,或基本上由以下成份構成):58-72 mol.%的SiO2;9-17 mol.%的Al2O3;2-12 mol.%的B2O3;8-16 mol.%的Na2O;以及0-4 mol.%的K2O,其中該比值。
另一實施中,鹼鋁矽酸鹽玻璃包含(或基本上由以下成份構成,或由以下成份構成):61-75 mol.% SiO2;7-15 mol.% Al2O3;0-12 mol.% B2O3;9-21 mol.% Na2O;0-4 mol.% K2O;0-7 mol.% MgO;以及0-3 mol.% CaO。
尚有另一實施例中,鹼鋁矽酸鹽玻璃基材包含(或基本上由以下成份構成,或由以下成份構成):60-70 mol.%的SiO2;6-14 mol.%的Al2O3;0-15 mol.%的B2O3;0-15 mol.%的Li2O;0-20 mol.%的Na2O;0-10 mol.%的K2O;0-8 mol.%的MgO;0-10 mol.%的CaO;0-5 mol.%的ZrO2;0-1 mol.%的SnO2;0-1 mol.%的CeO2;低於50 ppm的As2O3;以及低於50 ppm Sb2O3;其中12 mol.%≦
Li2O+Na2O+K2O≦20 mol.%以及0 mol.%≦MgO+CaO≦10 mol.%。
仍有另一實施例中,鹼鋁矽酸鹽玻璃包含(或基本上由以下成份構成,或由以下成份構成):64-68 mol.%的SiO2;12-16 mol.%的Na2O;8-12 mol.%的Al2O3;0-3 mol.%的B2O3;2-5 mol.%的K2O;4-6 mol.%的MgO;以及0-5 mol.%的CaO,其中:66 mol.%≦SiO2+B2O3+CaO≦69 mol.%;Na2O+K2O+B2O3+MgO+CaO+SrO>10 mol.%;5 mol.%≦MgO+CaO+SrO≦8 mol.%;(Na2O+B2O3)Al2O3≦2 mol.%;2 mol.%≦Na2OAl2O3≦6 mol.%;以及4 mol.%≦(Na2O+K2O)Al2O3≦10 mol.%。
一些實施例中,以0-2 mol%的至少一種澄清劑分批處理化學強化玻璃與無化學強化玻璃,該澄清劑選自包括Na2SO4、NaCl、NaF、NaBr、K2SO4、KCl、KF、KBr與SnO2的群組。
一個示範性實施例中,化學強化玻璃中的鈉離子可被來自熔融浴中的鉀離子取代,然而具有較大原子半徑的其他鹼金屬離子(例如銣或銫)可取代玻璃中較小的鹼金屬離子。根據特定實施例,玻璃中的較小鹼金屬離子可被Ag+離子取代。類似地,其他鹼金屬鹽(諸如硫酸鹽、鹵化物與類似物等,但不以此為限)可用於離子交換製程。
在低於玻璃網絡可鬆弛的溫度下進行的較大離子對較
小離子之取代產生了橫越玻璃表面的離子分佈,而造成應力分佈曲線。進入的離子所具有的較大體積在玻璃表面上產生壓縮性應力(CS)並且在玻璃中心處產生張力(中心張力,或CT)。壓縮性應力與中央張力相關,該相關性以下列關係式表達:
其中t是玻璃片的總厚度,且DOL是交換深度,也稱為層深度。
根據各種實施例,包含離子交換玻璃的混成玻璃層疊物擁有一系列期望的性質,包括輕量、高度抗衝擊性以及改善的消聲性(sound attenuation)。
一個實施例中,化學強化玻璃片可具有至少300 MPa的表面壓縮性應力(例如至少400、450、500、550、600、650、700、750或800 MPa)、至少約20 μm的層深度(例如,至少約20、25、30、35、40、45或50 μm)及/或大於40 MPa(例如大於40、45或50 MPa)但低於100 MPa(例如低於100、95、90、85、80、75、70、65、60或55 MPa)的中心張力。
化學強化玻璃片的彈性模數範圍可從約60 GPa至85 GPa,例如60、65、70、75、80或85 GPa。玻璃片與聚合物中間層的彈性模數能夠影響所得的玻璃層疊物的機械性質(例如偏折與強度)及聲學效能(例如透射損失)二者。
示範性的玻璃片形成方法包括熔合曳引與狹槽曳引製程,這兩者是向下曳引製程的各範例,該形成方法也包括浮式製程。這些方法可用於形成化學強化與無化學強化玻璃片二者。熔合曳引製程使用具有通道的曳引槽,該通道用於接收熔融玻璃原材料。該通道具有堰,該堰位在該通道兩側並且在頂端沿著通道長邊打開。當通道充滿熔融材料時,熔融玻璃溢流過堰。由於重力之故,該熔融玻璃向下沿著曳引槽的外側表面流動。這些外側表面向下且向內延伸,使得該等外側表面在曳引槽下方的邊緣處相會。這兩個流動的玻璃表面在此邊緣相會以熔合並且形成單一的流動片狀物。該熔合曳引方法提供以下優點:由於流動覆於通道上的該兩個玻璃膜熔合在一起,故所得的玻璃片的外側表面皆不與設備的任何部件接觸。因此,熔合曳引的玻璃片的表面性質不受這樣的接觸所影響。
狹槽曳引方法有別於熔合曳引方法。在此,提供熔融原材料玻璃至曳引槽。曳引槽的底部具有開啟的狹槽,該狹槽具有延伸狹槽長度的噴嘴。熔融玻璃流過狹槽/噴嘴,並且被向下曳引成連續片狀物且進入退火區域。該狹槽曳引製程可提供比熔合曳引製程更薄的片狀物,因為只有單一片狀物被曳引通過狹槽,而非熔合在一起的兩個片狀物。
向下曳引製程生產具有均勻厚度的玻璃片,且該等玻璃片具有相對純淨的表面。由於玻璃表面的強度是由表
面缺陷的量與尺寸所控制,所以具有極低度接觸的純淨表面具有較高的初始強度。當此高強度玻璃隨後受化學強化時,所得的強度會高於已研光及拋光的表面之強度。向下曳引的玻璃可被曳引至低於約2 mm之厚度。此外,向下曳引的玻璃具有非常平坦光滑的表面,該表面可用於其最終應用而不需高成本地研磨與拋光。
在浮式玻璃方法中,透過將熔融玻璃浮於熔融金屬(一般是錫)床上,而製造特徵為平滑表面及均勻厚度的玻璃片。示範性製程中,饋送至熔融錫床表面上的熔融玻璃形成漂浮帶狀物。當玻璃帶沿著錫床流動,溫度逐漸減少,直到固態玻璃片從錫舉升至滾輪上為止。一旦離開床,玻璃片可進一步冷卻並且退火,以減少內部應力。
玻璃片可用於形成玻璃層疊物。如在此界定,混成玻璃層疊物包含面向外的化學強化玻璃片、面向內的無化學強化玻璃片以及形成於該等玻璃片之間的聚合物中間層。該聚合物中間層可包含單塊聚合物片、多層聚合物片或複合聚合物片。該聚合物中間層可以是例如塑化聚乙烯醇縮丁醛片。
玻璃層疊物可適於提供於建築與汽車開口中的光穿透阻障物,例如汽車的鑲嵌玻璃。可使用各種製程形成玻璃層疊物。在示範性實施例中,該組件涉及鋪設第一玻璃片、放上聚合物中間層(諸如PVB片)、鋪設第二玻璃片以及隨後針對玻璃片邊緣修整過多的PVB。接著定位(tacking)步驟可包括以下步驟:從界面驅散大部分
的空氣並且部分地將PVB黏接至玻璃片。加工(finishing)步驟一般是在升高的溫度與壓力下執行,該步驟完成各玻璃片對聚合物中間層的接合。上述實施例中,第一片可以是化學強化玻璃片,而第二片可以是無化學強化玻璃片,或者與此配置相反。
可施加諸如PVB之熱塑性材料為預先形成的聚合物中間層。在某些實施例中,熱塑性層可具有至少0.125 mm的厚度,例如0.125、0.25、0.38、0.5、0.7、0.76、0.81、1、1.14、1.19或1.2 mm。該熱塑性層可具有低於或等於1.6 mm的厚度,例如從0.4至1.2 mm,諸如約0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9、1.0、1.1或1.2 mm。熱塑性層可覆蓋幾乎(或較佳為)實質上所有兩個相對的玻璃主面。熱塑性層也覆蓋了玻璃的邊緣面。與熱塑性層接觸的該等玻璃片可被加熱至高於熱塑軟化點,例如至少高於軟化點5℃或10℃,以促進熱塑性材料對各別玻璃片的黏接。該加熱步驟可在壓力下與接觸熱塑性層的玻璃一併執行。
所選的商用聚合物中間層材料總結於表1,該表也提供了每一產品樣本的玻璃轉換溫度與模數。玻璃轉換溫度與模數的資料是從由販售商取得的技術資料表單決定,或分別透過使用DSC 200示差掃描熱卡計(日本的Seiko Instruments Corp.)或用於玻璃轉換與模數資料的ASTM D638方法決定。對用於ISD樹脂的丙烯酸/矽膠樹脂材料的進一步描述揭露於美國專利5,624,763中,且
聲學修飾PVB樹脂的描述揭露於日本專利05138840,該等文件之全文特此以參考形式併入。
一或多個聚合物中間層可併入混成玻璃層疊物中。複
數個中間層可提供互補或截然不同的功能性,這些功能性包括黏著的促進、聲學上的控制、UV透射的控制、調整色調(tinting)、著色(coloration)及/或IR透射的控制。
聚合物中間層的彈性模數範圍可從約1 MPa至75 MPa(例如,約1、2、5、10、15、20、25、50或75 MPa)。在負荷率為1 Hz時,標準PVB中間層的彈性模數可以為約15 MPa,而聲學等級的PVB中間層的彈性模數可以為約2 MPa。
在層疊製程期間,中間層一般被加熱到有效軟化中間層的溫度,此舉促進中間層對玻璃片各表面順應地接合。對於PVB而言,層疊溫度可以為約140℃。中間層材料內的可動聚合物鏈與玻璃表面發展黏結,而促進黏著。升高的溫度也加速殘餘空氣及/或濕氣從玻璃聚合物界面擴散。
施加壓力既促進中間層材料流動,也抑制氣泡形成,該氣泡的形成能夠另外由界面處捕捉的空氣與水之結合蒸氣壓所誘導。為了抑制氣泡形成,於熱壓釜中對組件同時施加熱與壓力。
混成玻璃層疊物可提供有利的功效,包括衰減噪聲、減少UV及/或IR光透射及/或增進窗口的美學吸引力。可用一或多個特性對構成所揭露的玻璃層疊物的個別玻璃片以及所形成的層疊物描述特徵,這些特性包括組成物、密度、厚度、表面度量衡以及各種性質,這些性質
包括光學性質、消聲性質以及機械性質,而機械性質諸如抗衝擊性。在此描述所揭露的混成玻璃層疊物的各種態樣。
混成玻璃層疊物可適於用作為例如窗戶或鑲嵌玻璃,且該混成玻璃層疊物被裝配成任何適合的尺寸(size)與規模(dimension)。一些實施例中,玻璃層疊物具有獨立由10 cm變化至1 m(或更多)的長度與寬度,例如0.1、0.2、0.5、1、2或5 m。玻璃層疊物可獨立地具有大於0.1 m2的面積,例如大於0.1、0.2、0.5、1、2、5、10或25 m2。
玻璃層疊物可實質上平坦或有造型,以用於某些應用。例如,可將玻璃層疊物形成為彎折或有造型的部件以用於擋風玻璃或覆蓋板。有造型的玻璃層疊物的結構可以簡單或複雜。某些實施例中,有造型的玻璃層疊物可具有複雜的曲率,其中該等玻璃片在兩個獨立方向上具有截然不同的曲率半徑。因而可用具有「交叉曲率」將這樣有造型的玻璃片特徵化,其中該玻璃沿著與給定的維度平行的軸彎曲,並且也沿著垂直該相同維度的軸彎曲。舉例而言,一般汽車天窗的規格是0.5 m乘上1.0 m,且具有在沿著短軸上2至2.5 m的曲率半徑以及在沿著長軸上4至5 m的曲率半徑。
根據某些實施例的有造型的玻璃層疊物可由彎折因數界定,其中用於給定部件的彎折因數等於沿著給定軸的曲率半徑除以該軸的長度。因此,對於沿著0.5 m與1.0
m的各軸上曲率半徑為2 m及4 m的示範性汽車天窗而言,沿著各軸的彎折因數是4。有造型的玻璃層疊物可具有範圍從2至8的彎折因數,例如2、3、4、5、6、7或8。
示範性的有造型玻璃層疊物200繪示於第2圖。該有造型的層疊物200包含外部(化學強化)玻璃片110,該外部(化學強化)玻璃片110形成於層疊物的鼓凸表面處,而內部(無化學強化)玻璃片120形成在層疊物的內凹表面上。然而,將能瞭解,未繪示的實施例的鼓凸表面可包含無化學強化玻璃片,而相對的內凹表面可包含化學強化玻璃片。
用於彎折及/或造型玻璃層疊物的方法可包括重力彎折、壓抵彎折以及前述者之混成的方法。在將薄且平坦的玻璃片重力彎折成諸如汽車擋風玻璃之彎曲形狀的傳統方法中,將冷且預先切割的單一或多個玻璃片置於剛性、預先造型的彎折夾具(fixture)的周邊支撐表面上。可透過使用金屬或耐火材料製作該彎折夾具。在示範性方法中,可使用節接式(articulating)彎折夾具。在彎折前,玻璃一般是僅被支撐在一些接觸點。通常透過將玻璃暴露至徐冷窯(lehr)中的高溫而加熱玻璃,以將玻璃軟化而使得重力將玻璃下垂(sag)或塌陷(slump)而順應周邊支撐表面。實質上整個支撐表面大體上隨後會接觸玻璃的周邊。
相關技術是壓抵彎折,其中將單一平坦玻璃片加熱到
實質上對應玻璃軟化點的溫度。經加熱的片狀物隨後在具有互補造型表面的公與母模造構件之間被壓抵或造型成期望曲率。該等模造構件造型表面可包括真空或空氣噴射柱以接合玻璃片。在多個實施例中,造型表面可被裝配成實質上接觸整個對應的玻璃表面。或者,相對的造型表面的一者或二者可於分立的區域上接觸各別的玻璃表面,或於分立的接觸點接觸各別的玻璃表面。例如,母模造表面可以是環形表面。多個實施例中,可使用重力彎折與壓抵彎折技術之組合。
玻璃層疊物的總厚度範圍可從約2 mm至5 mm,其中該外部化學強化玻璃片可具有1 mm或更低的厚度(例如從0.5至1 mm,諸如0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9或1 mm)。再者,內部無化學強化玻璃片可具有2.5 mm或更低的厚度(例如從1至2 mm,諸如1、1.5、2或2.5 mm)。在多個實施例中,玻璃層疊物中的玻璃片之總厚度低於3.5 mm,例如低於3.5、3、2.5或2.3 mm。
示範性玻璃層疊物結構說明於表2,其中縮寫GG是指化學強化鋁矽酸鹽玻璃片,「玻璃」之用語是指無化學強化的鹼石灰(SL)玻璃片,而PVB是指聚乙烯醇縮丁醛,該PVB可視情況為聲學等級的PVB(A-PVB)。範例1-6是本發明之範例,而範例A與B是比較性範例。
表2 示範性玻璃層疊物結構
申請人已示出,在此揭露的玻璃層疊物結構具有絕佳的耐久性、抗衝擊性、韌性以及抗刮性。如熟習此技藝者所知,玻璃片或層疊物的強度與機械衝擊效能是受限於玻璃中的缺陷,包括表面缺陷與內部缺陷兩者。當玻璃層疊物受到衝擊時,衝擊點處於壓縮狀態,而衝擊點
周圍的環或箍(hoop)以及受衝擊的片狀物的相對面處於拉張狀態。一般而言,破損(failure)的起源將會在瑕疵處(通常在玻璃表面上),或在最高張力點處或附近。這可能發生在相對面,但可能發生在環內。若玻璃中的瑕疵在衝擊事件期間處於拉張狀態,則該瑕疵將可能傳播且該玻璃一般將斷裂。於是較佳為高壓縮應力量值以及深的壓縮應力深度(層深度)。
由於化學強化,用於所揭露的混成玻璃層疊物中的化學強化玻璃片之表面中的一個或兩個表面處於壓縮狀態下。玻璃的接近表面區域中併入壓縮應力能夠抑制裂隙傳播以及玻璃片破損。來自衝擊的拉張應力必須超過瑕疵尖端的表面壓縮應力,方能使瑕疵傳播及破損發生。多個實施例中,化學強化玻璃片的高壓縮應力以及深的層深度使得能夠運用比無化學強化玻璃的情況中更薄的玻璃。
在混成玻璃層疊物的情況中,相較於較厚的單塊無化學強化玻璃或較厚的無化學強化玻璃層疊物,該層疊物結構反應機械衝擊時能夠在毫無斷裂的情況下更進一步偏折。此增加的偏折能使更多能量傳送到層疊物中間層,此舉能夠減少抵達玻璃相對側的能量。因此,在此揭露的混成玻璃層疊物能夠比類似厚度的單塊無化學強化玻璃或無化學強化玻璃層疊物承受較高的衝擊能量。
除了層疊結構的機械性質之外,熟習此技藝者將瞭解,層疊結構可用於衰減聲波。在此揭露的混成玻璃層
疊物能大幅減少聲音透射,同時使用更薄(且更輕)的結構,這些更薄(且更輕)的結構也擁有許多鑲嵌玻璃應用的所需機械性質。
層疊物與鑲嵌玻璃的聲學效能通常是受到鑲嵌玻璃結構的彎曲振動(flexural vibration)所衝擊。不希望受限於理論,然而人類對聲音的反應峰值一般是在500 Hz至5000 Hz之間,對應至空氣中約0.1-1 m的波長以及玻璃中1-10 m的波長。對於厚度低於0.01 m(<10 mm)的鑲嵌玻璃結構而言,透射主要透過振動與聲波耦合鑲嵌玻璃的彎曲振動而發生。能將層疊的鑲嵌玻璃結構設計成使來自鑲嵌玻璃彎曲模式的能量轉換成聚合物中間層內的剪應變。運用較薄玻璃片的玻璃層疊物中,較薄的玻璃所具有的較大順應性容許有較大的振動振幅,轉而能夠對中間層授予較大的剪應變。多數黏彈性聚合物中間層材料的低剪力阻力意味著該中間層將會透過高剪應變促進衰減,高剪應變在分子鏈滑動與鬆弛的影響下將會轉換成熱。
除了玻璃層疊物厚度之外,包含層疊物的玻璃片的本質也可能影響消聲性質。例如,如在化學強化玻璃片與無化學強化玻璃片之間,可能在玻璃與聚合物中間層的界面處有微小但顯著的差異,此差異助於聚合物層中有較高的剪應變。同樣,除了鋁矽酸鹽玻璃與鹼石灰玻璃明顯的組成差異外,鋁矽酸鹽玻璃與鹼石灰玻璃具有有所不同的物理性質與機械性質,包括模數、蒲松比
(Poisson’s ratio)、密度等,這些性質可造成不同的聲學反應。
已使用習知雙軸強度測試(例如三點或四點彎折測試)量測玻璃與陶瓷材料強度。然而,因為所量測的強度取決於邊緣效應以及取決於該整塊材料,所以雙軸強度測試結果的解讀可能具有挑戰性。
另一方面,雙軸彎曲測試可用於提供強度評估,而無關邊緣誘導現象。雙軸彎曲測試中,玻璃層疊物被支撐在該玻璃層疊物的周邊附近且與該玻璃層疊物的中心等距的三點或更多點處,隨後將該層疊物裝載於中心位置。最大拉張應力的位置因而發生在層疊物表面中心,且有利的是該位置無關邊緣條件。
示範性平坦混成玻璃層物受到標準化雙軸彎曲測試(ECE R43頭型,如在Annex 7/3中所詳述)。如在下文中進一步解釋,當本發明的玻璃層疊物(樣本1)在無化學強化(鹼石灰)側受到衝擊,兩個玻璃片破裂。但是,當樣本1玻璃層疊物在化學強化側受到衝擊,50%的受測樣本中,無化學強化玻璃片破裂但化學強化玻璃片維持完好。
一個測試中,對內部(無化學強化)玻璃片120進行高負荷率衝擊。反應時,內部玻璃片120的內部表面124與外部玻璃片110的外部表面112處於拉張狀態中。在外部表面112上的拉張應力之量值大於內部表面124處
的拉張應力時,在此裝配形式中,內部表面124上較適度的拉張應力足以使無化學強化玻璃片120破裂,而外部表面112上升高的拉張應力足以也讓化學強化玻璃片110破裂。當玻璃片破裂,PVB中間層變形但使頭型衝擊裝置不至於貫穿玻璃層疊物。在ECE R43頭型需求下,這是令人滿意的反應。
相關測試中,取而代之地對外部(化學強化)玻璃片110進行衝擊。反應時,外部玻璃片110的內部表面114經歷適度的拉張應力,而內部玻璃片120的外部表面122經歷較高量值的應力。在此裝配方式中,內部無化學強化玻璃片120的外部表面122上升高的應力引發無化學強化玻璃片破裂。然而,外部玻璃片110的內部表面114上的適度拉張應力可能不足以克服在化學強化玻璃的接近表面區域中的離子交換誘導的壓縮應力。在實驗室的實驗中,六個受測樣本中只有兩個樣本有高負荷率衝擊造成化學強化玻璃片110斷裂的情況。其餘四個樣本中,無化學強化玻璃片120斷裂但化學強化玻璃片110維持完好。所有的本發明之樣本超越ECE R43頭型需求所提出的非擋風玻璃之衝擊需求。
比較性樣本A與B也受到雙軸彎曲測試。比較性樣本A包含1 mm的化學強化玻璃片/0.76 mm的標準PVB/1 mm的化學強化玻璃片之對稱構造,該樣本A顯現無斷裂因而無法達成ECE R43對玻璃層疊物必須斷裂的需求。
比較性樣本B包含1.5 mm的鹼石灰玻璃/0.76 mm的標準PVB/1.5 mm的鹼石灰玻璃片之對稱構造。在雙軸彎曲測試的結果中,該二玻璃片破裂,因而比較性樣本B通過ECE R43標準(Annex 7/3)。但是,無論哪一個玻璃片受衝擊,比較性樣本B玻璃層疊物中的兩個玻璃片均破裂,因此無法提供對外部衝擊的穩固的機械抵抗性,此述之穩固的機械抵抗性在混成層疊物中實現。也注意到在測試期間,頭型的後座力(反彈)在比較性樣本B中大於樣本1,這暗示著比較性構造不會如本發明之範例般有效消除能量。
頭部傷害指標(head injury criterion(HIC))是一種習知度量方式,能夠用於評量玻璃層疊物的安全性。HIC值是無因次量,可與承受衝擊造成的受傷的可能性有關聯。對於內部衝擊事件而言,期望較低的HIC值。
例如平坦混成玻璃層疊物,對於1.6 mm SL/0.8 mm A-PVB/0.7 mm GG堆疊的無化學強化側的衝擊的平均HIC值是175,而對於0.7 mm GG/0.8 mmA-PVB/1.6 mm SL堆疊的化學強化側的衝擊的平均HIC值是381。對於汽車鑲嵌玻璃應用而言,對化學強化(外部)側的衝擊的平均HIC值高於無化學強化側的衝擊的平均HIC值是有利的。例如化學強化側HIC值可大於或等於400(例如大於或等於400、450或500),而無化學強化側HIC值可低於或等於400(例如低於或等於400、350、300、250、200、150或100),使得化學強化側的HIC值比無
化學強化側的值大至少50,例如至少大50、100、150或200。
如在此所用,單數形式的「一」與「該」包括複數個參考對象,除非上下文另外清楚指定。因此,例如「金屬」之參考對象包括了具有兩個或更多個此類「金屬」的範例,除非上下文另外清楚指定。
在此,範圍可表達成從「約」一個特定數值及/或至「約」另一特定數值。當表達這樣的範圍時,多個範例包括從該一個特定數值及/或至其餘特定數值。類似地,當透過使用先行詞「約」將多個數值表達成近似值時,應瞭解特定的數值形成另一態樣。應進一步瞭解,該等範圍之各者的端點顯然既與其餘端點相關且又獨立於其餘端點。
除非以其他方式表述,否則申請人絕不希望任何在此提出的方法被詮釋成需要以特定順序執行該方法之步驟。因此,方法請求項不確實記載該方法之步驟所依循的順序時或者是請求項中或說明書中不另外特定陳述該等步驟限制在特定順序時,申請人絕不希望任何特定順序被推斷。
也應注意,在此的記載是指本發明的部件被「裝配成」或「適於」以特定方式作用。在這方面,這樣的部件被「裝配成」或「適於」實施特定性質,或以特定手段作用,其中這樣的記載是與所欲用途之記載成對比的結構性記載。更詳細而言,在此將部件「裝配成」或使部件
「適於」的手段的參考對象是標記該部件的現存實體條件,且就此而言,被視為該部件的結構特徵的定義清楚的記載。
對於熟習此技藝者而言,將明瞭可對本發明製作各種修飾形式與變化形式,但不可背離本發明的精神與範疇。由於熟習此技藝者可能思及結合本發明之精神與實質的所揭露之實施例的修飾形式組合、次組合與變化形式,本發明應被詮釋成包括落入所附之申請專利範圍的範疇內的每一者與該每一者之等效例。
100‧‧‧玻璃層疊物
110‧‧‧外部玻璃片
112‧‧‧外部表面
114‧‧‧內部表面
120‧‧‧內部玻璃片
122‧‧‧外部表面
124‧‧‧內部表面
130‧‧‧聚合物中間層
200‧‧‧有造型的玻璃層疊物
第1圖是根據多個實施例的示範性平坦的混成玻璃層疊物的示意圖;以及第2圖是根據多個實施例的示範性彎折的混成玻璃層疊物的示意圖。
100‧‧‧玻璃層疊物
110‧‧‧外部玻璃片
112‧‧‧外部表面
114‧‧‧內部表面
120‧‧‧內部玻璃片
122‧‧‧外部表面
124‧‧‧內部表面
130‧‧‧聚合物中間層
Claims (17)
- 一種玻璃層疊物,包含一外部玻璃片、一內部玻璃片與形成在該外部玻璃片與該內部玻璃片之間的一聚合物中間層,其中該外部玻璃片包含厚度低於或等於1 mm的一化學強化玻璃片;該聚合物中間層具有低於或等於1.6 mm的一厚度;以及該內部玻璃片包含厚度低於或等於2.5 mm的一無化學強化玻璃片。
- 如請求項1所述之玻璃層疊物,其中該外部玻璃片包括一種或多種鹼土族氧化物,使得鹼土族氧化物的一含量至少約5 wt.%。
- 如請求項1所述之玻璃層疊物,其中該外部玻璃片包括至少約6 wt.%的氧化鋁。
- 如請求項1所述之玻璃層疊物,其中該外部玻璃片具有介於約0.5至0.7 mm之間的一厚度。
- 如請求項1所述之玻璃層疊物,其中該聚合物中間層包含一單一聚合物片、一多層聚合物片或一複合聚合 物片。
- 如請求項1所述之玻璃層疊物,其中該聚合物中間層包含聲學等級的聚乙烯醇縮丁醛。
- 如請求項1所述之玻璃層疊物,其中該聚合物中間層具有介於約0.4至1.2mm之間的一厚度。
- 如請求項1所述之玻璃層疊物,其中該內部玻璃片包含鹼石灰(soda-lime)玻璃。
- 如請求項1所述之玻璃層疊物,其中該內部玻璃片包含熱強化玻璃。
- 如請求項1所述之玻璃層疊物,其中該內部玻璃片具有約1.5mm的一厚度。
- 如請求項1所述之玻璃層疊物,其中該等玻璃片的一總厚度低於3mm。
- 如請求項1所述之玻璃層疊物,其中該等玻璃片的一總厚度低於2.5mm。
- 如請求項1所述之玻璃層疊物,其中該等玻璃片的一 總厚度大約2.2mm。
- 如請求項1所述之玻璃層疊物,其中該玻璃層疊物具有大於1m2的一面積。
- 如請求項1所述之玻璃層疊物,其中該玻璃層疊物具有至少2m的一曲率半徑。
- 如請求項1所述之玻璃層疊物,其中對該外部玻璃片的一衝擊的一頭部傷害指標值(head injury criteria,HIC)大於對該內部玻璃片的一衝擊的一頭部傷害指標值(HIC)。
- 一種汽車鑲嵌玻璃,包含如請求項1所述之玻璃層疊物。
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2011
- 2011-09-28 US US13/247,182 patent/US10035331B2/en active Active
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- 2012-06-11 JP JP2014517011A patent/JP5890518B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-06-11 EP EP12728012.1A patent/EP2723562B1/en active Active
- 2012-06-11 CN CN201280030862.8A patent/CN103619582B/zh active Active
- 2012-06-11 DE DE202012013655.0U patent/DE202012013655U1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2012-06-11 EP EP18150842.5A patent/EP3323611A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-06-11 WO PCT/US2012/041811 patent/WO2012177426A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2012-06-11 KR KR1020147001946A patent/KR102048463B1/ko active Active
- 2012-06-11 DE DE202012013654.2U patent/DE202012013654U1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2012-06-19 TW TW101121929A patent/TWI581960B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP3323611A1 (en) | 2018-05-23 |
| WO2012177426A1 (en) | 2012-12-27 |
| JP5890518B2 (ja) | 2016-03-22 |
| TW201302457A (zh) | 2013-01-16 |
| DE202012013654U1 (de) | 2019-01-03 |
| EP2723562A1 (en) | 2014-04-30 |
| KR20140048944A (ko) | 2014-04-24 |
| EP2723562B1 (en) | 2018-02-07 |
| US20120328843A1 (en) | 2012-12-27 |
| CN103619582B (zh) | 2015-12-09 |
| DE202012013655U1 (de) | 2019-01-03 |
| KR102048463B1 (ko) | 2019-11-25 |
| JP2014523389A (ja) | 2014-09-11 |
| US10035331B2 (en) | 2018-07-31 |
| CN103619582A (zh) | 2014-03-05 |
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