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TWI486322B - 摻雜燒結產物 - Google Patents

摻雜燒結產物 Download PDF

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TWI486322B
TWI486322B TW098112527A TW98112527A TWI486322B TW I486322 B TWI486322 B TW I486322B TW 098112527 A TW098112527 A TW 098112527A TW 98112527 A TW98112527 A TW 98112527A TW I486322 B TWI486322 B TW I486322B
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oxide
mass
sintered product
less
tio
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TW098112527A
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TW200951094A (en
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Olivier Citti
Julien Fourcade
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Saint Gobain Ct Recherches
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    • C04B35/481Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on zirconium or hafnium oxides, zirconates, zircon or hafnates containing silicon, e.g. zircon
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    • C03GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03BMANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
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    • C03B5/16Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
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Description

摻雜燒結產物
本發明係關於由鋯石製得之新穎燒結材料、一種用於其製備之方法及其於玻璃熔爐中之用途。
在耐火產物之中,對熔融及澆鑄產物與燒結產物加以區別。
不同於燒結產物,熔製及澆鑄產物最常包括極其豐富之晶粒間玻璃相,其將填充結晶晶粒之晶格。因此,燒結產物及熔製與澆鑄產物在其各自應用中所遇到之問題以及為解決該等問題所採用之技術方案通常不同。此外,由於在製備方法之間存在顯著差異,故針對製備熔製與澆鑄產物所開發之組合物根據推斷不能夠同樣地用於製備燒結產物,且反之亦然。
燒結產物係藉由將合適原料混合且接著使此混合物以生坯狀態成形並在足夠溫度下及在足夠之時間內烘焙所得生坯形式以便達成此生坯形式之燒結來獲得。
燒結產物視其化學組成及製備方法而定預期用於非常多樣化之行業。
因此,適合於某一特定應用之燒結產物根據推斷將不具有對於其用於溫度、腐蝕或磨損條件不同的另一應用中所需之特性。
舉例而言,US 3,899,341描述由鋯石(50-90%)及由氧化鋯精製之燒結產物。使氧化鋯部分穩定以便限制會導致裂痕之產物之彈性形變。然而,US 3,899,341之產物被設計為與熔融鋼接觸使用。因此,其根據推斷不適用於與熔融玻璃接觸使用。
在燒結產物之中,由鋯石(矽酸鋯:ZrO2 .SiO2 ,或ZrSiO4 )及(視情況)氧化鋯(游離氧化鋯ZrO2 )精製之緻密產物可用於尤其在非鹼性玻璃之情況下其與熔融玻璃直接接觸之應用中。
EP 952 125因此描述預期用於玻璃熔爐且由鋯石(5-40%)及由氧化鋯精製之燒結產物。此等產物另外含有氧化鈦、氧化鋁及氧化釔,利用該等氧化物可在無任何裂痕之情況下精製得到大塊塊體。此等產物之SiO2 含量低於14%。其ZrO2 含量大於82%。
WO 02/44102描述用於製造玻璃板之隔離管(isopipe)。隔離管包括超過95質量%之鋯石且除非其還包括0.2%與0.4%之間的氧化鈦,否則展現不足之蠕變特性。為了說明技術現狀,WO 02/44102列舉US 5,124,287。
US 5,124,287描述含有75至95%鋯石及氧化鋯、預期與熔融玻璃接觸之組合物。其指出氧化鈦之存在有利於使所得產物在燒結之後緻密化。在最終產物中,氧化鋯應未經穩定,且因此較佳在起始混合物中使用未經穩定之氧化鋯。然而,經(例如)氧化鋯穩定劑(諸如氧化釔或氧化鈣)穩定之氧化鋯的使用並非「貶值」(redhibitory),對混合物加熱可導致氧化鋯失穩。
WO 2006/073841描述預期用於玻璃行業之耐火材料。基於鋯石之此等材料可包括Y2 O3 。其總是包括至少1% P2 O5 或V2 O5
SU 1 020 404描述預期用於塗佈基於鋯石之耐火產物的混合物。
新型玻璃(諸如無鹼玻璃)之外觀需要使玻璃之熔融及/或成形溫度增加。因此,對於基於鋯石之傳統材料可見其效能降低。實際上,基於鋯石之傳統材料在使其經受高於1,550℃之溫度時傾向於流出。由於溫度及在此等溫度下之暴露時間增加,故流出更加顯著。此現象由於其可隨後伴隨在玻璃中形成缺陷、玻璃之腐蝕增加且伴隨起泡現象而特別具有破壞性。
因此,對具有非常良好之流出抗性且可用於玻璃熔爐中之產物存在需要。本發明旨在滿足此需要。
為此,本發明提出一種由始料精製之燒結產物,該始料含有75-99%鋯石(以基於始料之質量百分比計)且具有以下平均重量化學組成(以基於氧化物之質量百分比計):
其他氧化物:
總計100%。
此燒結耐火產物尤其相對於迄今描述之產物而言具有極佳之流出抗性。其亦有利地具有等於或高於已測試之已知產物的高密度。
本發明之產物較佳進一步具有以下可選特徵中之一或多者:
-Ta2 O5 含量大於0.3%,較佳大於0.5%,更佳大於0.8%(以基於氧化物之質量百分比計)。
-Ta2 O5 含量小於3%,較佳小於2.5%,更佳小於2%(以基於氧化物之質量百分比計)。
(以基於氧化物之質量百分比計)。
-ZnO含量大於0.3%,較佳大於0.5%,更佳大於0.8%(以基於氧化物之質量百分比計)。
-ZnO含量小於3%,較佳小於2.5%,更佳小於2%(以基於氧化物之質量百分比計)。
-本發明之產物包括來自Al2 O3 、TiO2 、MgO、Fe2 O3 、NiO、MnO2 、CoO及CuO之至少一種氧化物,且較佳包括其中之至少兩種氧化物。較佳地,該等氧化物中之至少一者或甚至該等氧化物中之至少兩者中之每一者的含量大於0.05%,較佳大於0.10%,更佳大於0.15%,更佳大於0.3%(以基於氧化物之質量百分比計)。較佳為:0.05%<Al2 O3 +TiO2 ,較佳為0.9%<Al2 O3 +TiO2 ,更佳為1%<Al2 O3 +TiO2 。亦較佳為:Al2 O3 +TiO2 <3%,較佳為Al2 O3 +TiO2 <2%(以基於氧化物之質量百分比計)。
-該產物具有以下平均重量化學組成(以基於氧化物之質量百分比計):
其他氧化物:
總計100%。
-該產物具有以下平均重量化學組成(以基於氧化物之質量百分比計):
其他氧化物:
總計100%。
-「其他氧化物」為雜質。較佳為:「其他氧化物」之含量小於1.2%,較佳小於1%,更佳小於0.7%,較佳小於0.5%且更佳小於0.2%(以基於氧化物之質量百分比計)。
-P2 O5 含量小於1%,較佳小於0.5%。
-氧化釔Y2 O3 含量小於0.5%,較佳小於0.3%(以基於氧化物之質量百分比計)。
-該始料中之鋯石含量小於或等於80%(以基於始料之質量百分比計)。
-該產物中之氧化鋯含量大於5%,較佳大於10%,且/或小於15%(以基於氧化物之質量百分比計)。
-90數目%以上或甚至實質上100數目%之晶粒具有小於50微米、較佳小於30微米、較佳小於20微米、甚至較佳小於10微米之粒徑。
-該產物之表觀孔隙度小於5%,較佳小於2%,較佳小於1%,較佳小於0.5%。
-該產物具有大於4.0g/cm3 、較佳大於4.1g/cm3 、較佳大於4.2g/cm3 之表觀密度。
-該產物具有塊體形狀,該塊體較佳具有大於5kg、較佳大於10kg之質量。
本發明亦係關於一種用於製備燒結產物之方法,該方法包括以下步驟:
a)將原料混合以形成始料;
b)由該始料成形生坯部分;
c)燒結該生坯部分以獲得該燒結產物,
值得注意的是測定該始料以使該產物符合本發明。
本發明之方法較佳可進一步具有以下可選特徵中之一或多者:
-在步驟a)中,以使得全部鋯石與氧化鋯之含量占始料之至少95%(以基於始料之質量百分比計)的量添加鋯石及視情況氧化鋯。
-以確保步驟c)中所獲得之燒結產物符合本發明之量自動地(亦即系統性地且有條理地)添加氧化物Al2 O3 、TiO2 、MgO、Fe2 O3 、NiO、MnO2 、CoO、CuO、B2 O3 、GeO2 、P2 O5 、Sb2 O3 、Nb2 O5 、Ta2 O5 、V2 O5 、PbO、ZnO及CdO中之一或多者。
-至少50質量%、較佳至少80質量%、較佳至少90質量%、更佳實質上100質量%之鋅係以氧化物ZnO形式來添加。
-磷酸含量小於1%,較佳小於0.8%,甚至較佳小於0.5%。
-步驟a)中所用中之原料具有小於50μm或甚至小於40μm或甚至小於20μm或甚至小於5μm或甚至小於4μm之中值粒徑(D50 )。
本發明亦係關於根據本發明之方法製得或能夠根據本發明之方法製得的本發明之耐火產物於玻璃熔爐中、尤其在與熔融玻璃接觸之熔爐區域中的用途。本發明亦係關於此類玻璃熔爐。
定義
在本說明書中且依照慣例,在始料中或在產物中,不與SiO2 分子締合形成鋯石的ZrO2 分子被稱為「氧化鋯」。同樣地,不與ZrO2 分子締合形成鋯石的SiO2 分子被稱為二氧化矽。本發明之產物的ZrO2 含量對應於鋯石之ZrO2 含量且對應於氧化鋯。本發明之產物的SiO2 含量對應於鋯石之SiO2 含量且對應於二氧化矽。
在化學組成中,氧化物含量係關於根據工業慣例以最穩定之氧化物形式表示的相應化學元素中之每一者的總含量;因此包括上述元素之次氧化物以及(視情況)氮化物、氧氮化物、碳化物、氧碳化物、碳氮化物或甚至金屬物質。
在用於定義產物之化學組成的氧化物Al2 O3 、TiO2 、MgO、Fe2 O3 、NiO、MnO2 、CoO、CuO、B2 O3 、GeO2 、P2 O5 、Sb2 O3 、Nb2 O5 、Ta2 O5 、V2 O5 、PbO、ZnO及CdO之質量含量總和中,所提及之氧化物中之一或多者可不存在。
含有氧化鋯ZrO2 之原料亦含有少量HfO2 (1.5%-2%)。「ZrO2 」習知指定氧化鋯ZrO2 及與ZrO2 一起引入之此等痕量HfO2
除非另外指出,否則所有百分比為基於氧化物之質量百分比。詳言之,在始料中,鋯石百分比係基於始料之總質量來表示。
「雜質」意謂不可避免之成分,其必然會被引入原料中或由與該等成分之反應產生。在一特定實施例中,P2 O5 為雜質。
一組粒子之「中值粒徑」D50 為使該組粒子分成質量上相等之第一群與第二群且該等第一群與第二群僅包括粒徑分別大於或小於該中值粒徑之粒子的粒徑。
晶粒之粒徑為其於拋光切片中觀測到之較大尺寸。
鋯石可由鋯砂或由具有強鋯石含量之緻密產物之燒粉提供。
根據本發明,始料包括至少75%、較佳至少80%之鋯石絕對必要。若由本發明之鋯石引入的SiO2 與ZrO2 之量以二氧化矽及氧化鋯形式來提供,則實際上將不能獲得本發明之產物的有利特性。
鋯石與氧化鋯含量之總和較佳占始料之至少95%。
氧化鋯由於其在高溫下之結晶態轉移而具有明顯之膨脹變化。為了限制此等膨脹變化(尤其針對大塊體而言),需要限制氧化鋯含量。始料因此應含有少於25%之氧化鋯,此係由至少75%之鋯石含量來確保。
根據本發明,至少一種選自B2 O3 、GeO2 、P2 O5 、Sb2 O3 、Nb2 O5 、Ta2 O5 或V2 O5 之氧化物、尤其Ta2 O5 及Nb2 O5 且更尤其Ta2 O5 以及同時至少一種選自ZnO、PbO及CdO之氧化物、尤其ZnO的存在可改良基於鋯石之耐火產物的流出抗性。
在添加至少一種選自Al2 O3 、TiO2 、MgO、Fe2 O3 、NiO、MnO2 、CoO、CuO之氧化物的情況下,必要時有可能改良本發明之產物的密度。此等添加因此在將產物置於腐蝕性環境中且尤其與熔融玻璃接觸安置之應用中特別有利。本發明者已發現,在本發明之產物中,且尤其在包括Ta2 O5 之產物中,在使該等添加且尤其Al2 O3 與TiO2 之添加限於低含量(尤其小於3%,小於2%或甚至小於1%或甚至小於0.5%,以基於氧化物之質量百分比計)時仍然可獲得高密度。
較佳地,向始料中添加至少1%之二氧化矽,以便在低於純鋯石緻密化所需溫度的溫度下促進開始緻密化。
「其他氧化物」為諸如Na2 O或Y2 O3 之氧化物。Na2 O含量(其可促進鋯石之解離)應減到最低。較佳地,此等氧化物為由原料引入之雜質,且其並非所需成分,而僅為可容許者。在小於1.5%之含量下,認為此等「其他氧化物」之影響實質上不會改變所獲得之結果。
較佳地,本發明之燒結產物中氧化物Na2 O及Y2 O3 中之每一者的含量小於0.5%,較佳小於0.3%,更佳小於0.15%(以基於氧化物之質量百分比計)。
根據習知包括步驟a)至c)之方法可製得燒結耐火塊體。此方法視情況在步驟a)之前包括研磨鋯石來源及其他原料之步驟。藉由此步驟,有可能獲得材料之良好後續緻密化所需之習知粒徑特徵。詳言之,由此製備之粉末可具有小於50μm或甚至小於40μm或甚至小於20μm或甚至小於5μm或甚至小於4μm之中值粒徑(D50 )。
在步驟a)中,投與所有原料以便使混合物具有所要之平均重量化學組成,且接著在習用於鋯石燒結方法中之去絮凝劑及/或黏合劑(例如磷酸)之存在下混合。
原料之混合物可視情況在轉至步驟b)之前先霧化。
隨後在步驟b)中,(例如)藉由等靜壓壓製法來使該混合物成形,以便形成具有所要大小之塊體。
可使用諸如粉漿澆鑄、單軸壓製、凝膠澆鑄、振動壓鑄(vibrocasting)之其他技術或該等技術之組合。
在步驟c)中,在空氣中於大氣壓力下且在包含於1,400℃與1,700℃之間的溫度下使生坯部分燒結,以便形成緻密耐火塊體。
當然,本發明不限於所述作為說明性及非限制性實例提供的實施例。
實例
出於說明本發明為目的,給出以下非限制性實例。
在此等實例中,所使用之以下原料已經選定,給出之百分比為質量百分比:
-經微米尺寸化之鋯石,其具有以下平均化學分析結果(以重量計):ZrO2 +HfO2 :66%,SiO2 :33%,Al2 O3 :0.3%,P2 O5 :0.3%,Fe2 O3 :0.07%;TiO2 :0.08%,及少於0.2%的諸如Y2 O3 之其他化合物。該等粒子具有2.5μm之中值粒徑(D50 )。
-80%磷酸H3 PO4 溶液。
-含有99%以上ZnO之氧化鋅,其中該等粒子之中值粒徑(D50 )為約3μm。
-含有約95% TiO2 之氧化鈦,且其中粒子之中值粒徑為2.3μm。
-氧化鋁,其中該等粒子之中值粒徑為約3μm。
-氧化鍺,其含有約99%之GeO2 且其中該等粒子之中值粒徑為約3μm。
-氧化鉭,其含有約99.85%之Ta2 O5 且其中該等粒子之粒徑小於44μm。
根據習知包括以下步驟之方法製得燒結耐火塊體:
a)將原料混合以形成始料,
b)由該混合物成形生坯部分,
c)燒結該生坯部分。
在步驟a)中,投與所有原料以便使混合物具有所要之平均重量化學組成,且接著在習知使用之燒結劑、去絮凝劑及/或黏合劑(例如磷酸)之存在下加以混合。
原料之混合物可視情況在轉至步驟a)之前加以霧化。
隨後在步驟b)中,藉由等靜壓壓製法來使該混合物成形,以便形成具有200mm之直徑及約200mm之高度的圓柱形生坯部分。
接著在步驟c)中,在空氣中於大氣壓力下且在1,600℃之燒結溫度下使生坯部分燒結,其中將平台溫度維持20小時。
為了量測流出程度,獲取具有邊長為25mm之方形截面及75mm之高度的產物之棒形樣品,且使其經受1,700℃下之加熱,歷時24小時。在此階段結束時,量測樣品之體積。將樣品在加熱後之體積稱為「Vm」,樣品在加熱前之體積稱為「Vi」,且該兩體積之間的差為「Va」(體積增量):Va=Vm-Vi。將比率Va/Vi稱為「流出指數」,其在表1中註為「EI」。
所使用之原料之份數(質量百分比)以及所獲得之燒結產物之表觀孔隙度(%)、密度及「EI」指數係在表1中給出。
表1清楚地展示本發明之產物具有極其良好之流出抗性。此等產物之密度仍然等於已測試之已知產物的密度。
該等產物因此可完全適合於用於玻璃熔爐中。

Claims (17)

  1. 一種由始料精製之燒結產物,該始料以基於氧化物之質量百分比計含有75-99%鋯石,其中的原料為具有小於5μm之中值粒徑的粉末,且該燒結產物以基於氧化物之質量百分比計具有以下平均重量化學組成:60%ZrO2 72.8%;27%SiO2 36%;0.1%B2 O3 +GeO2 +P2 O5 +Sb2 O3 +Nb2 O5 +Ta2 O5 +V2 O5 ;0.1%ZnO+PbO+CdO;B2 O3 +GeO2 +P2 O5 +Sb2 O3 +Nb2 O5 +Ta2 O5 +V2 O5 +ZnO+PbO+CdO5%;0%Al2 O3 +TiO2 +MgO+Fe2 O3 +NiO+MnO2 +CoO+CuO5%;其他氧化物:1.5%,總計100%。
  2. 如請求項1之燒結產物,其中:0.1%GeO2 +P2 O5 +Nb2 O5 +Ta2 O5 ,且/或0.1%ZnO,且/或GeO2 +P2 O5 +Nb2 O5 +Ta2 O5 +ZnO5%,且/或0%Al2 O3 +TiO2 +MgO+Fe2 O3 +NiO+MnO2 +CoO+CuO5%。
  3. 如請求項1或2之燒結產物,其中該Ta2 O5 含量以基於氧化物之質量百分比計大於0.3%且小於3%。
  4. 如請求項1或2之燒結產物,其中該Ta2 O5 含量以基於氧化 物之質量百分比計大於0.8%。
  5. 如請求項1或2之燒結產物,其中該ZnO含量以基於氧化物之質量百分比計大於0.3%且小於3%。
  6. 如請求項1或2之燒結產物,其中該ZnO含量以基於氧化物之質量百分比計大於0.8%。
  7. 如請求項1或2之燒結產物,其以基於氧化物之質量百分比計包括超過0.05%之至少一種來自Al2 O3 、TiO2 、MgO、Fe2 O3 、NiO、MnO2 、CoO及CuO之氧化物。
  8. 如請求項1或2之燒結產物,其以基於氧化物之質量百分比計包括超過0.3%之至少兩種來自Al2 O3 、TiO2 、MgO、Fe2 O3 、NiO、MnO2 、CoO及CuO之氧化物。
  9. 如請求項1或2之燒結產物,其以基於氧化物之質量百分比計具有如下化學組成:0.05%<Al2 O3 +TiO2 <3%。
  10. 如請求項1或2之燒結產物,其以基於氧化物之質量百分比計具有如下化學組成:0.9%<Al2 O3 +TiO2
  11. 如請求項1或2之燒結產物,其以基於氧化物之質量百分比計具有如下平均重量化學組成:60%ZrO2 72.4%;27%SiO2 36%;0.2%B2 O3 +Nb2 O5 +Ta2 O5 2.5%;0.2%ZnO2.5%;0.2%Al2 O3 +TiO2 +MgO+NiO+MnO2 +CoO+CuO3%;其他氧化物:1.5%,總計100%。
  12. 如請求項1或2之燒結產物,其以基於氧化物之質量百分比計具有如下平均重量化學組成:60%ZrO2 72.4%;27%SiO2 36%;0.2%Nb2 O5 +Ta2 O5 2.5%;0.2%ZnO2.5%;0.2%Al2 O3 +TiO2 2%;其他氧化物:1.5%,總計100%。
  13. 如請求項1或2之燒結產物,其中該「其他氧化物」之含量以基於氧化物之質量百分比計小於0.5%。
  14. 如請求項1或2之燒結產物,其中該氧化釔Y2 O3 含量以基於氧化物之質量百分比計小於0.5%。
  15. 如請求項1或2之燒結產物,其中該氧化鋯含量以基於氧化物之質量百分比計大於5%。
  16. 一種如請求項1至15中任一項之產物的用途,其係用於玻璃熔爐中該產物與熔融玻璃接觸之區域中。
  17. 如請求項16之用途,其係用以增加流出抗性。
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