TWI468170B - 薑化合物之用途 - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/12—Ketones
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
- A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
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Description
本發明係關於一種薑化合物之用途,係用以製備抑制鄰苯二甲酸酯類塑化劑誘導之呼吸道重塑現象的藥物。
氣喘(Asthma,或稱哮喘)係一種慢性呼吸道疾病,主要包括呼吸道炎性反應(Airway inflammation)、呼吸道過度敏感反應(Airway hyper-reactivity)及呼吸道重塑(Airway remodeling)等病理特徵現象,目前臨床醫學研究發現,呼吸道重塑可能是在發炎反應的同時,或者重複發生發炎反應後而發生,特別係關於氣管或支氣管的上皮細胞(Epithelial cell)在接觸到過敏原而分泌發炎因子、細胞激素(Cytokine)或趨化素(Chemokine),促使其下方的平滑肌細胞發生移行(Migration)或增生(Proliferation)的現象,其中又以介白素-8(Interleukin 8,簡稱IL-8)及趨化性介質(Regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted,簡稱RANTES)係與呼吸道重塑相關,導致氣管壁厚度增加,更加劇了氣喘的症狀。
呼吸道重塑的發生常是氣喘患者於中期或後期病情加重的主要原因之一。根據過去臨床經驗,重度氣喘患者或因氣喘而死亡之病患,經病理解剖其呼吸道結構可發現,該呼吸道之平滑肌細胞位置較正常人之位置更靠近上皮細胞,顯示其平滑肌細胞有移行現象,且氣喘患者的平滑肌細胞數量亦較正常人為多,使得呼吸道之氣道縮小而
發生換氣不足的情形。由上述可知,一旦氣喘患者發生呼吸道重塑,氣喘患者呼吸道的換氣空間減少,而增加氣喘發作時呼吸困難的程度,進而提高氣喘患者因換氣困難而死亡的機率。
目前臨床上習用氣喘藥物包含類固醇藥物(Corticosteroids)、白三烯素反應調節劑(Leukotriene response modifier)及乙二型支氣管擴張劑(β2-agonist)。該類固醇藥物係用以抑制炎性反應的藥物,減少促發炎蛋白之轉錄或者增進抗發炎蛋白之轉錄作用,進而幫助呼吸道放鬆以減緩氣喘症狀,係可作為速效型或長期控制之藥物使用;該白三烯素反應調節劑係用以抑制嗜伊紅性白血球(Eosionophil)和肥大細胞(Mast cell)釋放白三烯素,白三烯素係用以刺激細胞釋放黏液,減緩黏液輸送,藉由白三烯素反應調節劑可抑制黏液產生;該乙二型支氣管擴張劑係用以與平滑肌細胞的乙二型腎上腺受體(β2-adrenoreceptor)結合,以幫助氣管擴張。
然而,由於習用氣喘藥物的作用機制皆係以降低氣管敏感的炎性反應,或者增加氣管擴張等方式,以立即改善氣喘患者的急性症狀,該習用氣喘藥物並非作用於引起呼吸道重塑之機制,因此,習用氣喘藥物無法用以預防或治療中期或後期氣喘患者所發生的呼吸道重塑現象。
此外,習用氣喘藥物僅能用以緩解急性氣喘症狀,且該等習用氣喘藥物係由人工合成之化合物組成,因此除了伴隨著許多副作用,經長期服用後,除了對個體肝臟具有毒性作用,甚至可能引起更嚴重之急性氣喘症狀。
由上述可知,對於氣喘患者而言,有必要提供一種能夠抑制呼吸道重塑現象的醫藥組合物,以改善中期或後期氣喘患者症狀加劇之情形。
本發明之主要目的係提供一種薑化合物之用途,係藉由抑制個體呼吸道之平滑肌細胞的移行或增生,進而減緩個體發生換氣困難的情形。
為達到前述發明目的,本發明之技術內容包含有:一種薑化合物之用途,係用以製備抑制鄰苯二甲酸酯類塑化劑誘導之呼吸道重塑現象的藥物,其中,該薑化合物係選自由薑烯酚、6-生薑醇、8-生薑醇及10-生薑醇所組成之群組。
本發明薑化合物之用途中,該薑化合物係抑制呼吸道重塑中,支氣管或氣管之平滑肌細胞發生移行或增生的現象。
本發明薑化合物之用途中,該呼吸道重塑現象係由鄰苯二甲酸酯類塑化劑所引起,其中,該鄰苯二甲酸酯類塑化劑係包含有鄰苯二甲酸甲苯基丁酯〔butylbenzyl phthalate,簡稱BBP〕、鄰苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯〔bis-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,簡稱BEHP〕、鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯〔dibutyl phthalate,簡稱DBP〕及鄰苯二甲酸二乙酯〔diethyl phthalate,簡稱DEP〕。
為讓本發明之上述及其他目的、特徵及優點能更明顯
易懂,下文特舉本發明之較佳實施例,並配合所附圖式,作詳細說明如下:
本發明係提供一種薑化合物之用途,其中,該薑化合物能夠抑制氣喘病理特徵中的呼吸道重塑現象,特別係抑制氣管或支氣管之平滑肌細胞發生移行或增生的現象,進一步降低個體因呼吸道重塑死亡之風險。本發明亦藉由該薑化合物製備一種用以預防或治療氣喘之醫藥組合物供患者服用,該醫藥組合物能夠抑制該平滑肌細胞之移行及增生的情形,以降低個體因呼吸道重塑而死亡之風險。
本發明薑化合物之用途,請參照第1至4圖所示,該薑化合物係來自由薑烯酚(6-shogarol,第1圖)、6-生薑醇(6-gingerol,第2圖)、8-生薑醇(8-gingerol,第3圖)及10-生薑醇(10-gingerol,第4圖)等薑化合物所組成之群。舉例而言,該等薑化合物可以選擇但不限定係由薑(Zingiber officinale
)之根部、辣椒或胡椒等天然植物萃取而得,或者該等薑化合物亦可以由人工合成,其中,由薑所萃取得之薑化合物中,以薑烯醇為薑的主要活性成分,而該6-生薑醇經過脫水反應(Dehydration)後,亦可形成薑烯醇。
為證實本發明該薑化合物確實具有抑制呼吸道平滑肌細胞發生移行及增生,避免呼吸道重塑現象的發生,進而改善氣喘症狀,本實施例係以鄰苯二甲酸酯類(Phthalate esters)塑化劑誘導細胞發生呼吸道重塑之體外模式進行試驗,驗證該等薑化合物具有抑制呼吸道重塑之作用。
「建立以鄰苯二甲酸酯類塑化劑誘導呼吸道重塑之體外模
式」
請參照第5圖所示,係本實施例以鄰苯二甲酸酯類塑化劑(後簡稱PE塑化劑)誘導呼吸道重塑體外模式之步驟方塊圖,其包括:一第一步驟S1及一第二步驟S2。
該第一步驟S1,係將上皮細胞與一PE塑化劑共培養至該上皮細胞株產生可誘導平滑肌細胞發生移行或增生之發炎因子、細胞激素或趨化素,如IL-8及RANTES等,並收集該上皮細胞之細胞培養液。本實施例之二株人類支氣管上皮細胞株係購自美國菌種保藏中心(American Type Cell Collection,簡稱ATCC),分別為BEAS-2B細胞株(簡稱BEAS細胞株,編號為CRL-9609)及HBE 135-E6E7細胞株(簡稱HBE細胞株,編號為CRL-2741),而該PE塑化劑係可選擇由鄰苯二甲酸甲苯基丁酯〔butylbenzyl phthalate,簡稱BBP〕、鄰苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯〔bis-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,簡稱BEHP〕、鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯〔dibutyl phthalate,簡稱DBP〕及鄰苯二甲酸二乙酯〔diethyl phthalate,簡稱DEP〕所組成之群,且該PE塑化劑之誘導濃度為0.1~5.0微莫耳濃度(μM)。
本實施例之該BEAS細胞株係以支氣管上皮細胞生長培養基(Bronchial epithelial growth medium,簡稱BEGM培養基)培養,而該HBE細胞株係以無血清之角質上皮細胞培養基(Keratinocyte serum-free medium,簡稱K-SF培養基)培養,其中該K-SF培養基包含5奈克/毫升(ng/ml)之人類重組表皮生長因子(Human recombinant EGF)、500毫克/毫升(mg/ml)之牛腦垂體萃取物(Bovine pituitary
extract)、0.05mg/ml胰島素及500ng/ml皮質醇(Hydrocortisone),該二上皮細胞株(每100mm培養皿內包含至少2×106
個細胞數)於培養溫度為37±1℃與該PE塑化劑共培養6小時,移除包含該PE塑化劑之培養基後,再續培養24小時,取該上皮細胞之細胞培養液(即上清液),該細胞培養液中係包含該上皮細胞所分泌之細胞激素或發炎因子等,如IL-6、IL-8、RANTES、Eotaxin及CXCL5等,而使位於上皮細胞下的平滑肌細胞發生移行及增生現象。本實施例係以5μM之DBP作為誘導上皮細胞分泌細胞激素或發炎因子之誘導物,其中,以DBP誘導BEAS細胞株產生細胞激素或發炎因子後,所收集該BEAS細胞株之細胞培養液,簡稱DBP-BEAS細胞培養液,而以DBP誘導HBE細胞株產生細胞激素或發炎因子後,所收集該HBE細胞株之細胞培養液,簡稱DBP-HBE細胞培養液。
該第二步驟S2,係將該第一步驟S1之細胞培養液,加入一平滑肌細胞共培養,使該平滑肌細胞發生移行及增生現象。本實施例之平滑肌細胞係購自Lonza公司的初級人類支氣管平滑肌細胞(Primary human bronchial smooth cell,簡稱BSMC),並以一SmGM®
-2平滑肌細胞培養基(Lonza)於溫度為37±1℃之條件下與該細胞培養液共培養72小時。藉由上述二步驟建構本實施例之誘導平滑肌細胞發生移行及增生現象的呼吸道重塑體外模式。
「該等薑化合物抑制以DBP-BEAS細胞培養液誘發該平滑肌細胞之移行及增生現象」
(A1)該平滑肌細胞之移行現象:
本實施例係取10組平滑肌細胞(第A1-1組至第A1-10組)分別於一移行檢測室(Migration chamber)預先培養24小時,使該平滑肌細胞貼附於該移行檢測室之表面,本實施例之該等薑化合物皆係購自Sigma Chemical Co.(St.Louis,MO)。如第1表所示,第A1-1組至第A1-5組係將5組平滑肌細胞分別與DMSO(Dimethyl sulfoxide)、薑烯酚、6-生薑醇、8-生薑醇及10-生薑醇共培養,第A1-6組至第A1-10組則先分別加入DMSO、薑烯酚、6-生薑醇、8-生薑醇及10-生薑醇(該等薑化合物之濃度皆為5μM,其溶媒為DMSO),並與該DBP-BEAS細胞培養液共培養24小時後,以一細胞移行檢驗套組〔QCM Chemotaxis 8μM cell migration assay system(Chemicon,Temecula,CA;Millipore Corp,Bedford,MA)〕進行染色、細胞溶裂後,測得各組該平滑肌細胞於波長520nm之吸光值,定量該平滑肌細胞之移行數量(吸光值越高之組別代表其細胞移行數量越多),並以單向變異分析(ANOVA)判別各組間是否具有顯著差異(p
<0.05)。
請參照第6圖所示,第A1-1組為正常條件下之平滑肌細胞,第A1-2至第A1-5組之吸光值與第A1-1組相較不具有顯著差異(p
<0.05),代表該薑化合物不會對平滑肌細胞造成異常影響;第A1-6組僅以該DBP-BEAS細胞培養液與平滑肌細胞共培養後,其吸光值明顯高於其他9組,該第A1-6組確實因DBP誘導上皮細胞,而促使平滑肌細胞發生移行現象,第A1-7組至第A1-10組之移行現象均有下降,且分別與第A1-6組之間具有顯著差異,證實本發明該等薑化合物皆能夠抑制該平滑肌細胞之移行現象;其中,又以薑烯醇對抑制該移行現象之效果最顯著,甚至與該第A1-1組至第A1-5組之間不具有顯著差異,其次依序為10-生薑醇、8-生薑醇及6-生薑醇。
(A2)該平滑肌細胞之增生現象:
本實施例另取10組平滑肌細胞(於96孔盤中含有至少4×103
個平滑肌細胞)分別與如第2表所示之DMSO或薑化合物預先培養1小時,該第A2-6組至第A2-10組皆加入該DBP-BEAS細胞培養液後,該10組平滑肌細胞再續培養72小時,以一細胞增生檢驗套組〔Premixed WST-1
cell proliferation reagent(Clontech Laboratories Inc.,Mountain View,CA)〕檢測各組平滑肌細胞與對照組(第A2-1組及第A2-6組)相較之增生率。
請參照第7圖所示,以第A2-1組作為基準(其細胞增生率設為100%),第A2-2組至第A2-5組與第A2-1組相較不具有顯著差異(p
<0.05),代表該薑化合物不會對平滑肌細胞造成異常影響;第A2-6組僅以該DBP-BEAS細胞培養液與平滑肌細胞共培養後,其增生率明顯高於其他9組,該第A2-6組確實因DBP誘導上皮細胞,而促使平滑肌細胞發生增生現象,而第A2-7組至第A2-10組之增生現象均有下降,且分別與第A2-6組之間具有顯著差異,
證實本發明該等薑化合物皆能夠抑制該平滑肌細胞之增生現象;其中,又以薑烯醇對抑制該增生現象之效果最顯著,甚至與該第A2-1組至第A2-5組之間不具有顯著差異,其次依序為10-生薑醇、8-生薑醇及6-生薑醇。
「該等薑化合物抑制以DBP-HBE細胞培養液誘發該平滑肌細胞之移行及增生現象」
(B1)該平滑肌細胞之移行現象:
本實施例係取10組平滑肌細胞(第B1-1組至第B1-10組)分別於一移行檢測室(Migration chamber)預先培養24小時,使該平滑肌細胞貼附於該移行檢測室之表面,本實施例之該等薑化合物皆係購自Sigma Chemical Co.(St.Louis,MO)。如第3表所示,第B1-1組至第B1-5組係將5組平滑肌細胞分別與DMSO、薑烯酚、6-生薑醇、8-生薑醇及10-生薑醇共培養,第B1-6組至第B1-10組則先分別加入DMSO、薑烯酚、6-生薑醇、8-生薑醇及10-生薑醇(該等薑化合物之濃度皆為5μM),並與該DBP-HBE細胞培養液共培養24小時後,以一細胞移行檢驗套組〔QCM Chemotaxis 8μM cell migration assay system(Chemicon,Temecula,CA;Millipore Corp,Bedford,MA)〕進行染色、細胞溶裂後,測得各組該平滑肌細胞於波長520nm之吸光值,定量該平滑肌細胞之移行數量(吸光值越高之組別代表細胞移行數量越多),並以單向變異分析(ANOVA)判別各組間是否具有顯著差異(p
<0.05)。
第3表:本實施例第B1-1至B1-10組之誘導條件及所添加之薑化合物種類
請參照第8圖所示,第B1-1組為正常條件下之平滑肌細胞,第B1-2至第B1-5組之吸光值與第B1-1組相較不具有顯著差異(p
<0.05),代表該薑化合物不會對平滑肌細胞造成異常影響;第B1-6組僅以該DBP-HBE細胞培養液與平滑肌細胞共培養後,其吸光值明顯高於其他9組,該第B1-6組確實因DBP誘導上皮細胞,而促使平滑肌細胞發生移行現象,而第B1-7組至第B1-10組之移行現象均有下降,且分別與第B1-6組之間具有顯著差異,證實本發明該等薑化合物皆能夠抑制該平滑肌細胞之移行現象;其中,又以薑烯醇對抑制該移行現象之效果最顯著,甚至與該第B1-1組至第B1-5組之間不具有顯著差異,其次依序為10-生薑醇、8-生薑醇及6-生薑醇。
(B2)該平滑肌細胞之增生現象:
本實施例另取10組平滑肌細胞(於96孔盤中含有至少4×103
個平滑肌細胞)分別與如第4表所示之薑化合物預先培養1小時,該第B2-6組至第B2-10組皆加入該DBP-HBE細胞培養液後,該10組平滑肌細胞再續培養72小時,以一細胞增生檢驗套組〔Premixed WST-1 cell proliferation reagent(Clontech Laboratories Inc.,Mountain View,CA)〕檢測各組平滑肌細胞與對照組(第B2-1組及第B2-6組)相較之增生率。
請參照第9圖所示,以第B2-1組作為基準(其細胞增生率設為100%),第B2-2組至第B2-5組與第B2-1組相較不具有無顯著差異(p
<0.05),代表該薑化合物不會對平
滑肌細胞造成異常影響;第B2-6組僅以該DBP-HBE細胞培養液與平滑肌細胞共培養後,其增生率明顯高於其他9組,該第B2-6組確實因DBP的誘導誘導上皮細胞,而促使平滑肌細胞發生增生現象,而第B2-7組至第B2-10組之增生現象均有下降,且分別與第B2-6組之間具有顯著差異,證實本發明該等薑化合物皆能夠抑制該平滑肌細胞之增生現象;其中,又以薑烯醇對抑制該增生現象之效果最顯著,甚至與該第B2-1組至第B2-5組之間不具有顯著差異,其次依序為10-生薑醇、8-生薑醇及6-生薑醇。
由上述可知,分別以受到DBP誘導的BEAS細胞或HBE細胞,以BEAS細胞培養液或HBE細胞培養液與該平滑肌細胞共培養,確實能夠誘發該平滑肌細胞之移行及增生現象,而本發明該等薑化合物-薑烯酚、6-生薑醇、8-生薑醇及10-生薑醇,皆能夠抑制該平滑肌細胞之移行及增生現象。因此,本發明該等薑化合物係能夠用以製備抑制鄰苯二甲酸酯類塑化劑誘導之呼吸道重塑現象的藥物,抑制中期或後期氣喘患者發生呼吸道重塑之病症,以改善中期或後期氣喘患者可能發生更嚴重的換氣困難等現象。
本發明該等薑化合物係能夠抑制中期或後期氣喘患者發生呼吸道重塑之病症,改善中期或後期氣喘患者可能發生更嚴重的換氣困難等現象,將至少一薑化合物用於製備預防或治療呼吸道重塑之藥物或保健食品,該薑化合物係選自由薑烯酚、6-生薑醇、8-生薑醇及10-生薑醇所組成之群組,並與醫藥學上可接受之載劑或賦形劑組合形成一醫藥組合物,其中,該醫藥組合物係可以製備成任何方便
個體吸入或食用之型式,如噴劑、粉劑、粒劑或液劑等。
本發明之薑化合物之用途,係藉由抑制個體呼吸道之平滑肌細胞的移行或增生,進而減緩個體發生換氣困難的情形,具有預防中期或後期氣喘患者病情加重之功效。
雖然本發明已利用上述較佳實施例揭示,然其並非用以限定本發明,任何熟習此技藝者在不脫離本發明之精神和範圍之內,相對上述實施例進行各種更動與修改仍屬本發明所保護之技術範疇,因此本發明之保護範圍當視後附之申請專利範圍所界定者為準。
S1‧‧‧第一步驟
S2‧‧‧第二步驟
第1圖:薑烯醇之化學結構式。
第2圖:6-生薑醇之化學結構式。
第3圖:8-生薑醇之化學結構式。
第4圖:10-生薑醇之化學結構式。
第5圖:本實施例以PE塑化劑誘導呼吸道重塑體外模式之步驟方塊圖。
第6圖:第A1-1組至第A1-10組之細胞移行現象長條圖。
第7圖:第A2-1組至第A2-10組之細胞增生率長條圖。
第8圖:第B1-1組至第B1-10組之細胞移行現象長條圖。
第9圖:第B2-1組至第B2-10組之細胞增生率長條圖。
Claims (3)
- 一種薑化合物之用途,係用以製備抑制鄰苯二甲酸酯類塑化劑誘導之呼吸道重塑現象的藥物,其中,該薑化合物係選自由薑烯酚(6-shogarol)、6-生薑醇(6-gingerol)、8-生薑醇(8-gingerol)及10-生薑醇(10-gingerol)所組成之群組。
- 依申請專利範圍第1項所述之薑化合物之用途,其中,該薑化合物係抑制呼吸道重塑中,支氣管或氣管之平滑肌細胞發生移行或增生的現象。
- 依申請專利範圍第1項所述之薑化合物之用途,其中,該鄰苯二甲酸酯類塑化劑係包含有鄰苯二甲酸甲苯基丁酯〔butylbenzyl phthalate,簡稱BBP〕、鄰苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯〔bis-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,簡稱BEHP〕、鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯〔dibutyl phthalate,簡稱DBP〕及鄰苯二甲酸二乙酯〔diethyl phthalate,簡稱DEP〕。
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| TW100125272A TWI468170B (zh) | 2011-07-18 | 2011-07-18 | 薑化合物之用途 |
| US13/245,511 US20130023589A1 (en) | 2011-07-18 | 2011-09-26 | Medication for therapy or prophylaxis of asthma |
| US13/919,563 US8912231B2 (en) | 2011-07-18 | 2013-06-17 | Method of treating airway remolding symptom |
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| TW100125272A TWI468170B (zh) | 2011-07-18 | 2011-07-18 | 薑化合物之用途 |
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| TW201304799A TW201304799A (zh) | 2013-02-01 |
| TWI468170B true TWI468170B (zh) | 2015-01-11 |
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| TW100125272A TWI468170B (zh) | 2011-07-18 | 2011-07-18 | 薑化合物之用途 |
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| TW (1) | TWI468170B (zh) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20090220624A1 (en) * | 2006-03-16 | 2009-09-03 | Nicholas John Larkins | Compositions comprising apocynin, ginkgo and ginger and uses thereof |
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| ATE249231T1 (de) | 1999-03-03 | 2003-09-15 | Eurovita As | Arzneimittel, nahrungszusätze und kosmetische zubereitung enthaltend eine fettsäure und ingwer |
| US6534086B1 (en) | 2000-03-06 | 2003-03-18 | Metagenics, Inc. | Composition and method for treatment of inflammation and pain in mammals |
| US6811796B2 (en) | 2002-04-22 | 2004-11-02 | Matsuura Yakugyo Co., Ltd. | Preventive or therapeutic agent for pollen allergy, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, asthma or urticaria, or health food for prevention or improvement or reduction of symptoms thereof |
| JP4537956B2 (ja) | 2003-03-26 | 2010-09-08 | クリングルファーマ株式会社 | 喘息治療剤 |
| AU2005274765B2 (en) | 2004-07-23 | 2012-08-30 | Arjil Pharmaceuticals Llc | Anti-hypersensitive inflammation and anti-allergy activities of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith |
| US7919584B1 (en) | 2005-04-15 | 2011-04-05 | Arbor Vita Corporation | Methods and compositions for diagnosis and treatment of asthma |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20090220624A1 (en) * | 2006-03-16 | 2009-09-03 | Nicholas John Larkins | Compositions comprising apocynin, ginkgo and ginger and uses thereof |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| Ahui, MLB et al,"Ginger prevents Th2-mediated immune responses in a mouse model of airway inflammation", INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY, 2008,8: 1626-1632. Dugasani, S et al,"Comparative antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of [6]-gingerol, [8]-gingerol, [10]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol", JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY, 2010, 127: 515-520. 陳強, "支氣管哮喘與呼吸道重塑", 實用兒科臨床雜誌, 2004, 19(10): 819-821. Yang Guang-tao et al,"Effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on ovalbumin-immunized rat asthma model: A histopathological study", Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, APR 2008, 3(2): 206-208. * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20130281543A1 (en) | 2013-10-24 |
| US8912231B2 (en) | 2014-12-16 |
| US20130023589A1 (en) | 2013-01-24 |
| TW201304799A (zh) | 2013-02-01 |
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