TWI466671B - 末梢性類鴉片受體拮抗劑及其用途 - Google Patents
末梢性類鴉片受體拮抗劑及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI466671B TWI466671B TW97111594A TW97111594A TWI466671B TW I466671 B TWI466671 B TW I466671B TW 97111594 A TW97111594 A TW 97111594A TW 97111594 A TW97111594 A TW 97111594A TW I466671 B TWI466671 B TW I466671B
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- opioid
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Classifications
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- C07D489/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 4aH-8, 9 c- Iminoethano-phenanthro [4, 5-b, c, d] furan ring systems, e.g. derivatives of [4, 5-epoxy]-morphinan of the formula:
- C07D489/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing 4aH-8, 9 c- Iminoethano-phenanthro [4, 5-b, c, d] furan ring systems, e.g. derivatives of [4, 5-epoxy]-morphinan of the formula: with a hetero atom directly attached in position 14
- C07D489/08—Oxygen atom
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D489/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 4aH-8, 9 c- Iminoethano-phenanthro [4, 5-b, c, d] furan ring systems, e.g. derivatives of [4, 5-epoxy]-morphinan of the formula:
- C07D489/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 4aH-8, 9 c- Iminoethano-phenanthro [4, 5-b, c, d] furan ring systems, e.g. derivatives of [4, 5-epoxy]-morphinan of the formula: with oxygen atoms attached in positions 3 and 6, e.g. morphine, morphinone
- C07D489/04—Salts; Organic complexes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Landscapes
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- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
- Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
- Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
- Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Description
類鴉片廣泛用於患有晚期癌症及其他晚期疾病之患者,以減輕病痛。類鴉片為麻醉性藥物,其激活位於中樞神經系統中之類鴉片受體以減輕疼痛。然而,類鴉片亦與中樞神經系統外之受體反應,從而導致副作用(包括便秘、噁心、嘔吐、尿瀦留及嚴重瘙癢。胃腸道(GI)中之作用最值得關注,其中類鴉片抑制胃排空及腸之推進肌動活動(propulsive motor activity),藉此降低腸內傳遞速率且導致便秘。類鴉片對於疼痛之效應通常由於所產生的副作用而受到限制,該等副作用可使患者虛弱且通常導致患者停止使用類鴉片止痛藥。
除止痛類鴉片誘發之副作用以外,研究表明內源性類鴉片化合物及受體亦可影響胃腸(GI)道之活性且可能涉及動物與人之腸活動力之正常調節及流體之黏膜輸送。(Koch,T.R等人,Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1991,36,712-728;Schuller,A.G.P.等人,Society of NeuroscienceAbstracts 1998,24,524;Reisine,T.及Pasternak,G.,Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis ofTherapeutics Ninth Edition 1996,521-555;及Bagnol,D.等人,Regul.Pept.1993,47,259-273)。因此,異常之內源性化合物生理水平及/或受體活性可導致腸功能障礙。
舉例而言,經受手術程序(尤其為腹部手術)之患者通常患有稱作手術後(或術後)腸塞絞痛之特定腸功能障礙,其
可能係由天然類鴉片水平之波動所導致。類似地,新近生育之婦女通常患有產後腸塞絞痛,其據信係由分娩壓力所產生之類似天然類鴉片波動而導致。與術後或產後腸塞絞痛相關之胃腸功能障礙通常可持續3至5天,其中一些嚴重病例持續一週以上。在手術後對患者投予類鴉片止痛藥(現為幾乎通用之慣例)可能惡化腸功能障礙,藉此延緩正常腸功能之恢復、延長住院時間且增加醫護成本。
已將諸如納洛酮(naloxone)、納曲酮(naltrexone)及納美芬(nalmefene)之類鴉片受體拮抗劑作為拮抗非所要類鴉片末梢性效應之方法來研究。然而,該等藥劑不僅作用於末梢性類鴉片受體,亦作用於中樞神經系統位點,以致其有時倒轉類鴉片之有益止痛效應,或導致類鴉片戒斷之症狀。用於控制類鴉片誘發副作用之較佳方法包括投予不易穿越血-腦障壁之末梢性類鴉片受體拮抗劑化合物。舉例而言,已揭示末梢性μ類鴉片受體拮抗劑化合物甲基納曲酮及相關化合物可用於抑制患者體內類鴉片誘發副作用(例如,便秘、瘙癢、噁心及/或嘔吐)。例如,參看美國專利第5,972,954號、第5,102,887號、第4,861,781號及第4,719,215號;以及Yuan,C.-S.等人,Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1998,52,161。類似地,已將末梢選擇性哌啶-N-烷基羧酸酯及3,4-二甲基-4-芳基-哌啶類鴉片受體拮抗劑描述為適用於治療類鴉片誘發副作用(便秘、噁心或嘔吐)以及大腸急躁症及自發便秘。例如,參看美國專利第5,250,542號、第5,434,171號、第5,159,081號及第
5,270,328號。
可需要提供末梢性μ類鴉片受體拮抗劑化合物,以用於投予需要治療上述病症中之任一者之患者。
本發明提供一種化合物,其可用作末梢性μ類鴉片受體拮抗劑或其前藥,且因此可用於治療、預防、改善、延緩或減輕與類鴉片投藥相關之副作用的嚴重程度及發生率,舉例而言,該等副作用為胃腸功能障礙(例如,抑制腸活動力、便秘、胃腸括約肌收縮、噁心、嘔吐(emesis,vomiting)、膽痙攣、類鴉片腸功能障礙、絞痛)、煩燥不安、瘙癢、尿瀦留、呼吸抑制、瞳孔收縮(papillary constriction)、心血管效應、胸壁僵直及止咳、應激反應抑制及與麻醉痛覺缺失之投藥相關的免疫抑制等,或其組合。所提供化合物之其他用途在下文中陳述。
1.化合物及定義:
在特定實施例中,本發明提供式I化合物:
其中X-
為合適陰離子;R1
為-OH或-OS(O)2
OH;且
R2
為-OH;且R2
’為氫;或R2
及R2
’共同形成側氧基;其限制條件在於,若R2
及R2
’共同形成側氧基,則R1
為-OS(O)2
OH。
如本文中所用,"有效量"之化合物或醫藥學上可接受之組合物可達成所要治療及/或預防效果。在一些實施例中,"有效量"為至少最少量之化合物或含有化合物之組合物,其足以治療與末梢性μ類鴉片受體之調節相關之病症或病狀相關的一或多種症狀,諸如與類鴉片止痛治療相關之副作用(例如腸胃功能障礙(例如蠕動異常便秘等)、噁心、嘔吐(例如噁心)等)。在特定實施例中,"有效量"之化合物或含有化合物之組合物足以治療與關於異常內源性末梢性類鴉片或μ類鴉片受體活性之疾病相關的一或多種症狀(例如,自發便秘、腸塞絞痛等)。
如本文中所用之術語"受檢者"意謂哺乳動物且包括人類及動物受檢者,諸如馴養動物(例如馬、狗、貓等)。
如本文中所用之術語"病痛"係指患者經診斷患有或懷疑患有之一或多種病狀。
如本文中所用之術語"治療"係指部分或完全地緩解、抑制、延緩發作、預防、改善及/或減輕病症或病狀,或病症或病狀之一或多種症狀。
"治療活性劑"或"活性劑"係指適用於包括預防及治療性治療之療法(例如人類療法、獸醫療法)的物質(包括生物活性物質)。治療活性劑包括有機分子,其為藥物化合物、
肽、蛋白、碳水化合物、單醣、寡醣、多醣、核蛋白、黏蛋白、脂蛋白、合成多肽或蛋白、與蛋白相連接之小分子、醣蛋白、類固醇、核酸、DNA、RNA、核苷酸、核苷、寡核苷酸、反義寡核苷酸、脂質、激素及維生素。治療活性劑包括用作治療、預防、延緩、減輕或改善疾病、病狀或病症之藥物的任何物質。適用於本發明調配物之治療活性劑中包括類鴉片受體拮抗劑化合物、類鴉片止痛化合物及其類似物。下文提供適用作治療活性劑之化合物的進一步詳細描述。治療活性劑包括(例如)藉由增強另一化合物之效能或減少其反效應而增加另一化合物之效應或有效性之化合物。
如本文中所用之表述"單位劑型"係指適用於待治療受檢者之本發明調配物的物理離散單位。然而,應瞭解本發明組合物之每日總用量將由主治醫師在合理醫學判斷範疇內決定。任何特定受檢者或有機體之特定有效劑量水平將視多種因素而定,該等因素包括所治療之病症及病症之嚴重程度;所用特定活性劑之活性;所用特定組合物;受檢者之年齡、體重、健康概況、性別及飲食;投藥時間及所用特定活性劑之排泄率;治療持續時間;與所用特定化合物組合或同時使用之藥物及/或其他療法;以及醫學技術中熟知之類似因素。
如上文一般描述,本發明提供式I化合物:
其中X-
為合適陰離子;R1
為-OH或-OS(O)2
OH;且R2
為-OH;且R2'
為氫;或R2
及R2'
共同形成側氧基;其限制條件在於,若R2
及R2'
共同形成側氧基,則R1
為-OS(O)2
OH。
一般技術者將瞭解,式I
中描述之氮原子為對掌性中心,且因此可以(R)或(S)構型存在。根據一態樣,本發明提供式I
化合物,其中該化合物關於氮呈(R)構型。在本發明之特定實施例中,至少約99.6%、99.7%、99.8%、99.85%、99.9%或99.95%之式I
化合物關於氮呈(R)構型。
已發現所提供之化合物為末梢性μ類鴉片拮抗劑之代謝研究的結果。不欲受理論所限,據信本發明化合物為末梢性μ類鴉片拮抗劑之代謝物,諸如國際專利申請公開案第WO 2006/127899號中描述之(R)-N
-甲基納曲酮溴化物(化合物1
),其具有以下結構:
其中該化合物關於氮呈(R)構型。在本發明之特定實施例中,至少約99.6%、99.7%、99.8%、99.85%、99.9%或99.95%之化合物1
關於氮呈(R)構型。用於確定存在於樣品中之(R)-N
-甲基納曲酮溴化物之量相較於存在於同一樣品中之(S)-N
-甲基納曲酮溴化物之量的方法詳細描述於WO 2006/127899中,該文獻之全文以引用方式併入本文中。在其他實施例中,化合物1
含有0.15%或更少(S)-N
-甲基納曲酮溴化物。
在特定實施例中,本發明之化合物適用於生物及病理現象中末梢性μ類鴉片拮抗劑之研究及末梢性μ類鴉片拮抗劑之比較性評估。
在特定實施例中,本發明提供呈分離形式之任何本發明化合物。如本文中所用之術語"分離"意謂化合物係以與可能存在於該化合物之生物環境中之其他組份分離的形式而提供。在特定實施例中,經單離化合物呈固體形式。在一些實施例中,如藉由合適HPLC方法所測定,經單離化合物為至少約50%純。在特定實施例中,如藉由合適HPLC方法所測定,經單離化合物為至少約60%、70%、80%、90%、95%、98%或99%。
如上文一般定義,式I
之X-
基團為合適陰離子。在特定
實施例中,X-
為合適布朗斯特酸(Brnsted acid)之陰離子。示範性布朗斯特酸包括鹵化氫、羧酸、磺酸、硫酸及磷酸。在特定實施例中,X-
為氯離子、溴離子、碘離子、氟離子、硫酸根、硫酸氫根、酒石酸根、硝酸根、檸檬酸根、酒石酸氫根、碳酸根、磷酸根、蘋果酸根、順丁烯二酸根、反丁烯二酸根、磺酸根、甲基磺酸根、甲酸根、羧酸根、硫酸根、甲基硫酸根或丁二酸根。根據一態樣,X-
為溴離子。
根據另一態樣,本發明提供式I-a
或I-b
之化合物:
其中各X-
為如上文所定義且如本文中所描述之合適陰離子。
在特定實施例中,本發明提供式I-c
之化合物:
如上文一般定義,式I-a、I-b
及I-c
之X-
基團為合適陰離子。在特定實施例中,X-
為合適布朗斯特酸之陰離子。示範性布朗斯特酸包括鹵化氫、羧酸、磺酸、硫酸及磷酸。
在特定實施例中,X-
為氯離子、溴離子、碘離子、氟離子、硫酸根、硫酸氫根、酒石酸根、硝酸根、檸檬酸根、酒石酸氫根、碳酸根、磷酸根、蘋果酸根、順丁烯二酸根、反丁烯二酸根、磺酸根、甲基磺酸根、甲酸根、羧酸根、硫酸根、甲基硫酸根或丁二酸根。根據一態樣,X-
為溴離子。
根據一實施例,本發明提供式II
之化合物:
或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
式I
之示範性化合物陳述於下表1中。
除上述化合物以外,本發明亦提供式III
之化合物。該等化合物具有通式III
:
其中X-
為合適陰離子;R1
為-OH、-OGlu或-OS(O)2
OH;R2
為-OH或-OGlu,且R2
’為氫,或R2
及R2
’共同形成側氧基;且各Glu為葡糖醛酸基部分,其限制條件在於,R1
及R2
中之至少一者含有葡糖醛酸基部分。
如本文中所用之術語"葡糖醛酸基部分"係指具有以下結構之基團:
其中波形線描述與式III
化合物之指定連接點。
在特定實施例中,式III
之R1
基團為-OH且R2
為-OGlu。在其他實施例中,式III
之R1
基團為-OGlu且R2
為-OH。
在特定實施例中,式III
之R1
基團為-OGlu且R2
及R2
’共同形成側氧基。該等化合物具有式IV
:
如上文一般定義,式III
及IV
之X-
基團為合適陰離子。在特定實施例中,X-
為合適布朗斯特酸之陰離子。示範性布朗斯特酸包括鹵化氫、羧酸、磺酸、硫酸及磷酸。在特定實施例中,X-
為氯離子、溴離子、碘離子、氟離子、硫酸根、硫酸氫根、酒石酸根、硝酸根、檸檬酸根、酒石酸氫根、碳酸根、磷酸根、蘋果酸根、順丁烯二酸根、反丁烯二酸根、磺酸根、甲基磺酸根、甲酸根、羧酸根、硫酸根、甲基硫酸根或丁二酸根。根據一態樣,X-
為溴離子。
式III
之示範性化合物陳述於下表2中。
在其他實施例中,本發明提供如以下流程1中所描述之化合物:
在特定實施例中,本發明提供如以下流程2中所描述之化合物:
在一些實施例中,本發明提供如以下流程3中所描述之化合物:
如上文流程3中所描述,MNTX之一種代謝物為其異構體。如本文中所用之術語"異構體"係指如質譜分析所測定
具有與MNTX相同之質量但關於HPLC具有不同滯留時間的化合物。
就前述流程1、2及3所預測化合物l之代謝物而言,一般技術者會瞭解以括號描述之葡糖醛酸基(-Glu)、麩胱甘肽(-GSH或-HSG)或甲基將連接至帶括號結構之羥基部分。應瞭解,羥基部分包括所描述之羥基部分及與烯醇(若存在酮,則由酮形成)相關之羥基部分。
在其他實施例中,本發明提供如下表3至7中任一者所描述之化合物,其中各X-
基團獨立地為合適陰離子。在特定實施例中,各X-
為合適布朗斯特酸之陰離子。示範性布朗斯特酸包括鹵化氫、羧酸、磺酸、硫酸及磷酸。在特定實施例中,各X-
為氯離子、溴離子、碘離子、氟離子、硫酸根、硫酸氫根、酒石酸根、硝酸根、檸檬酸根、酒石酸氫根、碳酸根、磷酸根、蘋果酸根、順丁烯二酸根、反丁烯二酸根、磺酸根、甲基磺酸根、甲酸根、羧酸根、硫酸根、甲基硫酸根或丁二酸根。根據一態樣,如下表3至7中任一者所描述之各X-
為溴離子。
表5
顯而易見,本發明之特定化合物含有季銨化氮基及酸性部分(例如,酚羥基、硫酸酯或葡糖醛酸基羧酸酯)。一般技術者將瞭解,該等化合物之酸性基團可與該等化合物之
季銨化氮形成鹽。該等鹽可在兩分子之間經由分子間相互作用而形成,或可在同一化合物之彼等基團之間經由分子內相互作用而形成(例如在下文實例中陳述之化合物I-3a
)。本發明預期該兩種鹽形式。
在一些實施例中,本發明之特定化合物可用作如本文中所定義之末梢性μ類鴉片受體拮抗劑之前藥。在特定實施例中,本發明之前藥包含葡糖醛酸基部分。如本文中所用之術語"前藥"係指母體藥物分子之衍生物,其需要在體內進行轉化以釋放活性藥物,且具有相較於母體藥物分子經改良之物理及/或傳遞特性。前藥係經設計以增強與母體藥物分子相關之基於醫藥學及/或藥物動力學之特性。前藥之優勢在於其物理特性,諸如對於在生理pH值下非經腸投藥而言相較於母體藥物有所增強之水溶性,或其增強自消化道之吸收,或其可增強長期儲存之藥物穩定性。近年來,已開發多種類型之生物可逆衍生物以用於設計前藥。使用酯作為含有羧基或羥基官能之藥物的前藥類型在此項技術中為人所知,舉例而言,如在"The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Interaction" Richard Silverman,Academic Press出版(1992)中所述。
3.用途、調配及投藥
醫藥學上可接受之組合物
如上文所述,本發明提供化合物1
之新形式,其可用作末梢性μ類鴉片受體拮抗劑且在用於治療類鴉片誘發之副作用之臨床相關模型中展示實用性。根據本發明之另一態
樣,提供醫藥學上可接受之組合物,其包含式I、II
或III
之化合物或如本文中所述之其他化合物,且視情況包含醫藥學上可接受之載劑、佐劑或媒劑。在本發明之特定實施例中,該等醫藥學上可接受之組合物視情況進一步包含一或多種額外治療劑。
如上文所述,本發明之醫藥學上可接受之組合物另外包含醫藥學上可接受之載劑、佐劑或媒劑,如本文中所用,其包括任何及所有溶劑、稀釋劑或其他液體媒劑、分散或懸浮助劑、表面活性劑、等張劑、增稠劑或乳化劑、防腐劑、固體黏合劑、潤滑劑及其類似物,其適於所要之特定劑型。Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,第16版,E.W.Martin(Mack Publishing Co.,Easton,Pa.,1980)揭示用於調配醫藥學上可接受之組合物之多種載劑及用於其製備之已知技術。除非任何習知載劑介質均不與式I、II
或III
之化合物或本發明之其他化合物相容(諸如藉由產生任何非所要生物效應,或者以不利方式與醫藥學上可接受之組合物的任何其他組份反應),否則預期其用途處於本發明之範疇內。可充當醫藥學上可接受之載劑之材料的一些實例包括(但不限於)離子交換劑、氧化鋁、硬脂酸鋁、卵磷脂、血清蛋白(諸如人類血清白蛋白)、緩衝物質(諸如磷酸鹽、甘胺酸、山梨酸或山梨酸鉀)、飽和植物脂肪酸之部分甘油酯混合物、水、鹽或電解質(諸如魚精蛋白硫酸鹽、磷酸氫二鈉、磷酸氫鉀、氯化鈉、鋅鹽、矽膠、三矽酸鎂)、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、聚丙烯酸酯、蠟、聚乙烯-聚氧
化丙烯-嵌段聚合物、羊毛脂、糖類(諸如乳糖、葡萄糖及蔗糖);澱粉,諸如玉米澱粉及馬鈴薯澱粉;纖維素及其衍生物,諸如羧甲基纖維素鈉、乙基纖維素及乙酸纖維素;粉末狀黃蓍;麥芽;明膠;滑石粉;賦形劑,諸如可可脂及栓劑蠟;油,諸如花生油、棉籽油、紅花籽油、芝麻油、橄欖油、玉米油及大豆油;二醇,諸如丙二醇或聚乙二醇;酯,諸如油酸乙酯及月桂酸乙酯;瓊脂;緩衝劑,諸如氫氧化鎂及氫氧化鋁、褐藻酸、無熱原質水、等張鹽水、林格氏溶液(Ringer's solution)、乙醇及磷酸鹽緩衝溶液;以及其他無毒相容潤滑劑,諸如月桂基硫酸鈉及硬脂酸鎂;以及著色劑、釋放劑、塗佈劑、甜味劑、調味劑及香化劑,根據調配者之判斷,防腐劑及抗氧化劑亦可存在於組合物中。
術語"調配物"係指包括式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物連同一或多種賦形劑以用於對受檢者投藥之製劑。一般而言,根據針對各應用致能式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物之最佳釋放、分布及活性發展的目的來選擇特定醫藥添加劑。
根據本發明,式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物可使用有效治療或降低與末梢性μ類鴉片受體之調節相關的病症之嚴重程度的任何投藥量及任何投藥途徑來投予。所需之準確量將在受檢者之間變化,視受檢者之物種、年齡及全身狀態、感染嚴重程度、特定藥劑、其投藥模式及其類似因素而定。然而,應瞭解式I、II
或III
之
化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物的每日總用量將由主治醫師在合理醫學判斷範疇內決定。任何特定患者或有機體之特定有效劑量水平將視多種因素而定,該等因素包括所治療之病症及病症之嚴重程度;所用特定化合物之活性;所用特定組合物;患者之年齡、體重、健康概況、性別及飲食;投藥時間、投藥途徑及所用特定化合物之排泄率;治療持續時間;與所用特定化合物組合或同時使用之藥物;以及醫學技術中熟知之類似因素。
視所治療感染之嚴重程度而定,可將本發明之醫藥學上可接受之組合物經口、經鼻、經直腸、非經腸、經腦池內、經陰道內、經腹膜內、局部(如藉由散劑、軟膏或滴劑)、經頰或以類似方式投予人類及其他動物。在特定實施例中,可將式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物以每天約0.01 mg/kg受檢者體重至約50 mg/kg受檢者體重且較佳約l mg/kg受檢者體重至約25 mg/kg受檢者體重之劑量水平每天一或多次經口或非經腸投予,以獲得所要療效。
用於經口或經鼻投藥之液體劑型包括(但不限於)醫藥學上可接受之乳液、微乳液、溶液、懸浮液、氣溶膠、凝膠、糖漿及酏劑。除式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物以外,液體劑型亦可含有常用於此項技術之惰性稀釋劑,諸如水或其他溶劑、增溶劑及乳化劑,諸如乙醇、異丙醇、碳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、苄醇、苯甲酸苄酯、丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、二甲基甲醯胺、油(詳言之,棉籽
油、花生油、玉米油、胚芽油、橄欖油、蓖麻油及芝麻油)、甘油、四氫糠醇、聚乙二醇及脫水山梨糖醇之脂肪酸酯以及其混合物。除惰性稀釋劑以外,口服組合物亦可包括佐劑,諸如濕潤劑、乳化劑及懸浮劑、甜味劑、調味劑及香化劑。氣溶膠調配物通常包含活性物質於生理學上可接受之水性或非水性溶劑中之溶液或精細懸浮液,且通常以單次劑量或多次劑量之量以無菌形式呈現於密封容器中,該容器可採用濾筒之形式或再填充以與霧化裝置一同使用。或者,該密封容器可為整體分配裝置,諸如單次劑量鼻吸入器或配備計量閥之氣溶膠分配器,其預期在容器內含物耗盡後進行處置。在劑型包含氣溶膠分配器之情況下,其將含有醫藥學上可接受之推進劑。氣溶膠劑型亦可採用泵-霧化器之形式。
可根據已知技術使用合適分散劑或濕潤劑及懸浮劑來調配可注射製劑(例如,無菌可注射水溶液或油狀懸浮液)。無菌可注射製劑亦可為無毒非經腸可接受之稀釋劑或溶劑中之無菌可注射溶液、懸浮液或乳液,諸如1,3-丁二醇中之溶液。在可接受媒劑及溶劑中可採用水、林格氏溶液、U.S.P.及等張氯化鈉溶液。另外,習知採用無菌不揮發性油作為溶劑或懸浮介質。因此,可採用包括合成單甘油酯或二甘油酯之任何溫和不揮發性油。另外,諸如油酸之脂肪酸用於製備可注射劑。
舉例而言,藉由經細菌保留過濾器進行過濾或藉由併入可在使用前溶解或分散於無菌水或其他無菌可注射介質中
之呈無菌固體組合物形式之滅菌劑,可對可注射調配物進行滅菌。
為延長式I、II
或III
之化合物或本發明之其他化合物的效應,通常需要減慢自皮下或肌肉內注射之化合物之吸收。此可藉由使用具有不佳水溶性之結晶或非晶形材料之液體懸浮液來達成。化合物之吸收速率又視其溶解速率而定,而溶解速率接著可視晶體大小及結晶形式而定。或者,藉由將化合物溶解或懸浮於油狀媒劑中來達成非經腸投予之化合物形式之延時吸收。藉由在生物可降解聚合物(諸如聚丙交酯-聚乙交酯)中形成化合物之微膠囊基質來製造可注射儲槽形式。視化合物與聚合物之比率及所用特定聚合物之性質而定,可控制化合物釋放之速率。其他生物可降解聚合物之實例包括聚(原酸酯)及聚(酐)。儲槽可注射調配物亦藉由將化合物裹入與身體組織相容之脂質體或微乳液中來製備。
典型非經腸組合物係由化合物於無菌水性載劑或非水性或非經腸可接受之油(例如聚乙二醇、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、卵磷脂、花生油或芝麻油)中之溶液或懸浮液組成。或者,可將溶液凍乾且接著恰在投藥前用合適溶劑使其復水。
用於直腸或陰道投藥之組合物便利地呈栓劑、子宮托、陰道錠劑、發泡體或灌腸劑形式。用於直腸或陰道投藥之組合物較佳為栓劑,其可藉由將式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物與合適之非刺激性賦形劑或載劑
(諸如可可脂、聚乙二醇或在環境溫度下為固體而在體溫下為液體且因此在直腸或陰道穴中熔化且釋放活性化合物之栓劑蠟)混合來製備。
用於經口投藥之固體劑型包括膠囊、錠劑、丸劑、散劑及顆粒。在該等固體劑型中,式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物與至少一種惰性、醫藥學上可接受之賦形劑或載劑(諸如檸檬酸鈉或磷酸二鈣)及/或以下組份混合:a)填充劑或增量劑,諸如澱粉、乳糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖醇及矽酸;b)黏合劑,諸如羧甲基纖維素、褐藻酸鹽、明膠、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、蔗糖及阿拉伯膠;c)保濕劑,諸如甘油;d)崩解劑,諸如瓊脂、碳酸鈣、馬鈴薯或木薯澱粉、褐藻酸、特定矽酸鹽及碳酸鈉;e)溶液阻滯劑,諸如石蠟;f)吸收加速劑,諸如四級銨鹽;g)濕潤劑,諸如十六烷醇及單硬脂酸甘油酯;h)吸附劑,諸如高嶺土及膨潤土;及i)潤滑劑,諸如滑石粉、硬脂酸鈣、硬脂酸鎂、固體聚乙二醇、月桂基硫酸鈉及其混合物。在膠囊、錠劑及丸劑之情況下,劑型亦可包含緩衝劑。
適於頰內或舌下投藥之組合物包括錠劑、口含劑及片劑,其中活性成份與載劑(諸如糖及阿拉伯膠、黃蓍或明膠及甘油)一起調配。
相似類型之固體組合物亦可用作軟質或硬質填充明膠膠囊中之填充劑,其使用諸如以下各物之賦形劑:乳糖(lactose或milk sugar)以及高分子量聚乙二醇及其類似物。錠劑、糖衣藥丸、膠囊、丸劑及顆粒之固體劑型可用塗層
及殼(諸如腸溶衣及醫藥調配技術中熟知之其他塗層)製備。其可視情況含有乳濁劑,且亦可為僅在腸道特定部分中或優先在腸道特定部分中視情況以延時方式釋放活性成份之組合物。可用之嵌入式組合物之實例包括聚合物質及蠟。相似類型之固體組合物亦可用作軟質或硬質填充明膠膠囊中之填充劑,其使用諸如以下各物之賦形劑:乳糖以及高分子量聚乙二醇及其類似物。
式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物亦可呈具有一或多種如上文所述的賦形劑之微囊封形式。錠劑、糖衣藥丸、膠囊、丸劑及顆粒之固體劑型可用塗層及殼(諸如腸溶衣、釋放控制塗層及醫藥調配技術中熟知之其他塗層)製備。在該等固體劑型中,式I、II
或III
之化合物可與至少一種惰性稀釋劑(諸如蔗糖、乳糖或澱粉)混雜。在正常規範下,該等劑型亦可包含除惰性稀釋劑以外之其他物質,例如製錠潤滑劑及其他製錠助劑,諸如硬脂酸鎂及微晶纖維素。在膠囊、錠劑及丸劑之情況下,劑型亦可包含緩衝劑。其可視情況含有乳濁劑,且亦可為僅在腸道特定部分中或優先在腸道特定部分中視情況以延時方式釋放活性成份之組合物。可用之嵌入式組合物之實例包括聚合物質及蠟。
用於經口投藥之組合物可經設計以保護活性成份在通過消化道時免於降解,例如藉由錠劑或膠囊上調配物之外部塗層。
在另一實施例中,在擴展(或"延時"或"持續")釋放組合
物中提供式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物。該延時釋放組合物包含式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物,其與延時釋放組份組合。該組合物允許將式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物靶向釋放至下部胃腸道中;例如釋放至小腸、大腸、結腸及/或直腸中。在特定實施例中,包含式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物的延時釋放組合物進一步包含腸溶衣或pH值依賴性塗層,諸如鄰苯二甲酸乙酸纖維素及其他鄰苯二甲酸酯(例如聚乙酸乙烯酯鄰苯二甲酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯(Eudragits))。或者,延時釋放組合物藉由供應pH值敏感性甲基丙烯酸酯塗層、pH值敏感性聚合微球體或經水解而降解之聚合物而對小腸及/或結腸提供受控釋放。延時釋放組合物可與疏水性或膠凝賦形劑或塗層一起調配。結腸傳遞可進一步藉由塗層來提供,該等塗層藉由細菌酶(諸如葡哌喃聚醣或果膠)、藉由pH值依賴性聚合物、藉由隨時間膨脹之水凝膠塞(Pulsincap)、藉由時間依賴性水凝膠塗層及/或藉由與偶氮芳族鍵連接之丙烯酸塗層來消化。
在特定實施例中,本發明之延時釋放組合物包含羥丙甲纖維素、微晶纖維素及潤滑劑。式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物、羥丙甲纖維素及微晶纖維素之混合物可調配成錠劑或膠囊以用於經口投藥。在特定實施例中,將該混合物造粒且壓縮為錠劑。
在其他實施例中,本發明之延時釋放組合物係以多顆粒
物調配物形式提供。將式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物與合適聚合物之混合物造粒以形成經塗佈之丸粒。在特定實施例中,用非功能性塗層將該等丸粒密封塗佈。在其他實施例中,首先用非功能性塗層將丸粒密封塗佈,且接著用功能性塗層塗佈。
如本文中所用之術語"非功能性塗層"為不影響藥物釋放速率之塗層。非功能性塗層之實例包括羥丙基纖維素、羥丙甲纖維素或聚乙烯醇。在特定實施例中,非功能性塗層為opadryClear,其含有羥丙基甲基纖維素及聚乙二醇。
如本文中所用之術語"功能性塗層"為影響來自劑型之藥物的釋放速率之塗層。功能性塗層之實例包括乙基纖維素及聚甲基丙烯酸酯衍生物(Eudragits)。
用於本發明化合物之局部或經皮投藥的劑型包括軟膏、糊狀物、乳膏、洗劑、凝膠、散劑、溶液、噴霧劑、吸入劑或貼片。在無菌條件下,將活性組份與醫藥學上可接受之載劑及任何所需防腐劑或可能需要之緩衝劑混雜。眼用調配物、耳滴劑及眼滴劑亦涵蓋在本發明之範疇內。另外,本發明涵蓋使用經皮貼片,其具有對身體提供化合物之受控傳遞之額外優勢。該等劑型可藉由將化合物溶解或分配於適當介質中而製造。吸收增強劑亦可用於增加化合物穿過皮膚之通量。藉由提供速率控制膜或藉由將化合物分散於聚合物基質或凝膠中可控制速率。
視投藥方法而定,組合物可含有0.1%至99%(w/w)、較佳0.1至60%(w/w)、更佳0.2至20重量%且最佳0.25至
12%(w/w)之式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物。
在特定實施例中,本發明組合物及其調配物可單獨投予以治療一或多種如本文中所述之病症,或者可與適用於治療一或多種如本文中所述之病症的一或多種其他活性劑組合投予(同時或連續)。因此,可將本發明組合物或其調配物與一或多種活性劑同時、在其之前或在其之後投予。
在特定實施例中,本發明組合物包括一或多種除式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物以外之其他活性劑,亦即並非式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物。在特定實施例中,本發明提供一種調配物,其傳遞式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物及至少一種額外活性劑。
在一些實施例中,本發明調配物包含類鴉片及式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物。含有類鴉片及式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物的該等組合產物將允許同時減輕疼痛且最小化與類鴉片相關之副作用(例如胃腸效應(例如,延時胃排空、改變胃腸道活動力)等)。
適用於治療痛覺缺失之類鴉片在此項技術中為已知的。舉例而言,類鴉片化合物包括(但不限於)阿芬太尼(alfentanil)、阿尼利定(anileridine)、阿西馬朵林(asimadoline)、布馬佐辛(bremazocine)、丁丙諾啡
(burprenorphine)、布托啡諾(butorphanol)、可待因(codeine)、地佐辛(dezocine)、二乙醯嗎啡(海洛因)、二氫可待因(dihydrocodeine)、苯乙哌啶、乙基嗎啡、非多托秦(fedotozine)、芬太尼(fentanyl)、富馬納曲胺(funaltrexamine)、氫可酮(hydrocodone)、氫化嗎啡酮、左洛啡烷(levallorphan)、左旋乙醯美沙酮(levomethadyl acetate)、左啡諾(levorphanol)、洛哌丁胺(loperamide)、嘜啶(哌替啶)、持殺酮(methadone)、嗎啡、嗎啡-6-葡糖苷酸、納布啡(nalbuphine)、納洛芬(nalorphine)、尼可嗎啡(nicomorphine)、鴉片、羥可酮(oxycodone)、氧化嗎啡酮、阿片全鹼(papaveretum)、戊唑星(pentazocine)、丙吡蘭(propiram)、丙氧吩(propoxyphene)、瑞芬太尼(remifentanyl)、舒芬太尼(sufentanil)、替利定(tilidine)、曲美布汀(trimebutine)及曲馬多(tramadol)。在一些實施例中,類鴉片為選自以下各物之至少一種類鴉片:阿芬太尼、丁丙諾啡、布托啡諾、可待因、地佐辛、二氫可待因、芬太尼、氫可酮、氫化嗎啡酮、左啡諾、嘜啶(哌替啶)、持殺酮、嗎啡、納布啡、尼可嗎啡、羥可酮、氧化嗎啡酮、阿片全鹼、戊唑星、丙吡蘭、丙氧吩、舒芬太尼及/或曲馬多。在本發明之特定實施例中,類鴉片係選自嗎啡、可待因、羥可酮、氫可酮、二氫可待因、丙氧吩、芬太尼、曲馬多及其混合物。在一特定實施例中,類鴉片為洛哌丁胺“在其他實施例中,類鴉片為混合促效劑,諸如布托啡諾。在一些實施例中,對受檢者投予一種以上類
鴉片,例如嗎啡及海洛因或持殺酮及海洛因。
與本發明之組合物組合存在之額外活性劑之量通常將不超過在包含彼活性劑作為唯一治療劑之組合物中所正常投予的量。在本發明之特定實施例中,額外活性劑之量將介於包含彼化合物作為唯一治療劑之組合物中正常存在之量的約50%至100%範圍內。
在特定實施例中,本發明調配物亦可連同胃腸功能障礙之習知療法或與之結合使用,以助於改善便秘及腸功能障礙。舉例而言,習知療法包括(但不限於)腸道之官能刺激、糞便軟化劑、輕瀉劑(例如,二苯基甲烷輕瀉劑、瀉藥、滲透輕瀉劑、鹽水輕瀉劑等)、整體成形劑及輕瀉劑、潤滑劑、靜脈內水合及鼻胃管減壓。
如上文所述,本發明提供式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物,以及其醫藥學上可接受之組合物及調配物,其適用於拮抗類鴉片止痛療法之非所要副作用(例如胃腸效應(例如,延時胃排空、改變胃腸道活動力)等)。此外,式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物以及其醫藥學上可接受之組合物及調配物可用於治療患有藉由結合μ類鴉片受體來改善之疾病狀態的受檢者,或用於其中需要μ類鴉片受體系統之暫時抑制的任何治療(例如,腸塞絞痛等)。在本發明之特定實施例中,調配物之使用方法為在人類受檢者體內。
因此,投予式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他
化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之組合物或調配物可有利於治療、預防、改善、延緩或減輕使用類鴉片之副作用,例如胃腸功能障礙(例如,抑制腸活動力、便秘、胃腸括約肌收縮、噁心、嘔吐、膽痙攣、類鴉片腸功能障礙、絞痛)、煩燥不安、瘙癢、尿瀦留、呼吸抑制、瞳孔收縮、心血管效應、胸壁僵直及止咳、應激反應抑制及與麻醉止痛藥相關之免疫抑制等,或其組合。因此,就生活品質之觀點而言,使用式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之組合物或調配物對於接受類鴉片之受檢者係有益的,且有益於減少由慢性便秘產生之併發症,諸如痔瘡、食慾不振、黏膜破壞、膿毒病、結腸癌風險及心肌梗塞。
在一些實施例中,式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物以及其醫藥學上可接受之組合物及調配物適用於投予接受急性類鴉片投藥之受檢者。在一些實施例中,所提供之調配物適用於投予患有術後胃腸功能障礙之′患者。
在其他實施例中,式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物以及其醫藥學上可接受之組合物及調配物亦適用於投予接受慢性類鴉片投藥之受檢者(例如,接受類鴉片療法之末期病患,諸如AIDS患者、癌症患者、心血管患者;接受慢性類鴉片療法以控制疼痛之受檢者;接受類鴉片療法以維持類鴉片戒斷之受檢者)。在一些實施例中,受檢者為使用類鴉片以用於慢性疼痛控制之受檢者。
在一些實施例中,受檢者為末期病患。在其他實施例中,受檢者為接受類鴉片戒斷維持療法之人。
本文中所述之式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物以及其醫藥學上可接受之組合物及調配物之替代或額外用途可為治療、減輕、抑制或預防使用類鴉片之效應,其包括(例如)內皮細胞(例如血管內皮細胞)之異常遷移或增殖、血管生成增多及來自機會性感染劑之致死因子產生增多(例如,綠膿桿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa
))。式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物以及其醫藥學上可接受之組合物及調配物之額外有利用途包括治療類鴉片誘發之免疫抑制、抑制血管生成、抑制血管增殖、治療疼痛、治療發炎病狀(諸如發炎性腸綜合症)、治療感染性疾病及肌肉骨骼系統之疾病(諸如骨質疏鬆症、關節炎、骨炎、骨膜炎、肌病)及治療自體免疫疾病。
在特定實施例中,本發明之式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物以及其醫藥學上可接受之組合物及調配物可用於預防、抑制、減輕、延緩、減少或治療胃腸功能障礙之方法,該等胃腸功能障礙包括(但不限於)大腸急躁症、類鴉片誘發之腸功能障礙、結腸炎、術後或產後腸塞絞痛、噁心及/或嘔吐、腸活動力及排空降低、胃及小腸及/或大腸之推進力抑制、非推進性區段收縮之振幅增加、Oddi括約肌收縮、肛門括約肌伸縮性增加、直腸擴張之反射鬆弛受損、胃、膽、胰腺或腸分泌減少、自腸內容物吸收之水增多、胃-食道逆流、胃輕癱、抽筋、胃氣
脹、腹部或上腹部疼痛及不適、便秘、自發便秘、腹部手術(例如,結腸切除術(例如,右部分結腸切除術,左部分結腸切除術、橫向部分結腸切除術、結腸切除術拆線、低前位切除術))後之術後胃腸功能障礙及經口投予藥物或營養物質之延時吸收。
式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物以及其醫藥學上可接受之組合物及調配物之所提供形式亦可用於治療包括涉及血管生成之癌症、免疫抑制、鐮狀細胞貧血、血管創傷及視網膜病的病狀,治療與炎症相關之病症(例如大腸急躁症)、免疫抑制、慢性炎症。
在其他實施例中,提供式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物以及其醫藥學上可接受之組合物及調配物之用途的獸醫應用(例如治療馴養動物,例如馬、狗、貓等)。因此,涵蓋所提供調配物在類似於上文所述關於人類受檢者之應用的獸醫應用中之用途。舉例而言,馬胃腸活動力之抑制(諸如絞痛及便秘)對於馬可能為致命的。馬因絞痛所受之疼痛可導致誘發死亡之休克,而長期便秘情況亦可能導致馬死亡。用末梢性類鴉片受體拮抗劑治療馬已描述於(例如)2005年1月20日公開之美國專利公開案第20050124657號中。
亦應瞭解,式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物以及其醫藥學上可接受之組合物及調配物可用於組合療法,亦即式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物以及其醫藥學上可接受之組合物及調配物可與一或
多種其他所要療法或醫學程序同時、在其之前或在其之後投予。用於組合方案之特定組合療法(療法或程序)將考慮所要療法及/或程序與待達成之所要療效的相容性。亦應瞭解,所用療法可能對同一病症達成所要效應(例如,可將調配物與用於治療同一病症之另一化合物同時投予),或其可能達成不同效應(例如,控制任何反效應)。如本文中所用,將通常經投予以治療或預防特定疾病或病狀之其他治療化合物稱為"適用於所治療之疾病或病狀"。
在其他實施例中,式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物及其醫藥學上可接受之組合物及調配物及單位劑型適用於製備藥物,該等藥物包括(但不限於)適用於治療類鴉片使用之副作用(例如,胃腸副作用(例如,腸活動力之抑制、胃腸括約肌收縮、便秘)、噁心、嘔吐、煩躁不安、瘙癢等)或其組合之藥物。本發明之化合物以及其醫藥學上可接受之組合物及調配物適用於製備藥物,適用於治療接受急性類鴉片療法之患者(例如,′患有術後胃腸功能障礙的接受急性類鴉片投藥之患者)或慢性使用類鴉片之受檢者(例如,接受類鴉片療法之末期病患,諸如AIDS患者、癌症患者或心血管患者;接受慢性類鴉片療法以控制疼痛之受檢者;或接受類鴉片療法以維持類鴉片戒斷之受檢者)。另外,適用於以下情形之藥物的製備:治療疼痛、治療發炎病狀(諸如發炎性腸綜合症)、治療感染性疾病、治療肌肉骨骼系統之疾病(諸如骨質疏鬆症、關節炎、骨炎、骨膜炎、肌病)、治療自體免疫疾病及免
疫抑制、治療腹部手術(例如,結腸切除術(例如,右部分結腸切除術、左部分結腸切除術、橫向部分結腸切除術、結腸切除術拆線、低前位切除術))後之術後胃腸功能障礙、自發便秘及腸塞絞痛(例如術後腸塞絞痛、產後腸塞絞痛)及治療諸如涉及血管生成之癌症、慢性炎症及/或慢性疼痛、鐮狀細胞貧血、血管創傷及視網膜病的病症。
本發明另外包含醫藥組合及/或套組,其包含式I、II
或III
之化合物或本文中所述之其他化合物,或其醫藥學上可接受之組合物或調配物,以及容器(例如,箔片或塑膠封裝,或其他合適容器)。視情況在該等套組中額外提供使用說明書。
為更完全地理解本文中所述之本發明,陳述以下實例。應瞭解,該等實例僅為達成說明之目的,而不應視作以任何方式限制本發明。
本發明之各態樣之所有特徵均適用於所有其他態樣(加以必要之變更)。
化合物1係
根據國際專利申請公開案第WO2006/127899號中詳細描述之方法製備,該文獻係以引用方式全文併入本文中。
以實質上類似於Chatterjie,N.等人,J.Med.Chem.18,1975,490-492中所述之方法使用甲脒亞磺酸在熱鹼性水溶液中還原化合物1("MNTX")。β-醇及α-醇係以28:1之比率形成。儘管在用氫溴酸處理經冷卻之反應混合物且將其濃縮時形成大量固體,但具有較高純度之第二批提供β-醇(I-2
)。
MNTX於鹼性水溶液中之硼氫化鈉還原產生1與2之混合物,其中1占大部分。在合適溶劑(例如,二甲基甲醯胺或甲醇)中之還原導致以1:4之比率形成上述醇。藉由製備性逆相層析法獲得純α醇(I-1
)。獲得呈碘化物鹽之99%純度(HpLC)之固體樣品。
HPLC條件:
Hewlett Packard 1100系列。
管柱:Alltech Alltima管柱(C18,5μ,250×4.6 mm)
流動速率:1.0mL/min。
管柱溫度:40℃。
偵測器:在215、240、270及280nm下監測之二極體陣列偵測器。
溶離:等度。水、緩衝劑*及甲醇之多種混合物。
* 700ml水、300mL甲醇、3mL三乙胺及足量磷酸,以產生3.4之pH值。
或者:
管柱:Phenomonex Intersil ODS 3管柱(C18,5μ,150×4.6mm)
流動速率:1mL/min。
管柱溫度:50℃。
偵測器:在280nm下監測之二極體陣列偵測器。
溶離:梯度。
溴化(5α,6α)-17-環丙基甲基-17-甲基-4,5-環氧基-3,6,14-三羥基-嗎啡烷("α"I-1):
方法A:
在配備有磁力攪拌及氬氣包覆之燒瓶中將MNTX(8.72g,0.020mol)懸浮於200mL DMF中。以單一丸粒形式向
其中添加NaBH4
(1.0 g,0.026 mol)。在15分鐘後,HPLC分析確認不存在任何起始酮。醇(β及α)係以18:81之比率存在。
在真空中移除溶劑,且將殘餘物溶解於水中。使用氫溴酸使pH值達到2,且用玻璃棒用力刮擦混合物。未形成晶體。再次將混合物濃縮,且再次將糖漿狀殘餘物溶解於水中。用NaOH使pH值達到10.5,且將混合物靜置隔夜。移除蠟狀殘餘物,且用TFA將混合物調整至pH值5且濃縮至約20 mL。沈積之晶體具有與上清液相同之組成。
使上清液樣品在Biotage 65i C18管柱(65×150 mm)上分餾。移動相為水、甲醇與TFA之80:20:0.1混合物。將僅含有所要產物之餾分組合且濃縮。將該溶液與大量過量之NaI混合,且藉由萃取至2:1二氯甲烷:異丙醇及2:1氯仿:異丙醇中回收產物,繼而在真空中濃縮。在將殘餘物用沸騰之異丙醇及乙酸乙酯濕磨後,獲得具有99%純度之固體。
方法B:
向配備有冷凝器、溫度計及玻璃塞之3 L三頸燒瓶中添加甲溴化納曲酮(MNTX)(100 g,0.23 mol)及冰乙酸(1.2 L)。將燒瓶浸沒於室溫水浴中且以磁力攪拌漿料。向該漿料中每次一個添加約1 g丸粒硼氫化鈉(30 g,0.79 mol),等待前一個丸粒完全溶解後再添加下一個。第一次添加20 g硼氫化鈉耗時4小時,且此後大多數MNTX已溶解。藉由HPLC對反應混合物之分析展示71.6% α-OH、27.9% MNTX
及0.4% β-OH。如上文所述,藉由溫控加熱板將水浴加溫至41℃,且經2小、時之時段添加剩餘硼氫化鈉。將反應混合物在4l℃下攪拌隔夜,此後該反應混合物呈黏稠白色塊狀物。將反應物冷卻至室溫且向其中裝入濃氫溴酸(88 mL,0.79 mol)。固體緩慢溶解且將反應混合物過濾。接著在旋轉式蒸發器上移除溶劑。將所得殘餘物溶解於250 mL甲醇中,且在旋轉式蒸發器上移除甲醇。將該程序重複3次,以移除呈硼酸甲酯形式之硼酸。接著將殘餘物置於高度真空下,以產生200 g白色固體。將固體溶解於400 mL沸水中且熱過濾。藉由HPLC對濾液之分析展示99.2% α-OH、0.4% MNTX及0.36% β-OH。使用6-α甲溴化納曲醇將濾液接種,使其冷卻至室溫,且儲存過週末。採集晶體且空氣乾燥,產生80 g(80%)白色晶體。藉由HPLC對產物之分析展示99.78%產物與0.10% MNTX及0.12% β-OH。用於該分析之HPLC方法陳述如下:Hewlett Packard 1100系列。
管柱:Phenomonex Synergi hydro RP管柱(C18,5μ,150×4.6 mm)
流動速率:1.5 mL/min。
管柱溫度:50℃。
偵測器:在220及280 nm下監測之二極體陣列偵測器。溶離:梯度。
溴化(5α,6α)-17-環丙基甲基-17-甲基-4,5-環氧基-3,6,14-三羥基-嗎啡烷("β"I-2):
在配備有磁力攪拌及氬氣吹掃器之燒瓶中將MNTX(8.72 g,0.020 mol)溶解於500 mL水中。添加NaOH(6.4 g,0.16 mol)於500 mL水中之溶液中的甲脒亞磺酸(8.64 g,0.080 mol),且將燒瓶浸沒於80℃浴槽中。持續加熱(總計約2小時)直至HPLC分析指示僅存在痕量之起始酮。用氫溴酸使混合物達到9.4之pH值,且在真空中將體積減少至200 mL。緩慢形成固體。收集固體且用2×10 mL水洗滌。
將濾液濃縮至約150 mL,且使第二批晶體形成隔夜。2.1 g產物之HPLC分析展示僅存在溴離子、1及2。後兩者之比率為99:1。
(5α)-17-環丙基甲基-17-甲基-4,5-環氧基-14-羥基嗎啡烷-6-酮-3-硫酸鹽內鹽(I-3a)
藉由鹼處理將MNTX轉化為內鹽,繼而自水中結晶。將該材料在真空乾燥器中經由五氧化二磷乾燥數日。
在配備有磁力攪拌及氬氣包覆之燒瓶中將內鹽(3.55 g,0.010 mol)溶解於40 mL無水NMP中。一次性添加三氧化硫-吡啶複合物(3.18 g,0.020 mol)。將燒瓶浸沒於油浴中,且將油浴溫度緩慢提高至60℃。此時,HPLC分析(280 nm)展示產物:起始材料:雜質之84:8:8組成。將混合物冷卻至室溫且用100 mL醚稀釋。丟棄液相,且將膠狀殘餘物與10 mL飽和碳酸氫鈉水溶液及30 g冰混合。當材料自由分散後,將其收集。將經單離之固體用沸騰乙醇-水及熱1:1 NMP:水連續濕磨。使所得固體之樣品自水中再結晶且用NMP濕磨。產物大於99%純。
藉由以下所述之一般流程2來製備式III
之化合物。
流程2
以上流程2描述用於製備式III
化合物之一般方法。如上文所展示,用具有合適離去基之經合適保護之尿甘酸鹽化合物2來處理經基化合物1,以致能所要偶合以形成3。對於式2之化合物而言,PG2
、PG3
及PG4
各自為合適羥基保護基。合適羥基保護基在此項技術中為人熟知,且包括Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis,
T.W.Greene及P.G.M.WutS,第三版,John Wiley & Sons,1999詳細描述之彼等保護基,該文獻以引用方式全文併入本文中。合適羥基保護基之實例進一步包括(但不限於)酯、烯丙基醚、醚、矽烷基醚、烷基醚、芳烷基醚及烷氧基烷基醚。該等酯之實例包括甲酸酯、乙酸酯、碳酸酯及磺酸酯。特定實例包括甲酸酯、苯甲醯基甲酸酯、氯乙酸酯、三氟乙酸酯、甲氧基乙酸酯、三苯基甲氧基乙酸酯、對氯苯氧基乙酸酯、3-苯基丙酸酯、4-側氧基戊酸酯、4,4-(伸乙基二硫基)戊酸酯、特戊酸酯(三甲基乙醯基)、巴豆酸酯、4-甲氧基-巴豆酸酯、苯甲酸酯、對苯甲酸苄酯、2,4,6-三甲基苯
甲酸酯、碳酸酯,諸如甲基、9-氟乙基甲基、乙基、2,2,2-三氯乙基、2-(三甲基矽烷基)乙基、2-(苯基磺醯基)乙基、乙烯基、烯丙基及對硝基苄基。該等矽烷基醚之實例包括三甲基矽烷基醚、三乙基矽烷基醚、第三丁基二甲基矽烷基醚、第三丁基二苯基矽烷基醚、三異丙基矽烷基醚及其他三烷基矽烷基醚。烷基醚包括甲醚、苄醚、對甲氧基苄醚、3,4-二甲氧基苄醚、三苯甲醚、第三丁醚、烯丙醚及烯丙氧基羰基醚或衍生物。烷氧基烷基醚包括縮醛,諸如甲氧甲基醚、甲硫基甲醚、(2-甲氧基乙氧基)甲醚、苄氧基甲醚、β-(三甲基矽烷基)乙氧基甲醚及四氫哌喃基醚。芳烷基醚之實例包括苄醚、對甲氧基苄醚(MPM)、3,4-二甲氧基苄醚、鄰硝基苄醚、對硝基苄醚、對鹵代苄醚、2,6-二氯苄醚、對氰基苄醚、2-吡啶甲基醚及4-吡啶甲基醚。
應瞭解PG2
、PG3
及PG4
各自可不同或相同。在特定實施例中,PG2
、PG3
及PG4
各自相同,以致其藉由相同條件經移除。該等保護基之移除(亦稱為"去保護")係藉由此項技術中已知之方法達成,該等方法包括Protecting Groupsin Organic Synthesis
,T.W.Greene及P.G.M.Wuts,第三版,John Wiley & Sons,1999中詳細描述之方法。
對於式2之化合物,PG1
基團為合適羧酸酯保護基。該等保護基在此項技術中為人熟知,且包括Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis
,T.W.Greene及P.G.M.Wuts,第三版,John Wiley & Sons,1999詳細描述之彼等保護基,該
文獻以引用方式全文併入本文中。合適羧酸酯保護基進一步包括(但不限於)經取代C1-6
脂族酯、視情況經取代之芳基酯、矽烷基酯、經活化酯、醯胺、醯肼及其類似物。該等酯基之實例包括甲基、乙基、丙基、異丙基、丁基、異丁基、苄基及苯基,其中各基團視情況經取代。
在將尿甘酸鹽化合物2
與化合物1
偶合後,獲得經保護化合物3
。接著,將該化合物去保護以形成式III
之化合物。
應瞭解在特定情況下,同時移除所有保護基係有利的。在該等情況下,PG1
、PG2
、PG3
及PG4
之選擇將為如此以致各保護基在相同條件下經移除,例如藉由用酸或鹼處理、藉由還原或藉由紫外光等。該等保護基選擇為一般技術者所熟知。
藉由大體上類似於Zhang等人,(1998)"Dynorphin A as a potential endogenous ligand for four members of the opioid receptor gene family."J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther.
,286:136-141中所述方法之方法來檢定本發明化合物對於人類μ類鴉片受體之活性。
使用希爾(Hill)等式曲線擬合,藉由競爭曲線之非線性回歸分析來測定IC50
值(導致控制特異性結合之半最大抑制的濃度)及希爾係數(nH)。
由Cheng Prusoff等式計算抑制常數(Ki):(Ki=IC50/(1+(L/KD)),其中L=檢定中放射性配位體之濃度,且KD=放射性配位體對於受體之親和力。
將結果表示為在化合物6-α-甲基納曲醇、6-β-甲基納曲醇及3-磺酸基-甲基納曲酮存在下所獲得之控制特異性結合之百分比。個別值及平均值陳述於下表7中:
關於化合物6-α-甲基納曲醇(I-1
)、6-β-甲基納曲醇(I-2
)及3-磺酸基-甲基納曲酮(I-3
)所獲得之相應競爭曲線分別展示於圖l、2及3中
。
藉由大體上類似於Hutchinson等人,(1975)"Assessment in the guinea-pig ileum and mouse vas deferens of benzomorphans which have strong antinociceptive activity but do not substitute for morphine in the dependent monkey."Br J Pharmacol.1975年12月;55(4):541-6中所述方法之方法來檢定本發明化合物對於μ-類鴉片受體在豚鼠回腸中之官能活性。
藉由劑量反應曲線之非線性回歸分析來測定IC50
值(導致DAMGO誘發之降低抽動收縮振幅之半最大抑制的濃度)。
將結果表示為在化合物6-α-甲基納曲醇、6-β-甲基納曲醇及3-磺酸基-甲基納曲酮存在下,導致DAMGO誘發之降低豚鼠回腸的抽動收縮振幅之半最大抑制的濃度。個別值陳述於表8中:
關於6-α-甲基納曲醇(I-1
)、6-β-甲基納曲醇(I-2
)及3-磺酸基-甲基納曲酮(I-3
)所獲得之相應抑制曲線分別展示於圖4、5
及6
中。
圖1
描述關於6-α-甲基納曲醇(I-1
)所獲得之競爭曲線。
圖2
描述關於6-β-甲基納曲醇(I-2
)所獲得之競爭曲線。
圖3
描述關於3-磺酸基甲基納曲酮(I-3
)所獲得之競爭曲線。
圖4
描述關於6-α-甲基納曲酮(I-1
)對於在豚鼠回腸中DAMGO誘發之降低抽動收縮振幅所獲得之競爭曲線。
圖5
描述關於6-β-甲基納曲醇(I-2
)對於在豚鼠回腸中DAMGO誘發之降低抽動收縮振幅所獲得之競爭曲線。
圖6
描述關於3-磺酸基甲基納曲酮(I-3
)對於在豚鼠回腸中DAMGO誘發之降低抽動收縮振幅所獲得之競爭曲線。
(無元件符號說明)
Claims (17)
- 一種經單離之式I 化合物:
其中X- 為合適陰離子;R1 為-OH或-OS(O)2 OH;R2 為-OH;且R2' 為氫。 - 如請求項1之化合物,其中X- 為合適布朗斯特酸之陰離子。
- 如請求項2之化合物,其中X- 為氯離子、溴離子、碘離子、氟離子、硫酸根、硫酸氫根、酒石酸根、硝酸根、檸檬酸根、酒石酸氫根、碳酸根、磷酸根、蘋果酸根、順丁烯二酸根、反丁烯二酸根、磺酸根、甲基磺酸根、甲酸根、羧酸根、甲基硫酸根或丁二酸根。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其中該化合物具有式I-a 或I-b :
其中各X- 為合適陰離子。 - 如請求項4之化合物,其中各X- 為氯離子、溴離子、碘 離子、氟離子、硫酸根、硫酸氫根、酒石酸根、硝酸根、檸檬酸根、酒石酸氫根、碳酸根、磷酸根、蘋果酸根、順丁烯二酸根、反丁烯二酸根、磺酸根、甲基磺酸根、甲酸根、羧酸根、甲基硫酸根或丁二酸根。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其中該化合物具有式II :
- 如請求項6之化合物,其中該化合物為:
- 如請求項1之化合物,其中該化合物係選自:
I-4 或 - 一種醫藥組合物,其包含如請求項1之化合物及視情況,醫藥學上可接受之載劑、佐劑或媒劑。
- 一種口服調配物,其包含如請求項9之醫藥組合物。
- 一種如請求項9之醫藥組合物之用途,其係用於製備減少類鴉片療法對接受類鴉片治療之個體的副作用的藥物。
- 如請求項11之用途,其中該副作用係由類鴉片受體活性導致、介導或惡化。
- 如請求項11之方法,其中該副作用係選自下列所組成之群:腸活動力之抑制、胃腸功能障礙、便秘、腸運動不足、阻塞、胃運動不足、胃腸括約肌收縮、括約肌伸縮性增加、胃腸活動力之抑制、胃排空之抑制、延時胃排空、不完全排泄、噁心、嘔吐、皮膚泛紅、胃氣脹、腹脹、發汗、煩躁不安、瘙癢及尿瀦留。
- 如請求項13之用途,其中該個體為接受短期類鴉片投藥之患者或接受慢性類鴉片投藥之患者。
- 一種如請求項9之醫藥組合物之用途,其係用於製備減 少個體體內之內源性類鴉片活性之末梢性效應的藥物。
- 如請求項15之用途,其中該效應包含選自以下各項之至少一種病狀或病症:腸塞絞痛、術後腸塞絞痛、麻痹性腸塞絞痛、產後腸塞絞痛、在腹部手術後形成之胃腸功能障礙及自發便秘。
- 一種製備方法,其包含以下步驟:(a)提供化合物1 :
及(b)用NaBH4 及乙酸處理化合物1 以形成化合物I-1 及I-2 之混合物: 其中該混合物係富含化合物I-1 。
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TWI553009B (zh) * | 2007-03-29 | 2016-10-11 | 普吉尼製藥公司 | 末梢性類鴉片受體拮抗劑及其用途 |
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| PL2137191T3 (pl) | 2016-12-30 |
| AU2014203242A1 (en) | 2014-07-10 |
| US8853232B2 (en) | 2014-10-07 |
| PE20090700A1 (es) | 2009-07-13 |
| US8546418B2 (en) | 2013-10-01 |
| PE20130480A1 (es) | 2013-05-08 |
| JP5461386B2 (ja) | 2014-04-02 |
| WO2008121348A2 (en) | 2008-10-09 |
| TWI553009B (zh) | 2016-10-11 |
| EP2137191B8 (en) | 2016-06-08 |
| WO2008121348A8 (en) | 2009-08-27 |
| AU2008233129A1 (en) | 2008-10-09 |
| CA2865661A1 (en) | 2008-10-09 |
| EP3064503A1 (en) | 2016-09-07 |
| MX2009010552A (es) | 2009-12-14 |
| US20110190331A1 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
| AU2008233129B2 (en) | 2014-03-20 |
| CA2682125C (en) | 2015-06-16 |
| TW200902005A (en) | 2009-01-16 |
| PA8774201A1 (es) | 2009-06-23 |
| CL2013001885A1 (es) | 2014-03-28 |
| AR065877A1 (es) | 2009-07-08 |
| JP2010522755A (ja) | 2010-07-08 |
| EP2137191B1 (en) | 2016-03-02 |
| WO2008121348A3 (en) | 2009-06-18 |
| CA2682125A1 (en) | 2008-10-09 |
| CA2865661C (en) | 2016-05-17 |
| EP2137191A2 (en) | 2009-12-30 |
| ES2570374T3 (es) | 2016-05-18 |
| JP2014065719A (ja) | 2014-04-17 |
| US20140142132A1 (en) | 2014-05-22 |
| TW201504243A (zh) | 2015-02-01 |
| CL2008000905A1 (es) | 2008-08-22 |
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