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TW202203490A - 用於固態氧化物電解電池之電解質材料 - Google Patents

用於固態氧化物電解電池之電解質材料 Download PDF

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TW202203490A
TW202203490A TW110117057A TW110117057A TW202203490A TW 202203490 A TW202203490 A TW 202203490A TW 110117057 A TW110117057 A TW 110117057A TW 110117057 A TW110117057 A TW 110117057A TW 202203490 A TW202203490 A TW 202203490A
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Abstract

本發明係關於固態氧化物電解槽電解質組合物,其包含經氧化鈧及氧化鈰穩定之氧化鋯,其含有5至12莫耳%氧化鈧、1至7莫耳%氧化鈰及80至94莫耳%氧化鋯,或經氧化釔及氧化鈰穩定之氧化鋯,其含有3至10莫耳%氧化釔、1至6莫耳%氧化鈰及84至96莫耳%氧化鋯。

Description

用於固態氧化物電解電池之電解質材料
本發明係關於用於減輕陰極分層之固態氧化物電解電池(SOEC)之電解質材料。
固態氧化物燃料電池(SOFC)可作為電解電池操作以自水產生氫氣及氧氣。此等電池被稱作固態氧化物電解電池(SOEC)。於SOFC模式中,氧離子自陰極側(空氣)運輸至陽極側(燃料)及驅動力為跨電解質之氧分壓之化學梯度。於SOEC模式中,正電位經施加至電池之空氣側及氧離子自燃料側運輸至空氣側。因為陰極及陽極在SOFC與SOEC之間逆轉(即,SOFC陰極為SOEC陽極,及SOFC陽極為SOEC陰極),SOFC陰極(SOEC陽極)被稱作空氣電極,及SOFC陽極(SOEC陰極)被稱作燃料電極。SOEC包含陶瓷(例如,固態氧化物)電解質、空氣電極及燃料電極。在SOEC模式期間,燃料物流中之水經還原(H2 O + 2eàO-2 + H2 )以形成H2 氣及O-2 離子,O-2 離子通過固態電解質運輸,及然後在空氣側氧化(2  O-2 à O2 )以產生分子氧。因為利用空氣及濕燃料(氫氣,轉化之天然氣)之SOFC操作之開路電壓係在.9至1V之等級(取決於含水量),施加至SOEC模式中之空氣側電極之正電壓將電池電壓升高至1.1至1.3V之典型操作電壓。於恆定電流模式中,若存在電池降解,則電池電壓將隨時間增加,該電池降解可因電阻源及電極極化二者產生。
申請專利當時之技術水平SOEC遭遇之主要障礙中之一者為空氣電極在高電流密度下之分層。分層程度隨著電流密度及氧離子運輸通量而增加。
於一個實施例中,固態氧化物電解電池電解質組合物包含經氧化鈧及氧化鈰穩定之氧化鋯,包含5至12莫耳%氧化鈧、1至7莫耳%氧化鈰及80至94莫耳%氧化鋯。於一個實施例中,該電解質組合物包含5至10莫耳%氧化鈧、1至5莫耳%氧化鈰及84至94莫耳%氧化鋯。於另一實施例中,該電解質組合物包含5至10莫耳%氧化鈧、2至5莫耳%氧化鈰及84至94莫耳%氧化鋯。於一個實施例中,該電解質組合物進一步包含0.5至3莫耳%氧化鐿。
於另一實施例中,固態氧化物電解電池電解質組合物包含經氧化釔及氧化鈰穩定之氧化鋯,包含3至10莫耳%氧化釔、1至6莫耳%氧化鈰及84至95莫耳%氧化鋯。
固態氧化物電解電池包含該(等)以上電解質組合物、空氣電極及燃料電極。
圖1A為固態氧化物電解電池(SOEC)堆疊20之透視圖,及圖1B為圖1A之堆疊20之一部分之側剖視圖。參考圖1A及1B,堆疊20包含藉由互連件9分離之多個電解電池1,該等互連件亦可稱作氣流分離板或雙極板。各電解電池1包含空氣電極3、固態氧化物電解質5及燃料電極7。堆疊20亦包含內部燃料立管通道22。
各互連件9將堆疊20中之相鄰電解電池1電連接。特定言之,互連件9可將一個電解電池1之燃料電極7電連接至相鄰電解電池1之空氣電極3。圖1B顯示下電解電池1位於兩個互連件9之間。
各互連件9包含凸緣10,其至少部分限定在互連件相對側上之燃料通道8及空氣通道8。互連件9可操作為氣體-燃料分離器,其將流入堆疊20中之一個電池1之燃料電極7的燃料(諸如水蒸氣)與流入堆疊20中之相鄰電池1之空氣電極3的氧化劑(諸如空氣)分離。在堆疊20之任一端,可存在各自將空氣或燃料提供至端電極之空氣端板或燃料端板(未顯示)。該等端板經電連接至電源(例如,電壓或電流源),該電源向堆疊20提供電力用於電解反應,其中提供至燃料電極7之水透過電解質5經分離成燃料側上之氫氣及自燃料電極7運輸至空氣電極3之氧氣。
空氣電極3可包含導電材料及電絕緣陶瓷材料之混合物。該導電材料可包括鈣鈦礦導電材料,諸如錳酸鑭鍶或金屬(諸如鉑)。該電絕緣陶瓷材料可包括經離子導電穩定或部分穩定之氧化鋯(ZrO2 )材料,諸如經稀土穩定(例如,摻雜)之氧化鋯,諸如經氧化鈧(Sc2 O3 )穩定之氧化鋯(SSZ)、經氧化釔(Y2 O3 )穩定之氧化鋯(YSZ)及/或經氧化鐿(Yb2 O3 )穩定之氧化鋯(YbSZ)。該燃料電極7可包含金屬陶瓷材料,諸如鎳及經穩定之氧化鋯及/或經摻雜之氧化鈰金屬陶瓷。
不希望侷限於特定理論,空氣電極3之分層可由氧氣在電解質/空氣電極介面處之沉澱引起,該沉澱可導致高壓,從而導致空氣電極分層。
本發明之實施例提供電解質5材料,其幫助減輕空氣電極分層及允許SOEC在較高電流密度下操作。已發現增加氧化鈧-氧化鈰摻雜之氧化鋯氟石材料中之氧化鈰之量幫助減輕空氣電極分層。例如,利用兩種不同電解質材料測試SOEC之分層,其中一種電解質材料具有另一者約2倍量之氧化鈰。該等電解質為A) 88莫耳% ZrO2 -10莫耳% Sc2 O3 -2莫耳%CeO2 ,其可寫作Zr0.8 Sc0.182 Ce0.018 O2-x ,及B) 88莫耳% ZrO2 -10莫耳% Sc2 O3 -1莫耳% CeO2 -1莫耳% Yb2 O3 ,其可寫作Zr0.793 Sc0.180 Ce0.009 Yb0.018 O2-x 。該SOEC堆疊由編號1至5之利用電解質A的電池及編號6至10之利用電解質B的電池組成,及在不同電流1A、2A、4A、10A、15A及20A下操作延長之時間段。在低電流(1至4A)下,具有兩種電解質組合物之電池表現良好且相似,如圖2中所示。
然而,在較高電流(10A及以上)下,具有電解質組合物B (較低氧化鈰含量)之電池展示在操作期間更高的電壓增加,這指示更高電阻及電池過電位。兩種類型之電池具有相同空氣電極及燃料電極及唯一差異為電解質組合物。不希望侷限於特定理論,本發明者相信電解質中之較高氧化鈰含量增加電解質之導電性,其減輕氧氣在電解質/陰極介面處之沉澱。
基於此等結果,提供經摻雜之氧化鋯之下列組合物用於SOEC電解質5材料。
如下所示之具有1至5莫耳% CeO2 摻雜之10莫耳%氧化鈧摻雜之氧化鋯: 89莫耳%ZrO2 -10莫耳%Sc2 O3 -1莫耳%CeO2 ; 88莫耳%ZrO2 -10莫耳%Sc2 O3 -2莫耳%CeO2 ; 87莫耳%ZrO2 -10莫耳%Sc2 O3 -3莫耳%CeO2 ; 86莫耳%ZrO2 -10莫耳%Sc2 O3 -4莫耳%CeO2 ; 85莫耳%ZrO2 -10莫耳%Sc2 O3 -5莫耳%CeO2
如下所示之具有1至5莫耳% CeO2 摻雜之9莫耳%氧化鈧摻雜之氧化鋯: 90莫耳%ZrO2 -9莫耳%Sc2 O3 -1莫耳%CeO2 至86莫耳%ZrO2 -9莫耳%Sc2 O3 -5莫耳%CeO2 ; 具有1至5莫耳% CeO2 摻雜之8莫耳%氧化鈧摻雜之氧化鋯; 具有1至5莫耳% CeO2 摻雜之7莫耳%氧化鈧摻雜之氧化鋯; 具有1至5莫耳% CeO2 摻雜之6莫耳%氧化鈧摻雜之氧化鋯; 具有1至5莫耳% CeO2 摻雜之5莫耳%氧化鈧摻雜之氧化鋯。
氧化鐿亦可以0.5至3莫耳% (諸如0.75至1.5莫耳%)添加至經氧化鈧及氧化鈰穩定之氧化鋯中,如下所示: 具有1至5莫耳% CeO2 摻雜之10莫耳%氧化鈧-1莫耳%Yb2 O3 摻雜之氧化鋯; 88莫耳%Zr2 O2 -10莫耳%Sc2 O3 -1莫耳%Yb2 O3 -1莫耳%CeO2 ; 87莫耳%Zr2 O2 -10莫耳% Sc2 O3 -1莫耳%Yb2 O3 -2莫耳%CeO2 ; 86莫耳%Zr2 O2 -10莫耳% Sc2 O3 -1莫耳%Yb2 O3 -3莫耳%CeO2 ; 85莫耳%Zr2 O2 -10莫耳% Sc2 O3 -1莫耳%Yb2 O3 -4莫耳%CeO2 ; 84莫耳%Zr2 O2 -10莫耳% Sc2 O3 -1莫耳%Yb2 O3 -5莫耳%CeO2
如上:5至9莫耳%氧化鈧摻雜之氧化鋯-1莫耳%Yb2 O3 -(1至5莫耳%CeO2 )。
因此,基於圖2,具有至少2莫耳%氧化鈰,諸如2至7莫耳%,包含2至5莫耳%氧化鈰之組合物係較佳。
於另一實施例中,該等電解質組合物可包含經氧化釔及氧化鈰穩定之氧化鋯。該等組合物可包含3至10莫耳%氧化釔、1至6莫耳%氧化鈰及84至96莫耳%氧化鋯。
於一個實施例中,該電解質組合物包含3莫耳%氧化釔、1至5莫耳%氧化鈰(諸如1、2、3、4或5莫耳%氧化鈰)及92至96莫耳%氧化鋯。於另一實施例中,該電解質組合物包含8莫耳%氧化釔、2至6莫耳%氧化鈰(諸如2、3、4、5或6莫耳%氧化鈰)及86至90莫耳%氧化鋯。於另一實施例中,該電解質組合物包含10莫耳%氧化釔、1至4莫耳%氧化鈰(諸如1、2、3或4莫耳%氧化鈰)及86至89莫耳%氧化鋯。
經氧化釔及氧化鈰穩定之氧化鋯可藉由將經氧化釔穩定之氧化鋯粉末及氧化鈰粉末混合,接著將粉末摻合物燒結成電解質組合物而形成。或者,經氧化釔及氧化鈰穩定之氧化鋯可藉由將氧化釔粉末、氧化鋯粉末及氧化鈰粉末混合,接著將合成之粉末燒結成電解質組合物而形成。
8YSZ (經8莫耳%氧化釔穩定之氧化鋯)及CeO2 粉末摻合物可如下形成:將(100-x)莫耳% 8YSZ粉末與x莫耳% CeO2 粉末混合,其中x範圍自2至6,如下表1中所示。
表1
8YSZ + 2CeO2
8YSZ + 3CeO2
8YSZ + 4CeO2
8YSZ + 5CeO2
8YSZ + 6CeO2
8YSZ及CeO2 合成之粉末可如下形成:將8莫耳% (Y2 O3 )與x莫耳% (CeO2 )及(92-x)莫耳% (ZrO2 )粉末混合,其中x範圍自2至5,如下表2中所示。
表2
8YSZ + 2 CeO2 :合成8莫耳%(Y2 O3 ) + 2莫耳%(CeO2 ) + 90莫耳%(ZrO2 )
8YSZ + 3 CeO2 :合成8莫耳%(Y2 O3 ) + 3莫耳%(CeO2 ) + 89莫耳%(ZrO2 )
8YSZ + 4 CeO2 :合成8莫耳%(Y2 O3 ) + 4莫耳%(CeO2 ) + 88莫耳%(ZrO2 )
8YSZ + 5 CeO2 :合成8莫耳%(Y2 O3 ) + 5莫耳%(CeO2 ) + 87莫耳%(ZrO2 )
3YSZ及CeO2 粉末摻合物可如下形成:將(100-x)莫耳% 3YSZ粉末與x莫耳% CeO2 粉末混合,其中x範圍自1至5。
3YSZ及CeO2 合成之粉末可如下形成:將3莫耳% (Y2 O3 )與x莫耳% (CeO2 )及(97-x)莫耳% (ZrO2 )粉末混合,其中x範圍自1至5。
10YSZ及CeO2 粉末摻合物可如下形成:將(100-x)莫耳% 10YSZ粉末與x莫耳% CeO2 粉末混合,其中x範圍自1至4。
10YSZ及CeO2 合成之粉末可如下形成:將10莫耳% (Y2 O3 )與x莫耳% (CeO2 )及(90-x)莫耳% (ZrO2 )粉末混合,其中x範圍自1至4。
提供所揭示態樣之前述描述以使任何熟習此項技術者能製造或使用本發明。此等態樣之各種修改將對熟習此項技術者顯而易見,及本文中所定義之一般原理可適用於其他態樣而不背離本發明之範圍。因此,本發明意欲不限於本文中所示之態樣,但應符合與本文中所揭示之原理及新穎特徵一致之最寬廣範圍。
1:電解電池 3:空氣電極 5:電解質 7:燃料電極 8:通道 9:互連件 10:凸緣 20:堆疊
圖1A為固態氧化物電解電池(SOEC)堆疊之透視圖,及圖1B為圖1A之堆疊之一部分之側剖視圖。
圖2為不同電解電池在不同電流下之電壓之圖。該圖顯示在各種電流下運行延長時間段之兩種電解質組合物(A及B)之電池電壓。
1:電解電池
3:空氣電極
5:電解質
7:燃料電極
8:通道
9:互連件
10:凸緣
20:堆疊

Claims (18)

  1. 一種固態氧化物電解槽電解質組合物,其包含經氧化鈧及氧化鈰穩定之氧化鋯,其包含: 5至12莫耳%氧化鈧; 1至7莫耳%氧化鈰;及 80至94莫耳%氧化鋯。
  2. 如請求項1之電解質組合物,其包含: 5至10莫耳%氧化鈧; 1至5莫耳%氧化鈰;及 84至94莫耳%氧化鋯。
  3. 如請求項1之電解質組合物,其包含: 5至10莫耳%氧化鈧; 2至5莫耳%氧化鈰;及 84至94莫耳%氧化鋯。
  4. 2或3之電解質組合物,其進一步包含0.5至3莫耳%氧化鐿。
  5. 一種固態氧化物電解槽電解質組合物,其包含經氧化釔及氧化鈰穩定之氧化鋯,其包含: 3至10莫耳%氧化釔; 1至6莫耳%氧化鈰;及 84至96莫耳%氧化鋯。
  6. 如請求項5之電解質組合物,其中該電解質組合物包含: 3莫耳%氧化釔; 1至5莫耳%氧化鈰;及 92至96莫耳%氧化鋯。
  7. 如請求項5之電解質組合物,其中該電解質組合物包含: 8莫耳%氧化釔; 2至6莫耳%氧化鈰;及 86至90莫耳%氧化鋯。
  8. 如請求項5之電解質組合物,其中該電解質組合物包含: 10莫耳%氧化釔; 1至4莫耳%氧化鈰;及 86至89莫耳%氧化鋯。
  9. 一種固態氧化物電解電池,其包含: 如請求項1之電解質組合物; 空氣電極;及 燃料電極。
  10. 一種固態氧化物電解電池,其包含: 如請求項2之電解質組合物; 空氣電極;及 燃料電極。
  11. 一種固態氧化物電解電池,其包含: 如請求項3之電解質組合物; 空氣電極;及 燃料電極。
  12. 一種固態氧化物電解電池,其包含: 如請求項4之電解質組合物; 空氣電極;及 燃料電極。
  13. 一種固態氧化物電解電池,其包含: 如請求項5之電解質組合物; 空氣電極;及 燃料電極。
  14. 一種固態氧化物電解電池,其包含: 如請求項6之電解質組合物; 空氣電極;及 燃料電極。
  15. 一種固態氧化物電解電池,其包含: 如請求項7之電解質組合物; 空氣電極;及 燃料電極。
  16. 一種固態氧化物電解電池,其包含: 如請求項8之電解質組合物; 空氣電極;及 燃料電極。
  17. 一種固態氧化物電解堆疊,其包含: 複數個如請求項9之固態氧化物電解電池;及 將該等複數個固態氧化物電解電池分離之複數個互連件。
  18. 一種固態氧化物電解堆疊,其包含: 複數個如請求項13之固態氧化物電解電池;及 將該等複數個固態氧化物電解電池分離之複數個互連件。
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