TW201907951A - 用於男性及女性型態掉髮之催乳素受體抗體 - Google Patents
用於男性及女性型態掉髮之催乳素受體抗體 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明係關於催乳素受體抗體mat3之調配物及其在治療男性及女性型態掉髪中之用途。
Description
本發明係關於催乳素受體(PRLR)抗體mat3之調配物,以及其用於治療男性及女性型態掉髪及(例如)由催乳素瘤、催乳素增加藥物(例如抗精神病藥)所引起之催乳素相關之掉髪形式或與高全身催乳素含量相關之圍產期掉髪之用途。
男性及女性型態掉髪(M/FPHL)亦部分地描述為「雄激素性掉髪」,其係最常見之掉髪原因且涉及高達70%之男性及40%之女性(Wolff, H.等人,(2016), Diagnostik und Therapie von Haar und Kopfhauterkrankungen. Deutsches Ärzteblatt, 113, 377-386)。M/FPHL主要影響頭皮之頂部及前部,其中男性具有後退之髪際線且女性顯示頭髮變稀疏。據信,雄性激素二氫睪固酮在男性型態掉髪中起主要作用。女性中之掉髪型態與男性型態禿髪不同。在女性中,髪際線不後退且不會導致全禿髪。
頭皮毛髮生長週期:生長期之特徵在於毛髮生長活躍;退化期顯示衰退且之後為休止期(靜止)。脫落期(死毛髮之釋放)與休止期之結束相一致。掉髪可係任何時期中毛髮生長受到干擾之後果。
休止期掉髪可具有許多觸發因素(生理及情緒壓力、身體狀況、鐵及鋅缺乏)。重要的是,早期階段之M/FPHL顯示休止期毛髮脫落(Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine (2009). 76, 361-367)。生長期掉髪通常係放射或化學療法之結果。
儘管可獲得一些用於治療M/FPHL之藥劑(例如,非那雄胺(finasteride)及米諾地爾(minoxidil)),但掉髪之治療仍係未滿足之醫療需求。糖皮質激素用於治療斑禿,其中身體攻擊其自身生長期毛囊並阻抑或終止毛髮生長。米諾地爾及非那雄胺用於治療男性之M/FPHL掉髪,而僅米諾地爾亦用於女性之此適應症。一般而言,所有該等治療均具有副作用。非那雄胺可導致男性性欲減退及陽萎且論述其他嚴重副作用(如乳癌);其在女性中係禁忌的。米諾地爾可導致下位反應、心絞痛及不期望之毛髮生長。此外,並非所有治療之患者均可用該等藥物中之任一者有效地治療。因此,治療M/FPHL之問題顯然尚未解決且仍存在顯著未滿足之醫療需求。
在齧齒類動物中,使用成年動物中之剃毛實驗來分析化合物對掉髪之效應,其係藉由分析剃毛區域中之毛髮再生長作為讀出範例來實施(British Journal of dermatology (2008).159, 300-305)。在毛髮生長大多靜止(休止期)之時間點將成年動物剃毛誘導以毛髮生長為特徵之生長期。可證實,在野生型小鼠中施加二氫睪固酮延遲剃毛後之毛髮再生長,而雄激素受體缺陷小鼠在剃毛後顯示增強之再生長(British Journal of dermatology 2008;159:300-305)。
值得注意的是,所有在人類雄激素性掉髪中顯示效能之藥物在該等剃毛實驗中均有效,即非那雄胺、米諾地爾已顯示在剃毛之野生型小鼠中刺激毛髮再生長(Int J Pharmaceutics (2005). 306, 91-98;Med Chem Lett (2007). 17, 5983-5988)。
催乳素(PRL)係由199個胺基酸構成之多肽激素。PRL屬多肽激素之生長激素(GH)、胎盤生乳素(PL)家族且係在垂體之催乳激素分泌細胞及數個垂體外組織(例如淋巴球、乳腺上皮細胞、子宮肌層及前列腺)中合成。兩種不同之啟動子調控垂體及垂體外PRL合成(BioEssays 28:1051-1055, 2006)。
PRL結合至PRL受體(PRLR),即屬1類細胞介素受體超家族之單一跨膜受體(Endocrine Reviews 19:225-268, 1998)。在配體結合至預二聚化之PRLR時,與受體締合之JAK (主要為JAK2,即傑納斯激酶2 (Janus Kinase 2))轉磷酸化且彼此活化。另外,PRLR亦經磷酸化且可結合至含SH2-結構域之蛋白質,例如STAT (信號轉導子及活化子)。受體結合STAT隨後磷酸化,自受體解離並易位至細胞核,在此其刺激靶基因之轉錄。另外,已闡述PRLR活化Ras-Raf-MAPK路徑且活化細胞質src激酶(Endocrine Reviews 19: 225-268, 1998)。
PRLR介導之信號傳導在多種過程中起作用,例如乳腺發育、泌乳、繁殖、乳腺及前列腺腫瘤生長、自體免疫疾病、一般生長及代謝及免疫調節(Endocrine Reviews 19: 225-268, 1998; Annu. Rev. Physiol. 64: 47-67, 2002)。
使用溴隱亭(bromocriptine)及其他多巴胺(dopamine)受體2激動劑可抑制垂體PRL分泌(Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology and Metabolism 2(10): 571-581, 2006)。然而,該等藥劑不阻抑垂體外PRL合成,該垂體外PRL合成可成功地補償垂體PRL合成之抑制,從而使得PRLR介導之信號傳導幾乎不受損(Endocrine Reviews 19:225-268, 1998)。因此,對於患有乳癌或自體免疫疾病(例如全身性狼瘡或類風濕性關節炎)之患者而言,多巴胺2型受體激動劑沒有益處並不奇怪(Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 14:289-29, 1989;Lupus 7:414-419, 1998),儘管該等疾病中涉及催乳素。分別在乳癌或自體免疫疾病中起關鍵作用之乳癌細胞或淋巴球中之局部催乳素合成不由多巴胺受體激動劑阻斷。
與雄激素-受體缺陷小鼠類似,PRLR缺陷小鼠顯示增強之毛髮生長,而向野生型小鼠投與催乳素延遲毛髮生長(J Endocrinol (2006).191, 415-425)。
據Foitzik報導(Am J Pathol (2003), 162 (5), 1611-1621),催乳素可對毛髮生長具有效應。基於在用非生理性高之催乳素濃度培育後毛髮生長之活體外分析,Foitzik得出結論,PRLR拮抗劑可用於治療雄激素性脫髪。然而,人類PRL可與人類PRL受體以及生長激素受體(GHR)相互作用。藉由以高劑量使用PRL,不清楚那種受體(即GHR或PRLR)經活化。在該研究中未指定或揭示所採用PRLR拮抗劑之類型。PRL變體以及競爭性PRLR拮抗劑由於其負面特性而在中和毛囊中之局部PRL信號傳導方面無效,該等負面特性為1) 由於競爭性作用機制,在增加之PRL濃度存在下PRLR抑制降低, 2) 半衰期降低及3) 若與PRL相比,則與PRLR之親和力降低。
最近,已闡述若干種干擾PRLR介導之信號傳導之PRLR-抗體(WO2012163932、WO2011069799、WO2011069795)。已證實,中和PRLR抗體(WO2011069799)刺激剃毛之正常及血催乳素過多小鼠中之毛髮再生長。亦可證實,催乳素受體(PRLR)表現於猴及小鼠皮膚中之毛囊中(參見實例1),且PRLR藉由結合PRLR特異性抗體005-CO4而中和。亦可顯示,PRLR抗體005-CO4刺激剃毛雌性小鼠中之毛髮再生長(Otto, C.等人,(2015) Endocrinology 156 (11), 4365-4373)。所闡述之特異性PRLR抗體不與GHR相互作用。阻斷PRLR增強小鼠之毛髮再生長,如在相同動物模型中利用抗雄激素已證實。然而,小鼠背部上之毛皮不能視為人類頭皮毛髮之相關模型。因此,所闡述之對小鼠毛皮毛髮之效應僅為提示性的,而關於人類脫髪之潛在治療效應本身不為決定性的。然而,即使小鼠數據決定雄激素受體及PRLR背景中之猴數據且與其一致,但將小鼠數據轉化為人類情形可受以下阻礙:小鼠軀幹毛髮(毛皮)之再生長可不同於猴及人類中之頭皮毛髮再生長之事實以及人類及猴中自發性掉髪後之毛髮再生長可不同於將小鼠軀幹剃毛後之再生長之事實。
業內對於提供用於治療M/FPHL之藥劑仍存在未滿足之醫療需求。本發明之潛在問題在於提供可用於治療M/FPHL之新穎藥劑。
本發明係關於PRLR抗體之含抗體之穩定調配物,其在M/FPHL之普遍接受之非人類靈長類動物模型(短尾猴(stumptail macaque)模型)中令人驚訝地有效,且因此有希望作為亦用於人類M/FPHL之新穎治療。
對人類男性及女性型態掉髪具有高預測價值之採用自發性後青春期頭皮掉髪之此猴模型之近期研究證實在用含抗體之穩定調配物治療動物時PRLR抗體mat3之效能。抗體自身係PCT申請案WO2012163932之標的物,而調配物揭示於PCT申請案WO2014036076中,其各自係以全文引用的方式併入本文中。
採用短尾猴可證實,用含PRLR抗體之穩定調配物治療將有可能對人類男性及女性型態掉髪有效。極高比例(81%)之動物(11隻中之9隻)對化合物治療有反應,但群體關於年齡及性別係異質的且所觀察之區域在治療之前顯示長期禿髪。11隻猴中之5隻>25歲且視為尤其難以治療。然而,彼等猴中之三隻對化合物治療有反應。值得注意的是,全禿之頭皮區域反應最佳。PRLR抗體mat3顯示更多之效能且在較僅兩種經批准之用於M/FPHL之藥劑(米諾地爾(局部,每日)及非那雄胺(經口,每日一次,僅男性))更便捷之方案(s.c.每月兩次)後有效。(參見實例4及圖2-3)。
因此,含PRLR抗體mat3之穩定調配物可視為用於女性及男性中M/FPHL之新穎治療選擇。提供含抗體mat3之特定穩定調配物解決提供用於女性及男性中M/FPHL之新穎藥劑之潛在問題。亦可採用該調配物以用於治療(例如)由催乳素瘤、催乳素增加藥物(例如抗精神病藥)所引起之催乳素相關之掉髪形式或與高全身催乳素含量相關之圍產期掉髪。
本發明係基於含催乳素受體抗體mat3之穩定調配物促進毛髮生長且因此可向個體遞送治療效益之發現。
定義
如上文所闡述,本揭示內容提供PRLR抗體調配物,其在預期之儲存條件下使呈液體形式或呈凍乾形式之抗體穩定。本文所闡述之調配物包括一或多種醫藥上可接受之賦形劑或穩定劑,且含於適宜pH下之緩衝介質中並與生理流體實質上等滲。對於全身投藥而言,注射係一種可能的投藥途徑,包括肌內、靜脈內、腹膜內及皮下注射。由於其黏度較低,因此本發明所揭示之PRLR抗體調配物可便捷地經由(例如)超濾及無菌過濾處理,且可經由注射(包括靜脈內及皮下注射二者) 投與患者。此外,由於其實質上等滲,因此本發明所揭示之PRLR抗體調配物降低組織損傷或其他不利生理效應,且藉此達成有利之患者耐受性及增加之患者順從性。
本文所闡述之調配物之特徵在於除了用於緩衝調配物之有機鹽或無機鹽以外沒有添加其他鹽,此舉為增加其他穩定劑(例如蔗糖)之濃度提供靈活性,同時維持調配物之滲透重量莫耳濃度,以改良活體內耐受性且因此增加患者順從性。此外,本發明所闡述調配物之低黏度容許進行便捷加工處理,包括超濾及無菌過濾,及經由針頭注射藥物產品溶液。
出於解釋本說明書之目的,將應用以下定義。在下文所闡述之任何定義與該詞語在任何其他文件(包括以引用的方式併入本文中之任何文件)中之使用矛盾之情況下,除非明確期望相反含義(例如在最初使用該術語之文件中),否則出於解釋本說明書及其相關申請專利範圍之目的,應始終以下文所闡述之定義為準。
適當時,以單數形式使用之術語亦將包括複數形式,且反之亦然。除非另有說明或使用「一或多種」明顯不適當之情形,否則本文中使用「一(a)」意指「一或多種」。除非另有說明,否則使用「或」意指「及/或」。「包含(comprise、comprises、comprising)」、「包括(include、includes及including)」可互換使用且無意具有限制性。術語「例如」亦無意具有限制性。舉例而言,術語「包括」應意指「包括(但不限於)」。此外,在一或多個實施例之描述使用術語「包含」之情形下,熟習此項技術者應理解,在一些特定情況下,該(等)實施例可替代地使用語言「基本上由......組成」及/或「由......組成」來描述。
如本文所使用,術語「黏度」係指液體調配物流動之阻力,例如在向患者投與期間經由注射器針注射時。黏度量測可藉由錐板技術來進行,其中將珀耳帖(Peltier)元件設定在界定溫度下,例如如本文所闡述之22℃-23℃。通常,將明確界定之剪切應力梯度施加至液體調配物並量測所得剪切速率。黏度係剪切應力對剪切速率之比率。如本文所使用,黏度係以22℃-23℃下之mPa-S單位來表示,其中1 mPa-S = 1 cP。本文所揭示之高濃度、低黏度、實質上等滲之調配物通常特徵在於在22℃-23℃下黏度在1 mPa-S至8 mPa-S範圍內。
如本文所使用,術語「滲透重量莫耳濃度」係指溶質濃度之量度,定義為每kg溶液溶質之毫莫耳數。期望之滲透重量莫耳濃度值可藉由添加一或多種穩定劑來達成,該(等)穩定劑係例如糖或糖醇,包括甘露醇、右旋糖、葡萄糖、海藻糖及/或蔗糖。適於提供滲透重量莫耳濃度之其他穩定劑闡述於參考文獻中,例如handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (第四版,Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, Science & Practice Publishers)或Remingtons: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (第19版,Mack Publishing Company)。
如本文所使用,術語「約」係指所提供之單位值+/- 10%。如本文所使用,術語「實質上」係指展現所關注特性或性質之總程度或近似程度之定性條件。生物學領域之一般技術者應理解,由於許多變量影響生物及化學組合物及材料之測試、產生及儲存且由於生物及化學組合物及材料之測試、產生及儲存中所使用儀器及設備之固有誤差,因此生物及化學現象罕有地(若存在)達成或避免絕對結果。因此,本文使用術語實質上來捕捉許多生物及化學現象中固有之完整性之潛在缺乏。
如本文所使用,術語「等滲(isosmotic)」及「等張(isotonic)」可與術語「實質上等滲(substantially isosmotic)及「實質上等張(substantially isotonic)」互換使用,且係指特徵在於滲透壓與另一溶液之滲透壓相同或至少實質上等於另一溶液之滲透壓之調配物,此係藉由其中調配物中之溶質(包括可滲透及不可滲透之溶質二者)之總濃度與另一溶液中溶質之總數量相同或至少實質上等於另一溶液中溶質之總數量之調配物來達成。因此,儘管熟習此項技術者將瞭解用於活體內投與之「等滲」及「等張」調配物之滲透重量莫耳濃度通常在約270 mmol/kg至約310 mmol/kg範圍內,但在本揭示內容之高濃度、低黏度調配物之背景下,術語「等滲」、「等張」、「實質上等滲」及「實質上等張」可互換使用以指滲透重量莫耳濃度在約240 mmol/kg至約380 mmol/kg、或約270 mmol/kg至約370 mmol/kg、或約300 mmol/kg至約330 mmol/kg範圍內之調配物。
本發明所揭示之高濃度、低黏度、實質上等滲之PRLR抗體調配物在約pH 5.0至約pH 6.5之pH下含有約0 mM至約70 mM之組胺酸;約50 ppm至約300 ppm之非離子表面活性劑(例如聚山梨醇酯(Tween®) 80 及/或聚山梨醇酯(Tween®) 20);約34 mM至約292 mM之糖或糖醇,例如甘露醇、右旋糖、葡萄糖、海藻糖及/或蔗糖;約0 mM至約50 mM之精胺酸;約0 mM至約50 mM之賴胺酸;約0 mM至約270 mM之甘胺酸或丙胺酸;約0 mM至約10 mM之甲硫胺酸;及約1 mg/ml至約150 mg/ml之PRLR抗體。本文所揭示之調配物在22℃-23℃下展現約1 mPa-S至約8 mPa-S之黏度及約240 mmol/kg至約380 mmol/kg範圍內之滲透重量莫耳濃度。
在該等調配物中,組胺酸係緩衝劑,其可用於維持約pH 5.0至約pH 6.5或約pH 5.5至約pH 6.0、例如約pH 5.0、約pH 5.5、約pH 6.0或約pH 6.5之調配物pH。
糖或糖醇(例如甘露醇、右旋糖、葡萄糖、海藻糖及/或蔗糖)單獨或二者組合作為低溫保護劑及穩定劑用於液體調配物中之PRLR抗體以及在凍乾期間使用。
諸如聚山梨醇酯,包括聚山梨醇酯20及聚山梨醇酯80;泊洛沙姆(poloxamer),包括泊洛沙姆184及188;pluronic®多元醇;及其他乙烯/聚丙烯嵌段聚合物等非離子表面活性劑藉由降低界面相互作用並防止抗體吸附在處理及儲存期間穩定PRLR抗體。
精胺酸係蛋白質增溶劑亦及降低抗體及其他蛋白質聚集(例如PRLR抗體聚集)及其他可能之降解之穩定劑。甲硫胺酸係在處理及儲存期間防止抗體氧化之抗氧化劑。
糖及無機鹽常用作蛋白質穩定劑;然而,糖及無機鹽二者亦係有效之張力劑。若調配物需要高濃度之一或多種糖以穩定PRLR抗體,則無機鹽濃度應為0或保持極低以維持調配物之滲透重量莫耳濃度,從而使得在投與時注射疼痛降低。
如本文所使用,術語「鹽」係指無機鹽,其包括氯化鈉(NaCl)、硫酸鈉(Na2
SO4
)、硫氰酸鈉(NaSCN)、氯化鎂(MgCl)、硫酸鎂(MgSO4
)、硫氰酸銨(NH4
SCN)、硫酸銨((NH4
)2
SO4
)、氯化銨(NH4
Cl)、氯化鈣(CaCl2
)、硫酸鈣(CaSO4
)、氯化鋅(ZnCl2
)及諸如此類或其組合。本文所揭示之PRLR抗體調配物之特徵在於實質上不存在添加鹽,且因此在本文中稱為無鹽抗體調配物。熟習此項技術者應理解,在本發明所揭示之調配物內藉由pH調整引入之無機鹽之存在不視為添加鹽。在藉由pH調整引入時,若存在於根據本揭示內容之調配物中,則此等無機鹽不應超過約2 mM之濃度。
如本文所使用,術語「表面活性劑」包括非離子表面活性劑,包括(但不限於)聚山梨醇酯(例如聚山梨醇酯20或80)及泊洛沙姆(例如泊洛沙姆184或188)、pluronic®多元醇及其他乙烯/聚丙烯嵌段聚合物。有效提供穩定高濃度PRLR抗體調配物之表面活性劑之量通常在50 ppm至300 ppm範圍內。使用非離子表面活性劑容許調配物暴露於剪切及表面應力而不引起PRLR抗體之變性,且亦降低在處理及儲存期間吸附於表面上。本文所揭示之調配物包括(但不限於)具有一或多種非離子表面活性劑之調配物,該(等)非離子表面活性劑包括(例如)一或多種聚山梨醇酯,例如聚山梨醇酯20或80;一或多種泊洛沙姆,例如泊洛沙姆184或188;pluronic®多元醇;及/或一或多種乙烯/聚丙烯嵌段聚合物。本文所例示為具有聚山梨醇酯(例如聚山梨醇酯20 (Tween® 20)或聚山梨醇酯80 (Tween® 80))之調配物。
術語「毳毛」係指在兒童期期間產生之短、稀疏、輕微帶色且幾乎看不到之稀疏毛髮。每根毳毛通常不到2 mm長。
術語「終毛」係指稠密、長且著色之毛髮,通常在毛髮生長之生長期。終毛定義為平均直徑為31.5 µm或更大。
術語「光禿區域」係指頭皮之中央/額部部分之預先界定之區域,該區域最初有毛髮但受可見(例如)終毛之完全掉落影響。毛囊仍產生稀疏(通常毳毛類型)之毛髮。
術語「過渡區域」係指發生視覺上明顯然而不完全掉髪之頭皮之預先界定之區域,即與頭皮後部區域相比,終毛密度降低,同時脫落之終毛現由毳毛類型毛髮替代。
術語「頭後部區域」係指不發生掉髪之頭皮部分,即絕大多數毛髮屬終毛類型且僅存在少數毳毛類型之毛髮。
術語「軀幹」係指猴背部兩側之預先界定之區域,其由毛皮毛髮覆蓋,即主要為稠密終毛。
術語「多肽」及「蛋白質」在本文中可互換使用以指胺基酸殘基之聚合物。該等術語適用於一或多個胺基酸殘基係相應天然胺基酸之人造化學模擬物之胺基酸聚合物以及天然胺基酸聚合物及非天然胺基酸聚合物。除非另有指示,否則特定多肽序列亦隱含地涵蓋其保守修飾變體。
術語「結合至PRLR之抗體」係指能夠以足夠親和力結合PRLR從而使得該抗體可用作靶向PRLR之診斷劑及/或治療劑之抗體。
如本文所使用,術語「抗體」係指一類通常稱為免疫球蛋白之蛋白質。抗體包括全長單株抗體(mAb),例如IgG2單株抗體,其包括免疫球蛋白Fc區。術語抗體亦包括雙特異性抗體、雙價抗體、單鏈分子及抗體片段(例如Fab、F(ab')2
及Fv)。抗體較佳地包含四條多肽鏈,即通常藉由二硫鍵相互連接之兩條重(H)鏈及兩條輕(L)鏈。每一重鏈包含重鏈可變區(在本文中縮寫為VH)及重鏈恆定區。重鏈恆定區可包含(例如)三個結構域CH1、CH2及CH3。每一輕鏈包含輕鏈可變區(在本文中縮寫為VL)及輕鏈恆定區。輕鏈恆定區包含一個結構域(CL)。VH及VL區可進一步細分成超變區(稱為互補決定區(CDR))及更保守之區(稱為框架區(FR)),二者間雜排列。每一VH及VL通常由三個CDR構成。如本文所使用,術語「抗PRLR抗體」係指具有針對人類PRLR蛋白以及人類PRLR蛋白之片段及變體之結合特異性之抗體。本文所呈現之抗PRLR抗體可係IgG2抗體且包括抗PRLR IgG2單株抗體,例如嵌合、人類化及全人類抗PRLR IgG2單株抗體。適用於本文所揭示之調配物中之抗PRLR單株抗體(包括全長抗體及其抗原結合片段及變體)呈現於PCT專利公開案第WO/20111069799號、第WO/20111069795號及第WO/2012163932號中,其各自係以全文引用的方式併入本文中。此亦包括PRLR抗體mat3,其包含抗原結合結構域,其中該抗原結合結構域包含重鏈可變區及輕鏈結合可變區,其中 a. 該重鏈可變區之HCDR1、HCDR2及HCDR3之胺基酸序列分別係選自由SEQ ID NO: 3、4及5之胺基酸序列組成之群,且 b. 該輕鏈可變區之LCDR1、LCDR2及LCDR3之胺基酸序列係選自由SEQ ID NO: 6、7及8組成之群。
LCDR1之胺基酸序列亦可由SEQ ID NO: 9表示。PRLR抗體包含重鏈可變區及輕鏈結合可變區,其中 該重鏈可變區之胺基酸序列係根據SEQ ID NO: 1,且該輕鏈可變區之胺基酸序列係根據SEQ ID NO: 2。
如本文所使用之術語「單株抗體」係指自實質上同源之抗體群體獲得之抗體,即,除可極少量存在之可能突變(例如天然突變)外,構成該群體之個別抗體均相同。因此,術語「單株」指示抗體之特徵並非分立抗體之混合物。與通常包括針對不同決定簇(表位)之不同抗體之多株抗體製劑相比,單株抗體製劑中之每一單株抗體針對抗原上之單一決定簇。除其特異性以外,單株抗體製劑之優勢亦在於其通常不受其他免疫球蛋白污染。術語「單株」不應解釋為需要藉由任何特定方法來產生抗體。舉例而言,欲使用之單株抗體可藉由雜交瘤方法來製得,該方法首先由Kohler等人,Nature, 256:495 [1975]闡述,或可藉由重組DNA方法來製得(例如,參見美國專利第4,816,567號)。亦可使用(例如) Clackson等人,Nature 352:624-628 (1991)及Marks等人,J Mol. Biol. 222:581-597 (1991)中所闡述之彼等技術自噬菌體展示文庫分離單株抗體。「單株抗體」亦可係(例如)重組、嵌合、人類化、人類、Human Engineered™或抗體片段。
單株抗體包括「嵌合單株抗體」,其中重鏈及/或輕鏈之一部分包括源自一種物種之抗體之序列,而抗體之其餘部分(包括Fc區)包括源自第二物種之抗體之序列,且該第二物種可係人類。例如,參見美國專利第4,816,567號及Morrison等人,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6851-6855 (1984)。
單株抗體亦包括「人類化單株抗體」,其中一或多個來自源自一種物種之抗體之重鏈及/或輕鏈序列之互補決定區(CDR)替代一或多個來自源自第二物種之抗體之重鏈及/或輕鏈序列之CDR,且該第二物種可係人類。通常向開發用於投與人類之單株抗體施加「人類化」過程。例如,參見Riechmann等人,Nature 332(6162):323-27 (1988)及Queen等人,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86(24):10029-33 (1989)。
單株抗體亦包括「全人類單株抗體」,其中整個重鏈及輕鏈序列係源自人類抗體序列。全人類單株抗體可藉由噬菌體展示技術來產生且可自已經遺傳工程化以表現人類抗體譜之小鼠分離。例如,參見McCafferty等人,Nature 348(6301):552-554 (1990),Marks等人,J Mol. Biol. 222(3):581-597 (1991)以及Carmen及Jermutus,Brief Funct. Genomic Proteomic 1(2): 189-203 (2002)。
如本文所使用,「特異性結合至所關注抗原(例如PRLR多肽抗原靶標)」、「對所關注抗原具有特異性」或「特異性識別所關注抗原」之抗體係以足夠親和力結合抗原從而使得該抗體可用作靶向表現該抗原之細胞或組織之治療劑,且不與其他蛋白質顯著交叉反應或不與上述抗原靶標之直向同源物及變體(例如突變形式、剪接變體或蛋白質水解截短形式)以外之蛋白質顯著交叉反應之抗體。如本文所使用之術語「特異性識別特定多肽或特定多肽靶標上之表位」或「特異性結合至特定多肽或特定多肽靶標上之表位」或「對特定多肽或特定多肽靶標上之表位具有特異性」可由(例如) 抗體或其抗原結合片段對抗原展現以下單價KD
:小於約10-4
M、或者小於約10-5
M、或者小於約10-6
M、或者小於約10-7
M、或者小於約10-8
M、或者小於約10-9
M、或者小於約10-10
M、或者小於約10-11
M、或者小於約10-12
M或更小。若抗體能夠區分抗原與一或多種參考抗原,則此抗體「特異性結合至此抗原」、「對此抗原具有特異性」或「特異性識別此抗原」。在其最通用形式中,「特異性結合」、「特異性結合至」、「對......具有特異性」或「特異性識別」係指抗體區分所關注抗原與無關抗原之能力,如(例如)根據以下方法中之一者所確定。此等方法包含(但不限於)西方墨點(Western blot)、ELISA測試、RIA測試、ECL測試、IRMA測試及肽掃描。舉例而言,可實施標準ELISA分析。
「結合親和力」或「親和力」係指分子之單一結合位點與其結合對象之間的非共價相互作用之總和強度。除非另有指示,否則如本文所使用,「結合親和力」係指固有結合親和力,其反映一對結合之成員(例如抗體及抗原)之間的1:1相互作用。解離常數「KD
」常用於描述分子(例如抗體)與其結合對象(例如抗原)之間的親和力,亦即配體與特定蛋白質結合之緊密程度。配體-蛋白質親和力受到該兩種分子之間的非共價分子間相互作用影響。親和力可藉由業內已知之常用方法(包括本文中所闡述之彼等)來量測。在一個實施例中,使用Biacore T200儀器(GE Healthcare Biacore, Inc.),藉由使用表面電漿共振分析來量測根據本發明之「KD
」或「KD
值」。其他適宜裝置係BIACORE T100、BIACORE(R)-2000、BIACORe 4000、BIACORE (R)-3000 (BIAcore, Inc., Piscataway, NJ)或ProteOn XPR36儀器(Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.)。
如本文所使用之片語「抗體拮抗催乳素受體介導之信號傳導」意欲指本發明之抗體阻斷PRLR活化,此導致PRLR介導之信號傳導受抑制。
「拮抗性」抗體或「阻斷」抗體係顯著(部分地或完全地)抑制其所結合抗原之生物學活性之抗體。
術語「成熟抗體」或「成熟抗原結合片段」(例如成熟Fab變體)包括抗體或抗體片段之衍生物,其展現與給定抗原(例如靶標蛋白質之細胞外結構域)之較強結合,即以增加之親和力結合。成熟係在抗體或抗體片段之6個CDR內鑑別出少量使此親和力增加之突變之過程。成熟過程係用於將突變引入至抗體中並篩選鑑別改良結合物之分子生物學方法之組合。
如本文所使用,術語PRLR抗體調配物之「醫藥有效量」係指當根據期望治療方案投與時在投與方案中提供治療效應之調配物之量,該治療效應包括緩和疾病之此等症狀之一些或所有或降低患該疾病之傾向性。
本文所揭示之高濃度PRLR抗體調配物通常包括以下濃度範圍之抗PRLR抗體:約1 mg/ml至約150 mg/ml、或約2 mg/ml至約120 mg/ml、或約5 mg/ml至約100 mg/ml、或約7.5 mg/ml至約60 mg/ml。在一些態樣內,該等調配物內抗PRLR抗體之濃度為約2 mg/ml、或約7.5 mg/ml、或約20 mg/ml、或約50 mg/ml、或約60 mg/ml。此等調配物通常係以每個注射部位小於約2 ml或約1.5 ml或約1 ml或約0.5 ml之體積投與用於皮下注射。較佳者係含有包含抗原結合結構域之PRLR抗體mat 3之調配物,其中該抗原結合結構域包含重鏈可變區及輕鏈結合可變區,其中 a. 該重鏈可變區之HCDR1、HCDR2及HCDR3之胺基酸序列分別係選自由SEQ ID NO: 3、4及5之胺基酸序列組成之群,且 b. 該輕鏈可變區之LCDR1、LCDR2及LCDR3之胺基酸序列係選自由SEQ ID NO: 6、7及8組成之群。
LCDR1之胺基酸序列亦可由SEQ ID NO: 9表示。PRLR抗體包含重鏈可變區及輕鏈結合可變區,其中該重鏈可變區之胺基酸序列係根據SEQ ID NO: 1,且該輕鏈可變區之胺基酸序列係根據SEQ ID NO: 2。
調配物可為液體或凍乾調配物,且可在25℃下穩定至少6個月。
在其他態樣內,抗PRLR抗體調配物在約pH 5.0至約pH 6.5範圍內之pH (例如pH 5.5)下含有約5-30 mM組胺酸、約34-292 mM蔗糖、約50-150 ppm非離子表面活性劑、約10-50 mM精胺酸、約1-10 mM甲硫胺酸、約20-120 mg/ml抗PRLR抗體。
在其他態樣內,抗PRLR抗體調配物在約pH 5.0至約pH 6.5範圍內之pH (例如pH 5.5)下含有約5-30 mM組胺酸、約34-292 mM蔗糖、約50-150 ppm聚山梨醇酯、約10-50 mM精胺酸、約1-10 mM甲硫胺酸、約20-120 mg/ml抗PRLR抗體。
在其他態樣內,抗PRLR抗體調配物在約pH 5.0至約pH 6.5範圍內之pH (例如pH 5.5)下含有約10 mM組胺酸、約234 mM蔗糖、約80 ppm聚山梨醇酯80、約30 mM精胺酸、約5 mM甲硫胺酸、約60 (40) mg/ml抗PRLR抗體。
在其他態樣內,抗PRLR抗體調配物在約pH 5.0至約pH 6.5範圍內之pH (例如pH 5.5)下含有約1.8 mM L-組胺酸及8.2 mM L-組胺酸HCl、約234 mM蔗糖、約80 ppm聚山梨醇酯80、約30 mM L-精胺酸HCl、約5 mM L-甲硫胺酸、約60 (40) mg/ml抗PRLR抗體。
術語「醫藥調配物」/「醫藥組合物」係指如下製劑:其所呈現形式容許其中所含活性成分之生物學活性有效,且不含對將投與該調配物之個體具有不可接受毒性之其他組分。
因此,本揭示內容提供抗PRLR mAb調配物、包括抗PRLR IgG2 mAb調配物,其中該抗PRLR mAb在高蛋白質濃度下可溶。與目前可獲得之抗體調配物相比,本文所揭示調配物中之抗PRLR mAb在介於約1 mg/ml至約150 mg/ml之間的濃度下保持可溶且在等滲儲存條件下保持穩定並展現降低之黏度。
具有如PCT申請案WO2012163932及WO2014036076 (其各自係以全文引用的方式併入)中所揭示序列之抗PRLR抗體係阻斷催乳素受體(PRLR)之IgG2抗體。如上文所提及,PRLR抗體可藉由阻斷PRLR誘導毛髮生長,藉此克服M/FPHL中之缺陷。本文所呈現之高濃度無鹽抗PRLR抗體調配物可經由靜脈內注射或皮下注射或其他注射途徑向患者投與。
抗體產生
本發明之抗體mat3及其產生係申請案WO2012163932之標的物。此申請案之揭示內容係以全文方式併入本文中。抗體mat3之序列示於表1中。PRLR抗體調配物係如申請案WO 2014036076中所揭示來製備。此申請案之揭示內容係以全文方式併入本文中。表 1 : PRLR 抗體 mat3 之序列:
抗體mat3在給定調配物中用於預防M/FPHL之用途係本發明之標的物。本發明之另一目標為該調配物之用途,其用於治療(例如)由催乳素瘤、催乳素增加藥物(例如抗精神病藥)所引起之催乳素相關之掉髪形式或與高全身催乳素含量相關之圍產期掉髪。
實例 實例 1 : 雌性食蟹猴及小鼠之皮膚及乳腺中 PRLR 之免疫組織化學
使用來自Santa Cruz之針對人類PRLR之c末端(aa 323-622)之兔多株抗PRLR抗血清(sc-20992)對來自雌性食蟹猴及雌性小鼠之乳腺及皮膚之石蠟包埋切片實施免疫組織化學。此抗體與人類、鼠類及大鼠PRLR交叉反應。
對PRLR之免疫反應性可在雌性小鼠(圖1C)及猴(圖1A)之皮膚中之毛囊及表皮上皮細胞中發現。如預期,亦在來自兩種物種之乳腺上皮細胞(圖1B及1D)中觀察到強免疫反應性 當省略一級抗體時,觀察不到免疫反應性。
該等結果提供關於PRLR介導之信號傳導在毛囊生物學中之作用之證據。
實例 2 : 中和 PRLR 抗體 mat3 刺激短尾猴中之毛髮再生長
分析PRL抗體mat3對短尾猴中毛髮再生長之效應。該等動物係公認之人類掉髪之關鍵模型,具有較高之預測價值。該等研究係在laboratory of the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, No. 5, 100871 Beijing, China實施。組大小為11隻,其中一隻衰老雌性動物在第16週中死於麻醉;該組係由年齡為12-27歲之4隻雌性動物及7隻雄性動物組成。該等動物每月兩次皮下接受40 mg/kg PRLR抗體mat3。抗體溶液示於表2中: 表2:PRLR抗體mat3 s.c.溶液之組成
在以下區域中測定毛髮再生長:光禿區域、過渡區域、不受影響之區域、軀幹區域(皮毛)。對來自2個毗鄰過渡區域之生檢以及血液及血清進行取樣。一級讀出係測定終毛密度之phototrichogram,例如trichoscan。將基線值與每四週後所獲得之值進行比較。二級讀出係標準化視覺毛髮狀態、組織學及反應性催乳素含量。每月量測諸如體重、血球計數等一般參數。可證實,與基線數據相比,在光禿及/或過渡區域中存在強健且可見之效能(參見圖2)。儘管該研究不設計為安全性/耐受性/毒理學研究,但觀察到測試動物之行為及表型異常。在與藥物投與相關之治療期期間或之後無明顯之安全性或耐受性信號。
在以下時間點收集trichoscan之數據:基線(治療起始日)、4週治療(d28)、8週治療(d56)、12週治療(d84)、16週治療(d112)、24週治療(d168)及第364天(即最後一次投用後24週)。在每一預先界定之區域選擇每一時間點之「最佳」phototrichoscan影像(焦點、對比度、染色品質、不存在皮膚褶皺)。在個別時間點,量測毛髮稠密度。基於毛髮直徑,測定每cm2
之毳毛及終毛之數量。兩種量測(毛髮直徑及計數)均使用Datinf TrichoScan Smart軟體以手動修正之半自動化方式實施。出於一致性原因,每一區域隨時間推移均由同一觀察者進行分析。所獲得之數據顯示11隻猴中有9隻先前光禿區域中之終毛計數增加。在反應猴中,毛髮計數之增加係在50 - 220根毛髮/cm2
範圍內(參見圖2B)。在雄性及雌性猴中觀察到該效應。較年輕之動物反應優於衰老動物。用抗體mat3治療6個月未達到效能平臺期。在先前光禿區域(即在治療之前毳毛佔優之此等區域)中觀察到關於終毛絕對數量之增加以及關於增加百分比之最佳效應。此等區域最初係視為最難以治療的,此乃因該等區域之禿髪在一些猴中已先存在數十年。治療停止後6個月,未觀察到毛髮直徑之進一步增加或終毛增加。然而,在研究結束時,自所達到之程度亦僅有微小(不顯著)之下降。終毛之比例顯著高於12個月前起始治療之前,即觀察到持久之治療效應。
圖3表示經24週之治療時期「光禿」區域(A)、「過渡」區域(B)、「頭後部」區域(C)及「軀幹」區域(D)中終毛計數之分析。此等區域係在基線時預先界定,並由在trichoscan影像之左上角及右下角存在之2個紋身標記且容許在整個研究持續時間內監測完全相同之毛囊。證實光禿區域中終毛計數急劇增加(109%增加)且過渡區域中亦增加(27%)。預期地,在頭後部及軀幹區域發生輕微變化,在治療開始之前已存在極少毳毛及許多終毛。
圖 1 :對來自雌性小鼠及食蟹猴之乳腺及皮膚中之 PRLR 之免疫反應性
圖1A:皮膚,雌性食蟹猴;圖1B:乳腺,雌性食蟹猴;圖1C:皮膚,雌性小鼠,圖1D:乳腺,雌性小鼠。 對PRLR之免疫反應性可在雌性小鼠(圖1C)及猴(圖1A)之皮膚中之毛囊及表皮上皮細胞中發現。對PRLR之強免疫反應性展現於來自兩種物種之乳腺上皮細胞中(圖1B及1D)。該等實驗為PRLR介導之信號傳導在毛囊生物學中之作用提供證據。圖 2 :毛髮生長之比較:米諾地爾及非那雄胺之歷史數據對利用 PRLR 抗體 mat 3 之治療
圖2表示與利用新穎PRLR抗體mat3之治療(圖2B)相比,經批准之參考化合物米諾地爾及非那雄胺對毛髮生長之效應之分析(圖2A),兩種研究均採用短尾猴模型。 圖2A:在採用米諾地爾及非那雄胺之研究中,經20週之時期量測毛髮重量(以mg/in²計)之變化(空正方形:非那雄胺與媒劑之組合,填充正方形:非那雄胺與米諾地爾之組合;圓圈:僅米諾地爾)。在治療時期期間,在大約12週後達到平臺期,之後毛髮重量衰減。(來自:Hair Growth Effects of Oral Adinistration of Finasteride, a Steroid 5a-Reductase Inhibitor, Alone and in a Combination with Topical Minoxidil in the Balding Stumptail Macaque. Diani, A.R.等人,(1992)。Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 74, 345-350)。 圖2B:在其中短尾猴用PRLR抗體mat3治療之研究中,經6個月之治療時期量測稠密毛髮之百分比。圖2B顯示在此期間未達到平臺期。該等數據顯示與參考化合物米諾地爾及非那雄胺相比,PRLR抗體mat3對終毛再生長之優異效應。在雌性(正方形)及雄性(菱形)動物中可觀察到光禿區域中終毛分率之增加。增加範圍為50-220根毛髮/cm²,較年輕之動物較衰老動物反應更佳。(填充正方形:雌性,填充菱形:雄性動物)。圖 3 :終毛 ( 「稠密毛髮」 ) 計數
圖3表示經24週之治療時期「光禿」區域(A)、「過渡」區域(B)、「頭後部」區域(C)及「軀幹」區域(D)中終毛計數之分析。此等區域係在基線時預先界定,並由在trichoscan影像之左上角及右下角存在之2個紋身標記且容許在整個研究持續時間內監測完全相同之毛囊。證實光禿區域中終毛計數急劇增加(109%增加)且過渡區域中亦增加(27%)。預期地,在頭後部及軀幹區域發生輕微變化,在治療開始之前已存在極少毳毛及許多終毛。
Claims (12)
- 一種含抗體之穩定液體或凍乾調配物,其包含20-120 mg/ml抗體,其中該抗體係PRLR抗體mat3,該調配物包含 a. 10 - 50 mM精胺酸HCl b. 5- 30 mM組胺酸 c. 1-10 mM甲硫胺酸 d. 50-150 ppm非離子表面活性劑 e. 34-292 mM糖, 其用於治療男性及女性型態掉髪。
- 如請求項1之調配物,其中該非離子表面活性劑係聚山梨醇酯且該糖係蔗糖。
- 如請求項1及2中任一項之調配物,其包含 a. 30 mM L-精胺酸HCl b. 1.8 mM L-組胺酸 c. 8.2 mM L-組胺酸HCl d. 5 mM L-甲硫胺酸 e. 80 ppm聚山梨醇酯80 f. 234 mM蔗糖。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之調配物,其中該抗體濃度係60 mg/kg。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之調配物,其中該PRLR抗體mat 3包含抗原結合結構域,其中該抗原結合結構域包含重鏈可變區及輕鏈結合可變區,其中 a. 該重鏈可變區之HCDR1、HCDR2及HCDR3之胺基酸序列分別係選自由SEQ ID NO: 3、4及5之胺基酸序列組成之群,且 b. 該輕鏈可變區之LCDR1、LCDR2及LCDR3之胺基酸序列係選自由SEQ ID NO: 6、7及8組成之群。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之調配物,其中該LCDR1之胺基酸序列係根據SEQ ID NO: 9。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之調配物,其中該PRLR抗體包含重鏈可變區及輕鏈結合可變區,其中 a. 該重鏈可變區之胺基酸序列係根據SEQ ID NO: 1,且 b. 該輕鏈可變區之胺基酸序列係根據SEQ ID NO: 2。
- 如請求項4之調配物,其具有在5.0至6.5範圍內之pH值。
- 如請求項5之調配物,其在25℃下穩定至少6個月。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之調配物,其用於治療由催乳素瘤所引起之催乳素相關之掉髪形式。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之調配物,其用於治療由抗精神病藥所引起之催乳素相關之掉髪形式。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之調配物,其用於治療產後掉髪。
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| US12258597B2 (en) | 2018-02-07 | 2025-03-25 | Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Methods and compositions for therapeutic protein delivery |
| PH12021551916A1 (en) | 2019-02-18 | 2022-05-23 | Lilly Co Eli | Therapeutic antibody formulation. |
| CN114853890B (zh) * | 2022-03-16 | 2023-04-28 | 沈阳三生制药有限责任公司 | 一种prlr抗原结合蛋白及其制备方法和应用 |
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