201250429 六、發明說明： 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明係關於一種最佳化太陽能電池輸出功率的方法，尤其是一種調 節施加至太陽能電池輸出端間偏壓，以最佳化太陽能電池輸出功率的方法。 【先前技術】 世界上石化原料日益減少，溫室暖化問題愈受注意，再生能源的開發 及應用，已成為目前科技發展的重點。其中，太陽能電池在發電過程中對 環境的影響較小，且只要有陽光的地方都可使用，因此，更成為再生能源 中備受關注的。由於太陽能電池在應用層面所具有的諸多特點，早在幾十 年前就被廣泛用作太空基地及偏遠地區的電力系統。一般而言，太陽能電 力系統主要可以分為兩種：獨立式(Standalone)與市電並聯(Grid-Connected) 太陽此電力系統。市電並聯型電力系統中，太陽能電池所產生的電力主要 透過與市電並聯的逆變器，將產生的電力轉換為與市電網規格相同的交流 電並送至電網中。系統中的負載除可使用太陽能電池所產生的能源，於太 陽能電力不足時，也可由市電網中獲得額外的電力供應。獨立式則是自給 自足地，所產生的電力主要提供系統中的負載使用，或儲存於系統的蓄電 池中，此架構以往較常見於沙漠及太空站等偏遠地區的電力供應系統。 近來，由於太陽能電力系統發展漸趨成熟，太陽能電池也開始被應用 作為一些小電力裝置，如：手機、電腦、車輛及水面船舶等的電力來源。 特別是車輛或水面船舶等移動載具平台，基於重量及續航力等因素考量， 對於其上所裝置的電源的發電效率要求極高。 一般太陽能電池在不同的溫度、光照度等操作條件下，會有不一樣的 輸出電與電流義，—般可用μν曲線絲示這樣的特性關係。如圖^ 所不’為臺灣茂鑫(SolarGate)公司所生產的SG-1600太陽能電池之特性曲線 圖。其中，線L,表示隨著施加在太陽能電池兩電極間的電壓不同，由太陽 201250429 能電池輸出的電流大小也不同。將電池兩電極間偏壓乘 3到的細咖。而由二二可以 而得的光照度及溫度等操作條件固定時’經光伏效應轉換 而仔到的I輪出辨會隨著操作電壓的不同而產生變化，換t之， 換效率會受操作電壓所左右。 、σ /、 △對於前述用以載運人或貨物之車輛、船隻或飛行器等的移動載具平 其上搭載的太陽能輔助電力系統可視為獨立式太陽能電力系統 ^tandalone Photovoltaic Electric System) 〇 變化不同，安裝於載具上的太陽能電池模組還會因為載具的運動而導致不 _性之電力輸出。而太陽能電池所產生電力通常接難於載具上的 蓄電池’再將電力用則_直流電力負載；或在某些場合巾，會將直流電 力透過逆《轉換輕流電供錢貞載制。由於載具上所安裝的太陽能 模組其輸出特性會隨著天候的變化或載具的運動而產生變動，故必須在太 陽能模組與電池之間安裝所謂的最大功率追蹤p〇wer Tracking，MPPT)單元，以配合不同的太陽能輸出特性進行調變，使太陽能 模組能保持最大效率的輸出。 MPPT單元架構如圖2所示’一般是藉由調變直流對直流電源轉換電路 輸出脈寬調變(PWM)電訊號中的脈寬比(Duty cycle)，並偵測當脈寬比改變 時，亦即太陽能電池電極間偏壓改變時，太陽能電池的輸出功率，從而計 算並追蹤太陽能電池最大輸出功率狀態，此狀態通常被稱之為最大功率點 (Maximum Power Point, MPP) ’以使太陽能電池產生最大之功率輸出。為便 於說明，此處分別定義MPP的操作電壓、電流及功率為VMpp、lMpp及pMpp。 由於追蹤最大功率點、並保持太陽能電池在該操作狀態，對於太陽能 電池輸出效率有非常大的影響，故如何迅速追蹤並獲得電力轉換單元的最 大功率點，決定所應施加的偏壓，就顯得非常地重要。 近年來，許多種最大功率點追蹤演算法被討論過，主要都是為使太陽 201250429 能電池在各種操作環境條件下，保持最大辨的輸出。其中，擾動觀察法 (Perturb and Ob謂e Method，P&〇)⑴及增量電導法（版__201250429 VI. Description of the Invention: [Technical Field] The present invention relates to a method for optimizing the output power of a solar cell, and more particularly to adjusting the bias applied to the output end of the solar cell to optimize the output of the solar cell. Methods. [Prior Art] The world's petrochemical raw materials are decreasing, and the problem of greenhouse warming is getting more and more attention. The development and application of renewable energy has become the focus of current scientific and technological development. Among them, solar cells have little impact on the environment during power generation, and can be used as long as there is sunlight. Therefore, it has become a concern in renewable energy. Due to the many characteristics of solar cells at the application level, they have been widely used as power bases in remote space and remote areas for decades. In general, solar power systems can be divided into two main types: Standalone and Grid-Connected solar power system. In a commercial parallel power system, the power generated by the solar battery is mainly converted into an alternating current of the same specification as the municipal power grid and sent to the power grid through an inverter connected in parallel with the commercial power. In addition to the energy generated by solar cells, the load in the system can also be used to obtain additional power supply from the city grid when the solar power is insufficient. Stand-alone is self-sufficient, and the generated electricity is mainly used to provide load in the system, or stored in the storage battery of the system. This structure has been more common in power supply systems in remote areas such as deserts and space stations. Recently, as the development of solar power systems has matured, solar cells have also begun to be used as power sources for small power devices such as mobile phones, computers, vehicles, and surface ships. Especially for mobile vehicle platforms such as vehicles or surface ships, based on factors such as weight and endurance, the power generation efficiency of the power supply installed on them is extremely high. Generally, solar cells have different output electric and current meanings under different operating conditions such as temperature and illuminance, and such a characteristic relationship can be expressed by μν curve. As shown in the figure, it is the characteristic curve of the SG-1600 solar cell produced by Taiwan SolarGate. Among them, the line L indicates that the current output by the solar cell 201250429 can be different depending on the voltage applied between the two electrodes of the solar cell. Multiply the voltage between the two electrodes of the battery by 3 to the fine coffee. When the operating conditions such as illuminance and temperature that can be obtained by the second and second are fixed, the I-round identification that is changed by the photovoltaic effect will change with the operating voltage. For t, the switching efficiency will be affected by the operating voltage. Around. σ /, △ The solar-assisted power system mounted on the mobile vehicle for the vehicle, the vessel or the aircraft used to carry the person or the cargo can be regarded as a stand-alone solar power system. The solar cell module mounted on the carrier also causes a non-sexual power output due to the movement of the carrier. The power generated by the solar cell is usually difficult to connect to the battery on the vehicle. The power is then used. _ DC power load; or in some cases, the DC power will be transmitted through the reverse conversion of light current. Since the output characteristics of the solar modules installed on the vehicle vary with the weather or the movement of the vehicle, so-called maximum power tracking p〇wer Tracking, MPPT must be installed between the solar module and the battery. The unit is tuned to match different solar output characteristics, enabling the solar module to maintain maximum efficiency output. The MPPT unit architecture is shown in Figure 2, which is generally used to adjust the pulse width ratio (Duty cycle) in the pulse width modulation (PWM) signal of the DC-to-DC power conversion circuit and detect when the pulse width ratio changes. , that is, the output power of the solar cell when the bias between the electrodes of the solar cell changes, thereby calculating and tracking the maximum output power state of the solar cell, which is generally referred to as the Maximum Power Point (MPP) to enable solar energy. The battery produces the most power output. For convenience of explanation, the operating voltage, current, and power of the MPP are defined as VMpp, lMpp, and pMpp, respectively. Since tracking the maximum power point and keeping the solar cell in the operating state has a very large influence on the solar cell output efficiency, how to quickly track and obtain the maximum power point of the power conversion unit, and determine the bias voltage to be applied, it appears Very important. In recent years, many types of maximum power point tracking algorithms have been discussed, mainly to enable the solar 201250429 battery to maintain maximum discriminating output under various operating environment conditions. Among them, Perturb and Ob (P&〇) (1) and incremental conductance (version __)
Conductance，INC)因發展時間開始較早，且相關特性已經過許多人的討論， 故廣泛地被用於MPPT的應用上。其中，擾動觀察法由於其使用雜單純， 使用原理間卓，可以說是最被廣泛使用的Μρρτ演算法。 同前述’太·電池在蚊的光照度及使用溫度下，不_輸出電壓 會導致不同的觀效率。只有當操作電壓為最大辨點v_時，太陽能電 池才能以最大效率進行光電轉換1動觀察法是針社陽能電池的操作電 壓進行擾動’再觀察對應的太陽能電池輸出功率，並根據輸出功率的變化， 增減太陽能電池的輸出電壓，财提高輸出辨。此法的操作原理相當單 純，但在使用上卻需要注意：由於此方法必須不斷根據輸出功率變化情形 調整太陽能電池龍，無法確實認定最大功率點，即使已經_猜，仍 需持續不斷地擾動，無謂降低太陽能電池在鶴下的操作效率。儘管此時 可藉由減少擾動量而降低無謂擾動狀況所造成的損失；但若太陽能電池的 特性發生劇烈改變時，此降低擾動的選擇又會增加追輒斂所需的時間。 相較於擾峨察法直接觀察太陽電池的輪出功率ppv，增量電導法則叶 算(dWdVPV)+(iPV/Vpv)的值，其中ipv及Vpv分別代表太陽能電池的輸出電流 及電昼。當(dlpv/dvpv)+(ipv/皆0 表示目前太陽能電池操作於^ 點。（dwdvpvHipv/vpv)>G…贼表目麵作驗於耐之左側，需要 提高太陽嫌_電壓；反之，ipv/dvpv)+(wvpv)<_^示摔作 點位於最大功率點之右側，為達到猜則需要減少太陽能電池的摔作電 t錢動麟法她較，增量電導法除可簡斷麟/降太電池的操 作電壓’也能在達到MPP時不再繼續對太陽能電池進行擾動。實際上，由 ==___彡^ W使(dWdVpV)+(i^·零， 认、要(―WdVpv)+(ipv/vpvH_找值，絲演算法⑽到聰。 雖然如前所述，兩《作方法的顧都是對太陽能電池職 201250429 行擾動，但實務上，通常是藉由調變電源轉換電路中PWM的脈寬比來達 成。故將太陽能電池的輸出功率對MPPT系統操作脈寬比的關係作圖，得 到的結果如圖3及圖4所示，其中圖3為18瓦太陽能電池透過降壓電路連 接電阻負載的掃晦結果’ l3、L4、L5負載電阻值分別為1歐姆、3歐姆及 4歐姆’而圖4為50瓦的情況，L0 ' L?、Ls :負載電阻值同樣分別為i歐 姆、3歐姆及4歐姆。考慮DC/DC Converter後端連接不同阻值負載下的操 作特性，可以發現在不同的負載阻抗下，所得到p〇wer_Duty的曲線形狀也 會發生不同的改變。如果太陽能電池的使用環境條件與負載使用狀況變化 較大時，則會對Power-Duty關係產生顯著的影響。是以，如果Μρρτ演算 法的設計不良的話，也容易影響到最大功率追縱的效能。 為確認圖5實射的最大功率點，可以_二次曲線逼近太陽能電池 特性曲線，以加速MPPT的追蹤，稱為二次式極值Μρρτ追蹤技術⑺⑽加如 Ma— MPPT Method，QM MPPT Method)。首先會依照所施加不同脈 寬比D,、A及A訂出三個操作點；並量測在Di、a及仏的操作條件下 之輸出功率p,、P2及A。二次式極值追蹤技術就是利用(Di，Pi)、（D2，p2)、 (D3, A)這三點的數據計算出一條如圖5中虛線所示的二次式曲線，並利用 這條近似曲線求得可能的最大功率點。以下將依據三個操作點的輸出功率 大小，分為三種情況來討論。 第一種情況如圖6所示，三個操作點之輸出功率以&最大，在此情況 下可直接利用二次式極值方程式(1)計算得到一點可能的Dmpp。 〜〜=^1^3)+Α2.(Α-小 A2(d) n、 在P2>Pl且P2>P3的狀況下’經⑴式計算得到的Dmpp會在D丨與〇3之 間，配合(2)式，產生於下一計算迴圈中所使用之新的三個操作點^ 、 D2，new及D3，new ’计算結果會逐漸向太陽能模組真實的Mpp逼近。 201250429 = D2 - D1; AD2 = D3 — D2； ^2^new ^MPPf -aAD^O < a < i； 03姆v_ = 勝 +如％，0 < 彡 < 1;......(2) (2)式中先計算A與D2及⑽_差，並絲為⑽及叫，以表 示二次式健輯算翻；祕_式制的^位抑丨叫之間，且 計算結果向真實MPP逼近，故取α與β陳簡小於卜使得計算範圍逐 細小，隨娜财鮮麵赂操_。重侧細轉，WPP愈趨 近真實的MPP，故此方法中藉由比較前後兩次演算得_磨功率值作為 收斂條件’如果前後兩麵得_輸㈣率差值小於設紐，㈣定找到 最大功率點。 第二種情況如圖7所示，量測結果顯示Ρι>ρ2>ρ3，代表三個操作點均 位於最大功率狀右側，此時如果直細三個操作崎得二次式並由式⑴ a十算MPP’會發生計算結果不容易收斂，不一定會逼近真實的耐。因此， 必須將三個操作點的位置向左平移(稱為Dmy Shifting)。為減少量測次數而 加速收斂，故保留Dl的數據作為D2_，D2作為D3，_，並於以方取新 的DUnew，嘗极p2成為三點巾最大值，如此不斷地將三個操作點的位置向 左平移，直到P2>Pl且PAPS，再利用上述方法進行計算。 第三種情況如圖8所示，p3>P2>Pl，此情況與第二種情況類似，但三個 操作點均位於最大神狀核；故也採帛Duty議心之策略，將三個 操作點向右側平移，制p2成為三點巾最大值。如果程式欺發現最大功 率點時(即計算收斂）’往後則維持最後的脈寬比輸出，並持續監控太陽能電 池的輸出功率，如果輸出功率的變化大至某程度，則重啟Μρρτ計算並 201250429 以程式初始值作為起始操作點；亦即當程式偵測到太陽能電池發生變化 時’就完全重新啟動整個MPPT計算。例如：程式中設定以3〇%、4〇%及 50%分別做為D,、D2及D3的初始設定值，最後發現Mpp時的Di、〇2及 A為35%、36%及37% ;則下次重啟MPPT計算時，將重新以3〇。/()、4〇% 及50%作為初始設定操作點。 系統中，太陽能電池直接透過DC/DC Converter與蓄電池連接，其系統 架構如圖9所示：DC/DC Converter的輸入電壓Vpv與輸出電壓L由外部 輸入PWM訊號雜寬tb所蚊’由於-麟作情況下f電池的操作電壓變 化不大’可視為定值，故最大辨點追縱的過程實際上是觀太陽能電池 的輸出電壓vbat至最大功率操作點Vmpp，使其有最大的轉換效率。 相較於擾她察法’二:域極紐可以在錄的_喊纟丨最大功率 點’亦即如果環境日照或溫度發生急劇的變化，導致太陽能電池的特性在 短時間内發生劇烈的變動’二次式極值婀了演算法可以比擾動觀察法在 更短的時_韻令太魏電細最大職效辆作。二核極值猜τ 演算法可以在太陽能特性發生變化時快速找_的最大辨點且找到Conductance, INC) has been widely used in MPPT applications because it has been developed earlier and related features have been discussed by many people. Among them, the disturbance observation method is the most widely used Μρρτ algorithm because of its use of simple and simple principles. Unlike the above-mentioned 'Tai-Battery' in the illuminance and use temperature of mosquitoes, the output voltage does not cause different viewing efficiencies. Only when the operating voltage is the maximum discrimination point v_, the solar cell can perform photoelectric conversion with maximum efficiency. The 1 motion observation method is to disturb the operating voltage of the needle solar cell, and then observe the corresponding solar cell output power, and according to the output power. The change, increase or decrease the output voltage of the solar cell, and raise the output. The operation principle of this method is quite simple, but it needs to be paid attention to in use: Since this method must constantly adjust the solar cell dragon according to the change of output power, it is impossible to determine the maximum power point. Even if it has already been guessed, it still needs constant disturbance. It is unnecessary to reduce the operating efficiency of the solar cell under the crane. Although the loss caused by the deadly disturbance condition can be reduced by reducing the amount of disturbance at this time, if the characteristics of the solar cell are drastically changed, the choice of reducing the disturbance will increase the time required for the convergence. Compared with the scrambling method, the solar cell's turn-off power ppv is directly observed. The incremental conductance rule calculates the value of (dWdVPV)+(iPV/Vpv), where ipv and Vpv represent the output current and power of the solar cell, respectively. When (dlpv/dvpv)+(ipv/all 0 means that the current solar cell is operating at ^ point. (dwdvpvHipv/vpv)>G...the thief's appearance is on the left side of the resistance, and it is necessary to increase the solar _ voltage; Ipv/dvpv)+(wvpv)<_^ indicates that the fall point is located to the right of the maximum power point. In order to achieve the guess, it is necessary to reduce the solar cell's fall. The operating voltage of the Broken/Returning Battery can also no longer continue to disturb the solar cell when it reaches the MPP. In fact, by ==___彡^ W make (dWdVpV)+(i^·zero, recognize, want (-WdVpv)+(ipv/vpvH_ find value, silk algorithm (10) to Cong. Although as mentioned above The two methods are all disturbed by the solar cell 201250429 line, but in practice, it is usually achieved by modulating the pulse width ratio of the PWM in the power conversion circuit. Therefore, the output power of the solar cell is operated on the MPPT system. The relationship between the pulse width ratio is plotted. The results obtained are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. Fig. 3 shows the buck results of the 18 watt solar cell connected to the resistive load through the step-down circuit. The load resistance values of l3, L4 and L5 are respectively 1 ohm, 3 ohms and 4 ohms' and Figure 4 is 50 watts, L0 'L?, Ls: load resistance values are also i ohm, 3 ohms and 4 ohms respectively. Consider DC / DC Converter back end connection different resistance Under the load characteristics of the load, it can be found that the shape of the curve of the obtained p〇wer_Duty will change differently under different load impedances. If the environmental conditions of the solar cell and the load usage change greatly, it will be The Power-Duty relationship has a significant impact. If the design of ρρτ algorithm is bad, it will easily affect the performance of maximum power tracking. To confirm the maximum power point of Figure 5, the solar curve can be approximated by the quadratic curve to accelerate the tracking of MPPT. Sub-extreme Μρρτ tracking technique (7) (10) plus Ma-MPPT Method, QM MPPT Method). First, three operating points are set according to different pulse width ratios D, A and A applied; and measured in Di, a and The output power p, P2 and A under the operating conditions of 仏. The quadratic extreme value tracking technique uses the data of three points (Di, Pi), (D2, p2), (D3, A) to calculate a The quadratic curve shown by the dotted line in Fig. 5, and use this approximation curve to find the maximum power point possible. The following will be divided into three cases according to the output power of the three operating points. As shown in Fig. 6, the output power of the three operating points is & max. In this case, a possible Dmpp can be calculated directly using the quadratic extremum equation (1). ~~=^1^3)+Α2 (Α-小A2(d) n, in the case of P2 > Pl and P2 > P3 '(1) The calculated Dmpp will be between D丨 and 〇3, with the formula (2), resulting in the new three operating points used in the next calculation loop ^, D2, new and D3, new 'calculation results will Gradually approach the true Mpp of the solar module. 201250429 = D2 - D1; AD2 = D3 - D2; ^2^new ^MPPf -aAD^O < a <i; 03 m v_ = win + as %, 0 < ; 彡<1;...(2) In the formula (2), A and D2 and (10)_ are first calculated, and the silk is (10) and called to represent the quadratic formula; The system is between the squeak and the squeak, and the calculation result is approached to the real MPP. Therefore, the α and β simplifications are smaller than the simplification, so that the calculation range is small and small. The fine side is finely turned, and the WPP becomes closer to the real MPP. Therefore, by comparing the calculus power value of the two calculations as the convergence condition, if the difference between the front and the back is lower than the setting, (4) Maximum power point. The second case is shown in Fig. 7. The measurement result shows Ρι> ρ2> ρ3, which means that the three operating points are located to the right of the maximum power, and at this time, if the three operations are straight, the quadratic equation is obtained by the formula (1) a The calculation of the results of the calculation of the MPP' is not easy to converge, and may not be close to the real resistance. Therefore, the position of the three operating points must be translated to the left (called Dmy Shifting). In order to reduce the number of measurements and accelerate convergence, the data of Dl is retained as D2_, D2 is taken as D3, _, and the new DUnew is taken in the square, and the taste pole p2 becomes the maximum value of the three-point towel, so that the three operation points are continuously The position is shifted to the left until P2 > P1 and PAPS, and the above method is used for calculation. The third case is shown in Figure 8, p3 > P2 > Pl. This situation is similar to the second case, but the three operating points are located in the largest nucleus; therefore, the strategy of Duty is also adopted. The operating point is translated to the right, and p2 is made the maximum value of the three-point towel. If the program bullies to find the maximum power point (ie, the calculation converges), the last pulse width ratio output is maintained, and the output power of the solar cell is continuously monitored. If the output power changes to a certain extent, the Μρρτ calculation is restarted and 201250429 The initial value of the program is used as the starting operating point; that is, when the program detects that the solar cell has changed, it completely restarts the entire MPPT calculation. For example, in the program, 3〇%, 4〇%, and 50% are set as the initial settings of D, D2, and D3, respectively. Finally, Di, 〇2, and A at Mpp are found to be 35%, 36%, and 37%. The next time you restart the MPPT calculation, it will be 3 again. /(), 4〇%, and 50% are used as initial setting operating points. In the system, the solar cell is directly connected to the battery through the DC/DC converter. The system architecture is shown in Figure 9. The input voltage Vpv of the DC/DC converter and the output voltage L are externally input by the PWM signal. In this case, the operating voltage of the f battery does not change much, which can be regarded as a fixed value. Therefore, the process of maximizing the point of tracking is actually to observe the output voltage vbat of the solar cell to the maximum power operating point Vmpp, so that it has the maximum conversion efficiency. Compared with the harassment of her method, 'two: the domain can be recorded in the _ shouting maximum power point', that is, if the environmental sunshine or temperature changes drastically, the characteristics of the solar cell change drastically in a short time. The quadratic extreme value 婀 algorithm can be used in a shorter time than the disturbance observation method. The two-core extreme value guessing τ algorithm can quickly find the maximum point of _ when the solar energy characteristics change and find
MPP 之後又不需要對太陽能魏輪出電齡續進行義。如果太陽能電池 架設_闕_化穩定，切平時細及溫度變化小，僅只難會有特 疋因素導致太陽此電,也的輸出特性發生急劇的變化，就是二次式極值法的 適用場合。 對象改為針對移動财上的太陽能電力系統，則上述二次式極值 法有下列幾個缺點： 什异過程的第一種情形，gD β ^ ρ Ρ2>Ρι且ρζ>Ρ3的狀況下，計算時會將新的 201250429 A設定至DMPP，且新的D及D 3朝新的E>2逼近，以縮小二次式近似的 範圍。但如果在追縱過程中〇1及㈣到_近相當小的數值細， 大…'因為負載或城翔素造成卿偏移至另—個相當遠的位置， 從而發生第—種或第三種情形，此種實際的猜相對偏離三個操作點 達一定距離的狀況，則需耗費多個迴圈的時間在Duty S碰ng的過程 中才月匕重新追縱到新的MPP，因此對於逼近過程中的突發狀況欠缺 迅速反應能力。 2·當追縱到最大功率點之後，即保持當時的偏壓狀態，直到監控到太陽能 電池的特性發纽變，神觸啟動触，聽^及^在逼近過程中 不斷向DMPP逼近，三侧桑作點間的差值愈來愈小，故完成贈丁後， 當情況改變而重新啟動丽時，不能由最終的操作點開始，而要以原 始預設的設定值，重新設定三個操作點而從頭開始最大功率點追縱。這 會導致每次重新進行爾丁的時候都會對太陽能電池造成不小的擾 動；尤其是置放於移動載具上，情況改變頻繁時，太陽能電池長期發電 的效率因而降低。 3.雖然相較於其他方法，二次式極值法在實際D贈發生劇烈改變時可以 車乂迅速地重新找到最大功率點，但隨著移動載具的運動，太陽能電池所 文到的光照度不時會發生劇烈的變化，就會不斷頻繁發生過度擾動的情 形。實驗過程中，當太陽能電池設置於船勒上，船舶停放於水面時，太 陽能電池所受到的光照度會隨著水面波浪縣動而產生小幅度變化；結 果發現’採用二次式演算法’必須—直不斷地重啟追縱過程，造成的輸 出功率擾動範圍廣泛地分佈在20%至6〇%，相較於實際上Dmpp落在桃 201250429 至50%的範圍内，造成不必要的能量損失。 …因此，讀彻二次式演算法的優點，並依照運作情況修改其迴圈計 算方式’使得逼近過程加速、操作環境劇變時也無料次由縣設定逐步 趨近，將可大幅提昇追縱效率，藉以長保太陽能電池在高輸出功率狀況下 運作，藉以提高輸出電能。 【發明内容】 本發明之-目的在提供—種加速追縱最大神點之最佳化太陽能電池 輸出功率的方法。 本發明之-另目的在提供_麵追㈣財突發狀況可以迅速因應之 最佳化太陽能電池輸出功率的方法。 本發明之又-目的在提供—種追蹤平衡後，再遇擾動時，無須每次由 原始設定開始追歡最触太電池㈣辨的方法。 依照本伽揭叙最絲太雜電池輸 :池=端，該二輸出端係電性連接至一個輸出電壓= 源^-墙㈣雜概置，财法包含下列步驟： 彼此相異之基準操作，循序施加該三個基準猶電壓至該 。雨出端並以錢出功率檢職置檢測該太陽能電池對麟三個基準 操作電壓之個別輸出功率； b)以一處理裝置比翻·一 ； 、、三個分騎應該三個基準操作電壓的個別輸出功 *' 〃巾輪出1 力率最大者’其輯應的基轉作電壓數值大小 是否居中； c)若該最大輸出功率出 現在施加該居中基準操作電壓時 ，則確認該三個個 201250429 別輸出辨差肢列、於—個縱最佳化《，直_輸出辨差異小 於该門檀而最佳化該太陽能電池輸出功率；. d) 若該三_職出鱗彼此的差異大於該預定最佳化，騎該三個 基準操作電壓加權計算出一個新的居中基準操作電壓，並將該最大及最 小基準操作龍分別逼近該_居巾基準操作龍，並回復至該步驟 a);及 e) 若該最大輸出功率出現在施加該最A/最小基準操作電壓時，則以該最 大/最小基準操作賴作為_居中基準操作電壓，並以該最大/最小基 準操作電[加人/減除―個大於該最小/最大基準操作電壓與該居中基 準操作之電錄的電壓絲上放大舰作為㈣最大/最小基準操 作電壓，並回復至該步驟a)。 由於本案所揭露之最佳化太陽能電池輸出功率的方法，在嫩位於三 個操作點之_，相逐倾大每摘纟队嶋魅麟先錢過操作點 巨數值使得向外側擴張追蹤的速度逐步力口快，直到細p被納入三個 知=之間，因此在追蹤過程中遭遇環境擾動時，可以立即反應；達成平 3遭遇擾動’也私從原始預設賴伽重新開始舰，可社即由前 ^操作點開始追縱，戦無謂往返；藉此，在長時_太陽能電池發光 過&中’減彡無謂擾動與加速魏，錢乡的時間讓太陽能電池保持在最 大功率點輸出電能，從而達成上述各項目的。 【實施方式】 、有關本發明之前述及其他技術、特點與功效，在以下配合參考圖 式之較佳實施例的詳細說明中，將可清楚的呈現。 由於本案的追縱方法大抵仍沿用前述二次式極值法包括設定三個彼 201250429 作麵，循序施加該三個基準操作電壓至該二輸出端，並 幹出綱Μ褒置檢測該太陽能電池對應該三個基準操作鍾之個別 HI以―處雜説賴三㈣卿麟三悔«作電壓的 ^ ^大小，敏其巾輸_最大者。為便於理解，制比較過 _乃，照前述三種情況。其中’當第―輯況發生時，輸出功率最大者所 镜的基準輯觀敍,附，此日_财細軸同。隨後， 確認該三個_嶋編W峨她_，制該輸出 功率差異小於該門如最佳⑽太陽能電池輸出功率。 當如圖U)所示’ ！>2為最大’且三個操作點非常靠近最大功率點，此三 點之間的神對脈寬比之斜率會趨近於零，如圖u，只要此斜率小於某個 預定數值’就可認定為最大功率點。本例中因而制式(3)做為收敛條件。 P2-Px 1 .....(3) ΛιΑ.,1 其中，τ為趨近於零之極小值，（祕雕成)及㈣雜叫用來計算 第二點分別與第—點及第三關斜相係，崎別又除以&是對於不同太 陽能電池的輸ib功率正触’將輸出功率錄峨寬比差㈣值參考太陽 能電池輪出神取相對值，使得此收雜件能朗於不_太陽能電池。 此時，系統會監㉟太陽能電池的輸出功率變化率以及太陽能模組電壓/電流 的比值的變化技大於設定值，如果變化歎，難以原有的ADi與叫 進行MPPT。 請參閱圖12所示’當第二種情況發生時，bp2%，意味三個操作點 12 201250429 出現在最大功率點左側，相較於習知二次式極值MPPT演算法中採用原有 的△〇1與八〇2的設定，在本案中，則留用原先的ΔΕ>2，並將ΔΕ)ι乘以一個 大於1的常數ε做為新的Δ〇2 ;原D3作為下一迴圈中的d2，原d2作為下 一迴圈的口丨’如圖13 ;且在本例中，取2作為該常數ε之值，因此，下一 迴圈之D3則為D：t+2AD2。由此可推知’若次一迴圈仍不能將Μρρ囊括於 三個操作點範關，在次-迴圈新納人的範圍將再度倍增，如此，操作點 的範圍將可以快速擴大至包含MPP，且不需每次由原始設定值開始追縱。 同樣地’ ® 14中當Pl>P2>P3時，則將原有的Δ〇2乘以一個大於i的常數丫 做為新的ΔΑ，如圖15。藉由這樣的触，可以確縣Dmy s碰叩的過 程中叫與⑽交替地被增加，藉此增加三個操作點向聰靠近的速度。 將本案演算法實際應用於水面船的實驗，實驗中將船停放於定點，此 實驗中太陽能f池的最大輸出功率約為衡，二次式極值演算法中&、A 及D3的初錄定分縣鄕、傷和 贿法的義量設定為 1% ’脈寬比初始設定為m。可以發現如圖16及17所示，當習知擾動觀 察演算法如纽解，㈣_3⑻ms找補秘驗，且在獲得磨 後仍不斷麟時’本案如魏_，補將魏鱗域至紐_⑽， 且在獲得MPP後的敎狀態τ，完全抑财必魏動。尤其，即使刻意讓 行駛中的船體轉彎喊造-做大的_，仍可以發驗照核揭露之方 法，所產生的«比_量不補要回復縣設定的以·至祕的範圍 進行擾動，*是隨魏f化的賴獅而迅速逼近最大功率點。 當利用太碰賴齡„光照纽件之下岐辦祕輸出， 將追縱效率予以量化。實驗過程中模擬太陽能電池以6秒的週期，最大輸 13 201250429 出力率由（Η曰加至約28瓦再減至〇瓦。追縱結果如圖U所示，實線^代 表太陽能電池之最大辨跡喊線^代表_改良式：次式極值法追 蹤的結果，整體追蹤效率達到98%以上。 田…、上述實她例中雖然例釋為採用ρ_方式控制電壓，但熟悉本技 術領域者可_推知，_其蝴时法，彳_丨9以_•積分-微分 (PID)穩壓控制器直接控制太陽能電池輸出電㈣，都可以達刺樣效果。 經由上述實驗可知，本纽隨的方法不僅可以在追縱過程中迅速因應環 境變化而繼續未完成的追職程，當追蹤完成後也能迅速反應環境擾動， 因此可以紅於g用技術的速率達成最大功率輸出。反之，當環境沒有劇 烈擾動時’依照本制露之方法可喃易麟太·電池在最大功率點輸 出電能，不會像習職術的無端往復擾動。此等迅速追_特性，對於設 置在擾動頻繁的移動載具上的太陽能電池尤其重要能藉以確保太陽能電 池主要在最大功率點輸出電能，從而大幅提昇整體輸出電能。 —惟=上所述者’僅本發明之較佳實施例而已，當不能以此限定本發明 實施之刷’即大驗本發㈣請專纖圍及發明說軸容所侧 效變化與修飾，皆仍屬本發明專利涵蓋之範圍内。 【圖式簡單說明】 圖1為-般太陽能電池輸出電流及輸出功率受施加於電極間偏壓影經 之關係圖； ' 圖2為最大功率點追縱單元基本架構示意圖； 圖3及圖4為獨負載及功率的太陽能功率與卫作週期特性曲線圖； 圖5及圖6為習知二次式極值應^演算法基本原理示意圖； 圖7及圖8為習知二次式極mMppT演算法在不同情況下的運算追縱 201250429 方式示意圖； 圖9為太陽能電力系統中pv模組、DC/DC c〇nverter及負載關係示意 圖， 圖1〇及圖11 A本案最佳化二次式極值MPPT演算法收斂條件說明示 意圖， 圖12及圖13為本案方法在第二種情;兄P3>P2>P|下追縱示意圖； 圖14及圖15為本案方法在第三種情況ΡΘΡΘΡ3下追縱示意圖； 圖Ιό >8區I 、 17為本案方法與習知擾動觀察ΜΡΡΤ演算法的追蹤結果比 車交示意圖； 圖18為太宏士、 /、方法於平緩且週期性太陽能特性變化下的追縱结果示音 圖；及 、〜 - 。為比例、積分-微分(PID)穩壓電路控制太陽能電池輸出電壓之電路 开:思圆。 【主要元件符號說明】 無主要元件符號 15After the MPP, there is no need to continue the meaning of the solar power generation. If the solar cell erection is stable, the thinning and temperature change are small when it is cut, it is only difficult to cause the solar power and the output characteristics to change sharply, which is the application of the quadratic extreme value method. The object is changed to the solar power system for mobile finance, and the above quadratic extremum method has the following disadvantages: In the first case of the strange process, gD β ^ ρ Ρ 2 > Ρι and ρζ > Ρ 3, The new 201250429 A is set to DMPP and the new D and D 3 are approached towards the new E>2 to reduce the range of quadratic approximations. However, if during the tracking process, 〇1 and (4) to _ are close to a relatively small number of fine, large... 'Because the load or Chengxiangsu causes the Qing to shift to another quite distant position, thus the first or third In this case, if the actual guess is relatively deviated from the three operating points by a certain distance, it takes a lot of time for the loop to be re-tracked to the new MPP during the Duty S collision process. The sudden situation in the approaching process lacks the ability to respond quickly. 2. When the maximum power point is traced, the current bias state is maintained until the characteristic of the solar cell is monitored, and the touch is activated, and the ^ and ^ are approached to the DMPP during the approaching process. The difference between the mulberry points is getting smaller and smaller. Therefore, after the completion of the gift, when the situation changes and the singer is restarted, the final operation point cannot be started, but the three preset operations are reset. Point and start from the beginning of the maximum power point to track. This will cause a significant disturbance to the solar cell each time it is re-started; especially when placed on a mobile vehicle, the efficiency of long-term power generation of the solar cell is reduced when the situation changes frequently. 3. Although compared with other methods, the quadratic extremum method can quickly find the maximum power point when the actual D gift changes drastically, but with the movement of the mobile vehicle, the illuminance of the solar cell From time to time, dramatic changes will occur, and excessive disturbances will occur frequently. During the experiment, when the solar cell is placed on the boat and the ship is parked on the water surface, the illuminance of the solar cell will change slightly with the wave surface of the water surface; the result is that 'using the quadratic algorithm' must- The tracking process is restarted continuously, and the resulting output power disturbance range is widely distributed between 20% and 6〇%, which is equivalent to the fact that Dmpp falls within the range of 201250429 to 50% of the peach, causing unnecessary energy loss. ...so, reading the advantages of the quadratic algorithm and modifying its loop calculation method according to the operation situation, the acceleration of the approximation process and the drastic changes in the operating environment are gradually reduced by the county setting, which will greatly improve the efficiency of tracking. In order to increase the output power, the long-term solar cell operates under high output power conditions. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The object of the present invention is to provide a method for optimizing the output power of a solar cell that accelerates the pursuit of the greatest point. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for optimizing the solar cell output power by quickly responding to the situation in which the escaping (four) financial emergencies can be quickly responded to. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a method for distinguishing between the battery and the battery (four) each time after the tracking is balanced and the disturbance is disturbed. According to this gamma, the most miscellaneous battery transmission: pool = end, the two outputs are electrically connected to an output voltage = source ^ - wall (four) miscellaneous, the financial method includes the following steps: , the three reference voltages are applied sequentially to this. The rain exits and checks the individual output power of the three reference operating voltages of the solar cell with the money output inspection; b) the ratio of one processing device to the first; Individual output power*' 〃 轮 1 1 1 力 力 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 201250429 Do not output differential limbs, in a longitudinal optimization ", straight_output difference is less than the door and optimize the solar cell output power; d) If the three _ job scales different from each other More than the predetermined optimization, a new center reference operating voltage is calculated by weighting the three reference operating voltages, and the maximum and minimum reference operating dragons are respectively approached to the _ _ reference reference operation dragon, and the process returns to the step a And; e) if the maximum output power occurs when the maximum A/min reference operating voltage is applied, then the maximum/minimum reference operation is used as the _center reference operating voltage, and the maximum/minimum reference is operated [ Add/subtract—a voltage on the voltage wire greater than the minimum/maximum reference operating voltage and the centered reference operation as the (4) maximum/minimum reference operating voltage and return to step a). As the method for optimizing the output power of the solar cell disclosed in the present case is located at the three operating points of the tender, each of the picking teams 嶋 麟 麟 先 先 先 先 先 先 先 先 先 先 先 先 先 先 先 先 先 先 先 先 先 先 先 先 先Gradually, the force is fast, until the fine p is included between the three knows =, so when the environmental disturbance is encountered during the tracking process, it can react immediately; the flat 3 encounter disturbance is also achieved, and the ship is restarted from the original preset Riga. The society starts from the front ^ operation point, and there is no need to go back and forth; thereby, in the long-term _ solar cell illuminating &amp; reduce the unnecessary disturbance and accelerate Wei, Qianxiang time to keep the solar cell at the maximum power point The electrical energy is output to achieve the above items. The foregoing and other features, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from Since the tracking method of this case is still largely used, the above-mentioned quadratic extremum method includes setting three of the 201250429 faces, sequentially applying the three reference operating voltages to the two outputs, and performing the detection of the solar cell. According to the individual HI of the three reference operation clocks, the size of the voltage is ^^, the size of the voltage is ^^. In order to facilitate understanding, the system has compared _, according to the above three cases. Among them, when the first-stage situation occurs, the reference series of the mirrors of the largest output power is attached, and this day is the same as the fiscal axis. Subsequently, it is confirmed that the three _ 嶋 峨 峨 _ 制, the output power difference is less than the door as the best (10) solar cell output power. As shown in Figure U)! >2 is the maximum 'and the three operating points are very close to the maximum power point, and the slope of the god-to-pulse width ratio between the three points will approach zero, as shown in Figure u, as long as the slope is less than a predetermined value' Can be identified as the maximum power point. In this example, the system (3) is thus used as a convergence condition. P2-Px 1 .....(3) ΛιΑ.,1 where τ is the minimum value that approaches zero, (secreted into) and (iv) is used to calculate the second point and the first point and the first The three-off oblique phase system, the other is divided by & is for the different solar cell's input ib power positive touch 'put the output power to record the width ratio difference (four) value with reference to the solar cell wheel to take the relative value, so that the collection can It’s not _ solar battery. At this time, the system will monitor the change rate of the output power of the solar cell and the ratio of the voltage/current ratio of the solar module to the set value. If the change is sighed, it is difficult for the original ADi to call the MPPT. Please refer to Figure 12, when the second case occurs, bp2%, meaning that the three operating points 12 201250429 appear to the left of the maximum power point, compared to the conventional quadratic extreme MPPT algorithm. For the setting of △〇1 and 〇2, in the present case, the original ΔΕ>2 is reserved, and ΔΕ)ι is multiplied by a constant ε greater than 1 as the new Δ〇2; the original D3 is used as the next circle. In d2, the original d2 is used as the mouth of the next circle as shown in Fig. 13; and in this example, 2 is taken as the value of the constant ε, so D3 of the next circle is D: t + 2AD2. From this, it can be inferred that if the next cycle is still unable to include Μρρ in the three operating points, the scope of the sub-return will be doubled again, so that the range of operating points can be quickly expanded to include MPP. It does not need to start tracking each time from the original set value. Similarly, when P1 > P2 > P3, the original Δ〇2 is multiplied by a constant greater than i, as a new ΔΑ, as shown in Fig. 15. With such a touch, it can be confirmed that the Dmy s encounter process is alternately increased (10), thereby increasing the speed at which the three operating points approach Cong. The actual algorithm of the case is applied to the experiment of the surface ship. In the experiment, the ship is parked at the fixed point. In this experiment, the maximum output power of the solar f pool is about the balance, and the initial value of the quadratic extreme algorithm is &, A and D3. The amount of the shackles, injuries, and bribes in the county is set to 1%. The pulse width ratio is initially set to m. It can be found that as shown in Figures 16 and 17, when the conventional perturbation observation algorithm such as the New Solution, (4) _3 (8) ms to find the secret, and after the grinding is still continually Lin 'this case, such as Wei _, fill the Wei scale to New _ (10), and After obtaining the 敎 state τ after the MPP, it is necessary to completely suppress the money. In particular, even if you deliberately let the moving hull turn and shout - to make a big _, you can still test the method of nuclear disclosure, and the resulting ratio of "the amount of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Disturbance, * is quickly approaching the maximum power point with the lion of the Wei. When using the secret output under the illuminating age, the efficiency of the tracking is quantified. During the experiment, the solar cell is simulated in a 6-second cycle, and the maximum output is 13 201250429. The tile is reduced to 〇. The result of the tracking is shown in Figure U. The solid line ^ represents the largest screaming line of the solar cell. ^ Representation _ improved: the result of the sub-extreme method tracking, the overall tracking efficiency is over 98%. Tian... In the above example, although the example is to use the ρ_ mode to control the voltage, those skilled in the art can _infer that _the butterfly method, 彳_丨9 is stabilized by _• integral-derivative (PID) The pressure controller directly controls the solar cell output power (4), and all of them can achieve the thorn-like effect. According to the above experiment, the method of Benniu can not only continue the unfinished pursuit process in response to environmental changes during the tracking process, when tracking After completion, it can also quickly respond to environmental disturbances, so it can be used to achieve maximum power output at the rate of technology. Conversely, when there is no severe disturbance in the environment, the method can be used in accordance with the method of this system.Electrical energy is not like the unprovoked reciprocating disturbance of the apprenticeship. These rapid catching characteristics are especially important for solar cells placed on mobile vehicles with frequent disturbances to ensure that the solar cells output power mainly at the maximum power point. Enhance the overall output power. - above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention, when it is not possible to limit the implementation of the brush of the present invention, that is, the inspection of the hair (four), please specializes in the invention and said that the shaft capacity The lateral effect changes and modifications are still within the scope of the patents of the present invention. [Simplified Schematic] FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the relationship between the output current and output power of a typical solar cell subjected to inter-electrode biasing; 2 is the schematic diagram of the basic structure of the maximum power point tracking unit; Figure 3 and Figure 4 are the solar power and maintenance period characteristic curves of the single load and power; Figure 5 and Figure 6 are the conventional quadratic extreme value response algorithm Schematic diagram of the basic principle; Figure 7 and Figure 8 are schematic diagrams of the conventional quadratic mMppT algorithm in different situations: 201250429; Figure 9 shows the pv module, DC/DC c〇 in the solar power system Schematic diagram of nverter and load relationship, Fig. 1〇 and Fig. 11 A is a schematic diagram illustrating the convergence condition of the quadratic extreme value MPPT algorithm in this case, Fig. 12 and Fig. 13 are the second case in the case of the case; brother P3>P2> Fig. 14 and Fig. 15 are schematic diagrams of the method in the third case ΡΘΡΘΡ3; Fig. Ιό >8 areas I and 17 are the tracking results of the method and the conventional disturbance observation ΜΡΡΤ algorithm. Figure 18 is a schematic diagram of the results of the tracking of the Tai Hongshi, /, method under the gentle and periodic solar characteristics; and, ~ -. Proportional, integral-derivative (PID) voltage regulator circuit control solar cell The circuit of the output voltage is open: thinking circle. [Main component symbol description] No major component symbol 15