SU41748A1 - Counting device - Google Patents

Description

Calculating devices are known that consist of ordinary accounts with bones, divided into four parts for arithmetic operations, with a view to postponing components on some of these parts, or for producing auxiliary actions. In the proposed calculating device, the usual double accounts placed on the common frame are provided with auxiliary accounts, which are located perpendicular to the main ones and serve to postpone the multiplicand and multiplier and, in addition, the main accounts are equipped with a movable discharge indicator.

In FIG. 1 shows a view of the counting device from above; FIG. 2 is a side view of the device.

The counting device consists of the usual “double accounts B” placed in the common frame A, equipped with auxiliary accounts C, which are arranged perpendicular to the main one; 91 "four parts, in the terms of use of the device are called: the upper left part of the device, the upper right part of the device, the lower left part of the device and the lower right part of the device.

Each part of the device is divided into rows in which the wires are located, and stones are strung on the latter.

In both upper parts of the device, the rows are placed in a vertical position, and in both lower parts of the device, the rows are placed in a horizontal position.

The frame of the device consists of three vertical and three horizontal bars.

The number of rows in the instrument is determined for each branch of labor by the number of effective marks; for example, 12 horizontal

(264)

Row The number of vertical rows is determined by the number of horizontal rows.

The number of pits in each row is defined as 10 pieces.

The numbering of the rows is on the frame itself, for the lower parts of the device — on the left and inner bars, and for the upper parts — on the middle horizontal bar.

The numbering of the series is based on whole units, such as: kilogram, meter, ruble, above-ten, hundreds, etc. (1, 2, 3), and below: / u kilogram, / u meter, / ruble, and then we have the numbering of the row (-1), i.e. one decimal, and below (-2), i.e. one cell, etc.

Therefore, for the lower parts, the numbering is 10 rows of unsigned and 4 lower rows with a minus sign.

In the upper parts of the device, the numbering is arranged in the same way, namely: the first four rows from right to left, minus four to one and further without a sign in the order of numbers from; one and above.

For convenience, the bones have three colors.

The color of the stones corresponds to the location of the stones, namely: in rows horizontally, the middle heels and poles of the stones have a distinctive color for all rows of parts of the device — black.

The stones, located on the rows of all parts of the device of the first, third, and so on, of the odd class, as well as on rows 3 and 4, have a light pink color.

The stones located on the rows of all parts of the device of the second, fourth, etc., even classes, as well as on rows 1-2, have the natural color of wood, and if they are from

other material, then, if possible, they should be shaded by the color of odd rows.

The plate of the left part of the device is fixed with a plate on which there is a moving pointer K; it indicates the row required when processing a numerical material.

During the processing of a numerical material, the device, with respect to the person working on it, must be located on the right side, located obliquely, i.e., angle to the worker.

The processing of a numerical material by means of the addition and subtraction actions is carried out, guided by the distinctive signs of the colors of the bones, and the multiplication and division actions by the numbering of the rows by the index.

The pitting of stones from right to left is done by the middle finger, and the drop from left to right-thumb of the right hand.

The processing of a numerical material by means of all arithmetic operations is carried out from the highest digit numbers, i.e., the numbers arranged according to the numbering in the highest rows, and if viewed horizontally from top to bottom.

There are no rules for performing addition and subtraction actions.

The production of the main work by means of multiplication is done in the lower right part of the device, and auxiliary work in the lower left part of the device.

For the purpose of dividing, the production of the main work, on the contrary, is done in the lower left part of the device, and auxiliary in the lower right part of the device.

In the production of multiplication, all four parts of the instrument are involved in processing.

As a rule, multiplied quantities are deposited in the upper parts of the instrument, and in the upper left part of the instrument there is always a large number of them, i.e., multiplicative, and in the upper right part of the instrument it is smaller, i.e., a multiplier.

In the lower left part of the instrument, ancillary work is performed and the result obtained from this part of the instrument, strictly following the same numbering of rows, is transferred along the same horizontal rows to the lower right portion of the instrument, where the final result is obtained.

Therefore, the assignment of the lower right part of the device is done by multiplying the main work.

As indicated above, the quantities multiplied by one another are located in the two upper parts of the device, occupying the corresponding; its row is replaced by each sign; therefore, the space occupied by the ether determines their position with 3 rows of characters of the given number.

The product of unambiguous numbers gets a new location in the lower parts of the device.

If, for example, the digit 8 of the multiplicand is in the upper left of the device on the sixth row and the factor 6 in the upper right of the device on the fourth row, then the product of 48 will take place in one of the lower parts of the device in the tenth and ninth p do

In general, the rows in the upper parts of the instrument from multiplying the numbers on them when producing a product in two characters give the sum of the rows in the lower parts of the instrument; For example, the sixth row in the upper left part of the device plus the fourth row in the upper right part of the device give a new location to the product, namely from the tenth row in one of the lower parts of the device.

If the product of multiplication was expressed by one sign, then again these rows add up, as in the first case, for example, the fifth and fourth rows give the ninth minus one and the product takes the place of the eighth row in one of the lower parts of the device.

Now we proceed directly to the examples. Given the multiplication of two numbers 38706 X X 647. We already know that the sum of the rows of the upper parts of the device must correspond to a row or one unit less in the lower parts of the device.

The multiplier 38706, located in the upper left part of the device from the fifth row and below, and the factor 647 in the upper right part of the instrument from the third row and below, when multiplied between them, receive a new quantitative expression and occupy new rows in the lower ones. Instrument parts: 3 is located on the fifth row in the upper left part of the instrument, and 6 is located on the third row of the upper right part of the instrument, which must be multiplied together. The rows are nx 5-f-3-1 7, hence the multiplicable 3. we put it in the lower right part of the device on the seventh p d.

Putting 3 on the seventh row, in our mind we multiply 3 X 6 and get a new quantitative expression 18, consisting of two characters. As if, we will call one of the signs-units, and the second-ten of the resulting work. The obtained new value should be located in one of the lower parts of the device in such a way that units from it should take the place of the multiplier, and, tens of places, one row higher, therefore, with the thumb of the right hand, reset 3, and on the free and on the one row higher than the rows, in this case in the fourth and seventh rows, we postpone the resulting work 18.

The next process is that, again, 3, located in the upper right part of the device on the fifth row, need to be multiplied with another value 4, located in the upper right part of the device on the second row. The sum of the rows of the upper parts of the device 5 - | - 2-1 should correspond to the sixth row in the lower left part of the instrument and the product of these values 12 should take place on the seventh and sixth rows in the lower left part of the instrument.

Now product 12 must be transferred to the main part of the device according to the same. p give

Thus, it is necessary to carry out the processes of multiplication to the final

multiply all the numbers with each other.

When working by this method, the number of processes reaches the product of the sum of the characters multiplied by the sum of the multiplier signs, in this example, iX 3 12, therefore, the work will be coupled with an increased work of vision for transferring the mental numbering of the rows of the upper parts of the device to the bottom, as well as with excessive movements of the right hand. Therefore, in order to reduce the number of processes in multiplied values and to obtain a result with less energy, it is necessary to bring the number of processes to the number of digits of the multiplier, and the total number of signs in the multiplier, as mentioned above, should be a number with fewer signs against the multiplicand.

The multiplication rule is given with a decrease in the number of processes. Given two numbers that need to be multiplied together: 52386 rubles. 74 kopecks X 87.68, out of 5 X 8 40 we postpone by about 2X8 16 „3X B 24 8 X 8 64 6 X H 48 7X8 56 4X 8 32 we get the product 419093920. We produce the multiplication further, i.e. the same multiplier 52386.74 . located in the upper left part of the instrument from the second row, it is necessary to increase by the next, its multiplier, in this case 7, located in the first row of the upper right part of the instrument. The rows of the upper parts of the device 5 4-1-1 5 give an indication that it is necessary to postpone 2386.74 from the second row, which is clearly done in the lower left part of the device. The multiplication process is performed according to the rules mentioned above. The result obtained 366707.18 is transferred by row numbers to the lower right part of the device; the left part of the device is released. The next significant number is 6, which must be multiplied by 52386.74 and which is located in the upper right part of the device in the p d-1, hence the multiplicator 52386.74, located in the fifth row of the upper left in the device and the multiplier 6 in the upper right parts of the device 1 are set aside in the lower left part of the device with 5-1 4 r yes and multiply according to the rules already known and transfer the product 31432044 to the lower right part of the device and release the left one. The last significant number 8, located in the upper right part of the device in p-2, is decelerated according to the same rules, i.e. we multiply the multiplier 52386.74 in the lower left part of the device from 5-2 to 8 and the resulting product 41909292 is the same when multiplied by the first

there are 52386 rubles. 74 kopecks - the salary of direct producers of one of the factory workshops and 87.68% fall on shop expenses.

This example shows that the multiplier 52386.74 occupied the place in the upper left part of the instrument with the fifth row and the multiplier 87.68 in the upper right instrument with the second row, therefore, five (row of the upper left part of the instrument) and two (the row of the upper right part of the instrument) is seven, i.e., the row in the lower part of the instrument.

Multiply 52386,74 we postpone in the lower right part of the device with 5 4-2-1 6 p and proceed to multiplying by the first number of the multiplier, in this case 8.

It is necessary here to recall that the process of multiplication on the instrument is performed from top to bottom, i.e., from large quantities.

In this example, we have 5, located on the sixth row, which we throw off with the thumb of our right hand, multiplying in the mind. second third quarters n rd higher, i.e. 7 rd . We transfer the image to the lower right part of the device, where the total product turned out to be 459326936.32, i.e., a number that is more than two characters true, therefore in all cases of multiplication by values expressed as a percentage, they must be read with a decrease two decimal marks. S In this case, 87.68% of the multiplier is 52336 rubles. 74kop must be considered 45932 rubles. 69 cop Alternatively, as indicated by the pattern of arrangement of the numerical material by series, it is necessary, as indicated in this example, to consider 87.68% as 0.8768, which should be set aside in the upper right part of the device with --1 p. Therefore, the product 52386 rubles. 74 kop., Located in the lower right part of the device, will not be subjected to any conditionality and its beginning will be located on the fifth row. From a comparison of the processing of the first and second examples, it can be concluded that in the second example, the location of the multiplicable in the lower part of the device and the uninterrupted movement of the right hand multiply any desired value by a designated number, hence the second example preserves the advantage of time and energy saving counting worker. In this example, we see that, initially, the value was postponed to 52386.74 nakpomedilas with 6 times, “with 5” “with 4,“ with 3

t. each time it is one less unit, therefore it is enough to determine the position of the row in the lower part of the instrument during the first multiplication process, in this example 5 + 2-1 6 rows, on which the pointer is located on the left side of the lower part of the instrument, and at each subsequent process, only move one row below, which will eliminate the definition of each time series.

In cases where the multiplier has a zero in the middle, the pointer moves through as many rows as there are zeros in the middle of the multiplier.

Upper left part of the device

Magnitude

eight; 2; 3; 7 4; 3; 2; one; - 2; - 3; - four; five; four; 3; 2; one; - one; - 1 process I .2 percent Divisible 8237 X 8 j Balance j 8237 X 4 j О 866 79533 64852 52929 41654 344 233 166 Now the divider 8237 needs to be transferred to the bottom left of the device to the level of the larger number of divisors, in this case on the eighth row , provided that the dividend remains a large number against the divisor, otherwise the doer must be postponed one row below, in this example, 8237 are postponed from the seventh to the fourth row inclusive. The pointer is set on the fourth row and it is precisely at the present moment the pointer that the first significant number from the difference should occupy the fourth row in the upper right part of the device. We determine by the first two numbers of the dividend 69, how many times one divisor number 8 is contained, and we find that 66-8 is 8 times, therefore the divisor 8237 is multiplied by 8 according to the rules already known to us from the multiplication action. The resulting product 65896 is subtracted, i.e., discarding the division is the opposite effect of multiplication. When dividing, as when multiplying, all four parts of the device take part in the processing of numerical material.

Given two numbers, divisible and divisor 69421436: 8237

An approach to processing a numerical material by means of the action of division, it is necessary to postpone the dividend in the lower left part of the device, starting from the eighth row, and the divisor to postpone in the upper left part of the device from the fourth row.

The table placed here shows the arrangement of numbers.

Upper right part of the device

eight; four; 2; 8 2; - 3; - 4 s I 3 process I4 process of the tatok 18237 X 2 (Balance j 8237 X 8 j Balance The remaining limit and the difference 3525436 continue to follow the division by counting the multiplication and subtraction, as indicated in the table above. At the end of the division, we have the difference 8428, Subject of the invention: 1. A counting instrument for performing calculations using Russian stets, characterized in that it consists of the usual double bills placed in a common frame A, equipped with auxiliary accounts C, The second ones are located perpendicular to the main ones and serve to postpone the multiplicand and multiplier. 2. In the case of a counting device according to claim 1, the use of a movable pointer of bits, strengthened on the side slat, to the author's certificate of F.T. Timofeev No. 41748

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