SU1094172A1 - Apparatus for thrashing cobs - Google Patents

Abstract

1. EQUIPMENT FOR COB THRESHOLD, containing a coil conveyor, chopping device with chain-slat wrapping leaves conveyor and pitched board, threshing drum, concave, orienting device and grain device with bunker, different to 4to, in order to reduce grain losses, a perforated containers with conveyors located in them are installed with a sieve of a grain-cleaning device and a chain-slaty conveyor of wrapping leaves; on a perforated container slatted chain-belt wrapping leaves, and the silo wall has a perforated container winnowing device. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the threshing elements of the threshing drum have a grooved surface on the periphery, the reefs of which form an acute angle with the sidewalls, the apex of which is facing in the direction of rotation of the drum. S 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, which is based on the fact that the conveyors in the containers are made in the form of forks. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the containers with the conveyors are installed with the slope S upward in the direction of discharge. 5 Apparatus according to paragraphs. 1, 3, 4, characterized in that the winding of the auger is made in increments in the direction of discharge and is provided with gripping elements.

Description

The invention relates to the field of agricultural machinery, in particular, apparatus for threshing corn cobs, and dp threshing of corn selection material can be used in hospital conditions, and can also be installed on selective corn harvesters. . ; J A machine for threshing is known, containing a conveyor of 1 roll, a threshing drum, a deck, and an air cleaner. L 1J. The disadvantages of the known apparatus is its low productivity, significant loss of grain and its damage. The productivity is low due to the fact that the cobs are threshing in the wrapping leaves, which increases the load on the grain cleaning sieve. A significant load on the sieve necessitates an increase in its length, and consequently, the time spent on cleaning the grain from impurities, resulting in a reduced productivity of the apparatus. The productivity is also reduced by the fact that the cobs in the known apparatus are not oriented parallel to the axis of the threshing drum, but are conveyed into the gap between the threshing drum and deck chaotically. All the ears, which at the time of entering the threshing gap are not parallel to the drum axis, move further much slower than the ears, parallel to the drum axis, since they are unable to roll during movement in the threshing gap. This increases the time of threshing cobs and the likelihood of clogging of the threshing device (drum and deck) with the threshed mass, which also leads to a decrease in productivity due to the downtime spent on cleaning the device from its hammered mass, and increases the complexity of servicing the device. As a result, the absence of orientation of the cobs along the threshing drum of the cob apparatus during the threshing process is additionally subjected to bending deformation, which, in turn, increases the crushing of the grain (its loss) and the rods of the cobs. Crushed rods complicate the process of separating 2 grains from impurities. In addition, for crushing rods, additional energy costs are required, as a result of which the energy consumption of the threshing process is increased. In the known apparatus, the cobs are not cleared of the wrapping leaves, therefore, during their threshing, the wrapping leaves make it difficult to separate the grain extracted from the cobs through the deck. As a result of this, the threshed grain is longer in the area affected by the working elements of the threshing drum, which increases its crushing. When threshing cobs in wrapping leaves, there are often cases of non-cast grain located on the cob in close proximity to the place of attachment of wrapping leaves on it. The wrapped leaves, which are interspersed with the working elements of the threshing drum, worsen the threshing process, increasing the undercut of the grain. The famous Hege 125 V combine harvester is known, which is equipped with a single picker-top box for corn crops. The threshing apparatus of the combine harvester contains a drum, a concave, an air-lattice grain cleaning, including an upper, scaly sieve and a lower flat sieve, as well as a C 2 grain bunker}. The disadvantages of the known combine are low productivity when harvesting the skilled corn fields, i.e. under conditions of batch loading with cobs of the threshing apparatus (intermittent technology), as well as significant loss of grain from the sieve of grain cleaning. The productivity of the combine is low due to the fact that the threshing device of the combine threshes the cobs in the wrapping leaves, which dramatically increases the load on the upper scaly sieve of grain cleaning and necessitates the manufacture of its considerable length. The significant length of the sieve increases the separation time of the grain and the impurities of the threshed portions of the cobs, and, in addition, makes it difficult to inspect and clean the sieve from the impurities after cleaning the next section, which increases the complexity of the service. Such an implementation of the sieve increases the length of the entire combine, impairs its maneuverability, which is an important advantage when harvesting from an experienced plot. In addition, the sieve length of a known combine does not ensure a complete separation of the grain from impurities (wrapping leaves and cobs of cobs) during their passage through the sieve. This grain, together with the impurities, comes off the sieve, i.e. in irreparable losses. The loss from the sieve is also increased from the fact that the well-known combine also allows considerable loss of grain as a result of its loss from wrapping leaves. In the well-known combine, the cobs are not cleared of wrappers, therefore, in the process of thrashing the cobs, the wrapping leaves make it difficult to separate the grain threshed from the cobs under the drum. The grain is longer in the area affected by the threshing elements of the threshing drum, which increases its injury. The absence of the orienting device in the threshing apparatus of a known combine increases the crushing of the cob rods in the threshing process, which increases the energy intensity of the thresh, as well as the loss of grain from non-threshing. This is due to the fact that the cobs in the threshing gap go randomly. The cobs, which at the time of their capture by the drum turned out to be located parallel to its longitudinal axis, are threshed, rolling along under the drum. The cobs, which are not parallel with the drum axis, move much more slowly in the threshing gap and are additionally subjected to bending deformations, causing crushing of the rods of the cobs to occur. Fragmented, fallen rods, having fallen into the upper chewed sieve, clog it, deteriorating the separation capacity. This leads to an increase in the labor intensity of the combine living during the harvesting period, since it is constantly necessary to clean the sieve from the particles of the cobs of cobs that have hammered it. In addition, as a result of jamming the cobs in the threshing gap, significant yield losses are observed with crushed grain, since the threshing elements of the drum are rubbed into the flour of the grain facing the drum. those. a portion of the grains remains on the rod, and a portion is ground into flour. The rods with grain particles are removed from the combine, which also increases the grain loss. When threshing cobs in wrapping leaves, there are often cases of non-crushed grains located on the cob in close proximity to the place of attachment of wrapping leaves on it. The total losses of grain allowed by the combine during harvesting of experienced cases distort the actual yield of the tested corn hybrids, i.e. reduce the reliability of the experimental data obtained by the breeder in experiments on yield. Known apparatus for threshing cobs company Walter-Wintersteiger, installed on the selection of corn harvester Plotmaster 2, including axial threshing apparatus and pneumoretum cleaning with hopper s. A disadvantage of the known device for threshing cobs is its low productivity under the conditions of batch loading and small feeds of cobs into the apparatus, which is the case when harvesting selective corn crops sown on small experimental cases. According to the data of time observations, threshing and cleaning of the grain from impurities, the portion of cobs in wrapping leaves weighing 7 kg is spent 48 s. The corn hybrid threshing of the Krasnodar PG-303 was threshed. In addition, the known apparatus allows significant loss of grain and its damage. In the known apparatus, the cobs are fed into the threshing device in wrapping leaves, which significantly increases the load on the grain cleaning sieve and makes it necessary to make it of considerable length. The known apparatus sieve length with extension 1900 mm. Significant sieve length leads to an increase in the path that impurities pass (wrapping leaves, cobs), which increases the time spent on cleaning grain from impurities and ultimately reduces the productivity of the apparatus. The known apparatus permits significant losses of grain from its grain from wrapping leaves with a sieve of grain cleaning. When threshing with a known apparatus of portions of a selection material of maize, which is distinguished by its physicomechanical properties, there is a need for frequent adjustment of the cleaning grain in order to avoid significant loss of grain from the sieve. This adjustment is complex and requires highly skilled operator (.combiner). It is also difficult to adjust the grain cleaning by the fact that its optimal adjustment for processing a single portion of a hybrid or variety is often not optimal for the subsequent portion of cobs. In addition, grain is lost in the process of adjusting (adjusting) the grain cleaning, since it is convinced that the grain cleaning adjustment is incorrect only in the presence of grain loss by sieve. The results of the state tests of the combine Plotmaster 2, have been claimed that during harvesting it loses grains significantly more than acceptable by agro demands accepted in the USSR. In addition, cleaning sieve sieves are often clogged with plant materials (parts of plant stems and fragments of cob buds)., 87.5% of the total time of the simplest is spent on cleaning the sieve from sample 1. The grain losses allowed by the known apparatus reduce the reliability of the experimental data obtained in the yield tests. The closest in technical essence and the achieved result to the invention is an apparatus for threshing cobs, including a coil conveyor, a chopping device with a chain-slat wrapping leaves conveyor and a pitched board, a threshing drum, a concave, an orienting device and a grain cleaning device with a bunker 5. The known apparatus has high performance in terms of its jerky loading and small feed of the cobs. According to the timing observations, the processing of a portion of cobs in wrapping leaves (hybrid Krasnodar PG-303) weighing 7 kg by a known apparatus takes 20 seconds, the sieve length is 800 mm. In a known apparatus, grain losses from non-grain from wrapping leaves are reduced, since they are absent on the grain cleaning sieve, and grain fragmentation is reduced by improving its separation through the deck (wrapping leaves do not interfere). A disadvantage of the prior art apparatus, taken as a prototype, is the significant loss of grain when threshing portions of the maize breeding material. This is due to the fact that, when the cobs are transported to the threshing site in the bag, partial extraction of the grain from the cobs takes place, which, together with the grain, are loaded into the conveyor, which supplies them to the scrubbing device. Here, the grain is separated through this device at the end of the conveyor of wrapping leaves, which is carried outside the apparatus, increasing the irreversible loss of grain. This happens when the cob thresher is used as a stationary machine, but it can also occur when using the appliance in the design of a breeding combine, if its working bodies dry the grain from the cobs and in this form serve the device . In addition, there are losses of grain, brought down by a scrubbing device, from its loss from wrapping leaves with which the grain is taken out of the apparatus. The wrapping leaves carried by the conveyor block the opening of its separating surface, impairing its screening capacity. As a result, a part of the grains that have been crushed from the cobs by the scrubbing device is sifted through the conveyor of wrapping leaves, and a part of the grains that fell on a dense layer of wrapping leaves, together with them, is taken out of the apparatus into irreversible losses. Losses are significant in those cases when, in the process of harvesting an experienced business, a hybrid of maize comes into being, the ears of which have many wrapping leaves, a small diameter and a small bond strength between the grain and the cob.

In this case, a lot of grain breaks down from the cobs during their cleaning from the wrapping leaves and the layer of wrapping leaves taken out of the machine is dense, which leads to a significant loss of grain.

Grain is lost when the grain is removed from the sieve. This is due to the significant differences in maize varieties and hybrids in terms of their physical and mechanical properties (especially in size and mass characteristics). In addition, for example, the grain friction coefficient for steel varies further within the same hybrid or grade, depending on the moisture content of the grain. This leads to the fact that the grain cleaning adjusted at one portion of the cobs requires adjustment of the adjustment at the processing of the subsequent portion of the cobs. It is laborious, time consuming, requires highly skilled operator. In addition, grain is lost, since the very fact of an incorrect adjustment is established when grain loss is detected in a sieve. Grain is lost in a sieve and directly in the process of adjusting grain cleaning.

The total losses of grain allowed by the known apparatus, not threshing the selection material for maize, reduce the accuracy of the experimental data obtained by the breeder in experiments on yield.

In a known apparatus, when used as a stationary machine, waste from the apparatus (wrapping sheets, cobs) obtained during the threshing process is not ensured. Handling waste into vehicles manually with significant amounts of work on threshing of breeding material is laborious, time consuming and additional number of people. This is due to the fact that the waste obtained in the threshing process, the descent from the conveyor of wrapping sheets and the sieve of the grain-cleaning device, comes directly to the soil of the apparatus. In addition, when disposing of waste, it is necessary to separately collect wrapping leaves and cobs of cobs.

In the course of field testing of the apparatus, the cases of engagement (sticking) of the unmilled maize and their rods between the side walls of the threshing drum and the sidewalls of the concave were noted. Separate undermilted cobs stuck in the threshing gap are threshed when the next batch of cobs are fed into the machine, which leads to sorting and inaccurate determination of the grain mass of each cob portion. In addition, stuck threshing hammers on the edges of the threshing gap disrupt the normal rolling of the threshing cobs on the deck under the action of the threshing elements of the drum and can sometimes cause the threshing threshing of the threshing mass to be threshed. Removal of this mass from the apparatus increases the laboriousness and time expenditures on its maintenance and grain losses, since all the grain in the mass removed from the apparatus goes to irreversible losses.

The aim of the invention is to reduce grain losses.

This is achieved in that the apparatus for threshing of ears comprising conveyor cobs ,, pochatkoochistitelnoe device tsepochnoplanchatym conveyor and wrapping leaves pitched board, threshing drum, concave, and orienting device grain cleaning apparatus with hopper according to the invention for the sieve winnowing device and chain-slatted of the wrapping leaves conveyor, perforated containers are installed with conveyors located in them, with a sloped board located under the perforated container; the chain-slatted conveyor of the wrapping leaves, and the walls of the bunker are located under the perforated container of the grain-cleaning device, f

In addition, in the proposed apparatus, the threshing elements of the threshing drum have a corrugated surface along the periphery, the reefs of which form an acute angle with the sidewalls, the apex of which is facing in the direction of rotation of the drum. In the proposed apparatus, conveyors in tanks are provided to be made in the form of augers. In addition, containers with transport frames are installed with a slope upwards in the direction of discharge. In the proposed apparatus, the screw wound can be made in increments in the direction of discharge and provided with fascinating elements. Fig, 1 schematically shows an apparatus for threshing cobs; in fig. 2 is a view A of FIG. one; Fig. 3 threshing drum of the proposed apparatus in a perspective view; in fig. 4 in year B in FIG. one; in fig. 5 shows a section B7B in FIG. one; in fig. 6 - transport ter in cross section with fascinating elements; in fig. 7 is a view of FIG. 6. The device for threshing cobs contains conveyor 1, pick-cleaning rollers 2 with a pressing device 3, under which the conveyor of 4 wrapping leaves is located. At the descent from conveyor 4, a capacity 5 with through-holes is installed, inside of which a conveyor (auger) 6 is placed, and under it is installed a device enclosure, made in the form of a ramp board 7. A threshing drum 8 with a reel 9 is located behind the scrubbing rollers 2. The threshing drum 8 parallel to its longitudinal axis is rotatably mounted by a pair of orienting rollers, which are an orienting device 10, the rollers of which are wound, and the gap between them is a continuation a gap between the drum 8 and the concave 9. In the lower part of the apparatus, there is a pneumatic-lattice grain cleaning 11, including a sieve 12, a fan 13 and a bunker 14 for grain. At the exit from the rack 12, a tank 15 is installed with through holes, inside which the conveyor (auger) 16 is placed, and below it is wrapped around the wall of the bunker 14. At the exit from the gap between, between the drum 8 and the concave 9, an apron 17 is placed, feeding the grain flying parallel to the sieve 12 on its surface. Threshing drum 8 has threshing elements 18 fixed between its sidewalls 19 and made with grooved sections 20 located along the periphery. The reefs in sections 20 are sloped in such a way that they form an acute angle with sideing, the apex of which is turned in the direction of rotation of the drum. The corrugated sections 20 may not be performed on each threshing element 18, but through one. Conveyors 6 and 16 are made in the form of augers, the winding of which has a pitch increasing in the direction of unloading and is equipped with gripping elements 21. Tanks 5 and 15 with conveyors 6 and 16 are inclined upward in the direction of unloading the threshing process of the cobs. The cob threshing device works as follows. Corn cobs are conveyed by conveyor 1 to the milling rollers 2, during which they move the cobs from the wrapping leaves. The clamping device 3 contributes to faster and better cleaning of the cob of wrapping leaves. The wrapping leaves pass between the slots 2 and together with the exfoliated during cleaning. cobs grain fall on the conveyor 4 wrapping leaves. The dried grain spills through the conveyor 4 on the sieve 12 and further into the bunker 14, and the wrapping leaves with the individual 1 grains ingested and are fed by the conveyor 4 into the container 5. The grain that fell from the cobs during their transportation and was loaded into the conveyor 1 cobs from the bag, and the grain, collapsed from the cobs at the time of their loading into the conveyor 1 by striking each other and against the surface of the conveyor 1, which is especially often observed in hybrids with low strength of connection of the grain with the cob rod with a slightly oh its humidity (18-15%). The broken grain, the passage into the gap between the rollers 2, falls on the end of the conveyor 4, and, as a rule, not having time to sift through it and the layer of wrapping leaves on it, into container 5. Here the screw 6 dramatically changes the direction of movement of the plant mass of wrapping leaves and grains in them, and, moving the mass, it turns it over and over again. As a result of the abrupt change in the mass movement and its repeated turning, the grain is separated from the wrapping leaves and sifted through the openings of the container 5 and enters the sieve 12 on the tilted board and then into the bunker 14. A small step of winding the auger 6 and the presence of pickup elements 21 on it contributes to the activation of the effect of the screw 6 on the mass, since with a decrease in the step of winding of the screw 6, the number of inversions of the mass in the same area increases during its movement through the tank 5, and the exciting elements 21 increase the Obnov navivka auger 6 grab and turn the mass. As it moves in the tank 5, the mass is taken apart by increasing the step of winding the auger 6, which contributes to a better separation of the grains remaining in the wrapping leaves, since the layer of wrapping leaves becomes thinner and the grains are easier to sift through it and further through the openings of the tank 5 The inclination of the container 5 upwards in the direction of unloading waste (wrapping leaves) improves the separation of grain from the wrapping leaves in bone 5, since the wrapping leaves are moved by winding the screw auger 6 through capacity 5 outside the apparatus, and much less The grains, hitting the surface of the container 5, roll in the direction opposite to the movement of the wrapping leaves, and the efficiency of this separation of grain and wrapping leaves increases with increasing the angle of the container 5 The cobs, cleared of the wrapping leaves, from the rollers 2 are fed to the threshing drum 8, which feeds them on the orienting rollers 10. Khaoti, but the coils supplied by the drum 8 by the rollers 10 are oriented parallel to the axis of the drum 8 and in this position n are fed through the entrance slit of the rollers 10 into the gap between the drum 8 and the sub-lobe 9, where it is threshed. The corrugated portions 20 of the thrashing elements 18 of the drum 8 during the process of frost shifting the cobs to the center of the drum, preventing the undermouth cobs and rods from jamming between the sidewalls 19 of the drum 8 and the sidewalls of the drum 9. The milked mass (cobs and grain) is fed to the oscillating sieve 12 grain. where the separation of grain from impurities. Small impurities are removed from the apparatus by the air flow created by the fan 13. Grain in the process of mass transfer by sieve 12 is separated through it and accumulates in the hopper 14, and large impurities (cobs) along with the grain are not able to sift through the sieve 12 , enter the container 15. Here, large impurities with grain under the action of the screw conveyor 16 sharply move, which causes the separation of the grain from the cobs of cobs. Moreover, in the process of removing the mass of rods from the apparatus, it is repeatedly turned over by the screw conveyor 16, which also contributes to the separation of grain from the rods and the occurrence of considerable friction forces between the individual cobs of cobs, as well as between the rods and surfaces of the conveyor 16, and the tank 15. These friction forces contribute to the separation of grain from the rods remaining on them after threshing of the cobs, which reduces grain losses from undersizing. The grain extracted from the impurities is sifted through the openings of the tank 1 5 into the hopper 14, and the impurities are removed from the apparatus by the conveyor (auger) 16 ,. A small step of winding the screw 16 / and the presence of gripping elements 21 on it contributes to activating the impact of the screw 16 on the weight, as a result of which the process of separating the grain from the cobs of cobs in the tank 15 is accelerated and the threshing capacity of the screw 16 increases, because the step of winding it increases the time for the rods to pass through the capacitor 13, i.e. the time of impact of the friction forces on the grains remaining on the rods after the threshing of the cobs. In addition, the fascinating elements 21 create a shock effect on the cobs of cobs located in the tank 15, which also contributes to the separation of grain from them. As it moves in the tank 15, the mass is taken apart by increasing the pitch

winding the screw 16, which contributes to a better separation of grain from the mass of rods, since the layer of the mass of rods becomes thinner and the grains spill faster through it and the openings of the tank 15. The slope of the tank 15 contributes to a faster separation of the mass of the cobs from the grain. tilting the tank 15, the grain rolls along it in the direction opposite to the direction of movement of the rods of the cobs, moving them as a result of the winding of the screw 16 on them. The grain collected in the hopper 14 is drawn into the bagcoat, and the next portion of the cobs is loaded for processing into the conveyor 1 of the apparatus, and the process is repeated.

If the machine for threshing cobs is used in the design of a selection combine or is used for threshing production crops, i.e. under conditions of continuous feeding of cobs into the apparatus, its operation proceeds as described above where the apparatus for threshing cobs is used as a stationary machine for threshing the selection material for corn.

The use of the invention in comparison with the known apparatuses will allow, at a high productivity with practically no loss of grain, to thresh the corn cobs of various varieties and hybrids, which differ sharply in physical and mechanical properties. The proposed apparatus collects the grain that was collapsed from the cobs during their transportation and poured together with the cobs from the sackcloth into the conveyor of the apparatus into the grain cleaning bunker, and also collects the grain that was collapsed from the cobs by the coaster cleaning device and the grain that went to the sieve together with the impurities .

In addition, if after the threshing of the cobs on the rods the grain (non-ground) remains, they are separated from the rods in the tank and fed into the grain cleaning bunker. The additional grinding of rods with separate grains occurs in the process of mixing the whole mass not only due to the friction between the mass, capacity and conveyor, but also due to the friction between the individual rods.

The prevention of grain losses during threshing cobs will improve the accuracy of the experimental data obtained by breeders in yield tests.

The design and maintenance of the grain cleaning device of the proposed apparatus is simplified, since it is sufficient to use one optimal kinematic sieve mode, the fan rotation frequency and air flow direction to ensure good quality of the grain cleaning device, and the grain that will come off the grain cleaning sieve will be picked up by capacity and through its through holes are fed to the hopper. This allows the design of the grain cleaning device not to use special adjusting devices, to use less qualified personnel for servicing the device. The productivity of the apparatus is increased by increasing the utilization rate of the shift, as time spent on adjusting the zeno-cleaning device is eliminated. According to the EU, it is possible to automate the process of threshing of corn selection material.

High productivity of a corn harvesting combine with the proposed machine for threshing cobs (combine productivity is determined by the degree of intensity of the process of threshing cobs and grain cleaning from impurities, since these are the most unproductive operations, i.e., the performance of its threshing device and grain cleaning) and stationary apparatus for threshing cobs will reduce the cost of means of mechanization of the process of harvesting maize crops from experienced cases by reducing nor the required number of combines or stationary devices.

In addition, harvest times are reduced with the same number of harvesting machines. This allows harvesting and subsequent agricultural work in optimal time.

High-performance combine harvesters allow for variety testing at the same time in 10-15 places with different climatic conditions;

Only two or three harvesters should be used for harvesting, transporting them after harvesting from one experimental station to another, which will reduce the time required to produce new varieties and hybrids of maize for 3-4 years.

The proposed device when used as a stationary

The machine allows, at no additional cost, to mechanize the loading of waste from the process of threshing cobs into vehicles, which reduces the laboriousness of the maintenance of the apparatus and, ultimately, increases the productivity of the apparatus.

FIG.

vidG

5

Claims (5)

1. The device for threshing the ears, comprising a conveyor for ears, an ear cleaner with a chain-slat conveyor for wrapping leaves and a sloping board, a threshing drum, a concave, an orienting device and a grain cleaning device with a hopper, characterized in that, in order to reduce grain losses, the sieve a grain-cleaning device and a chain-slat conveyor of wrapping leaves, perforated containers are installed with the frames located in them, and the pitched board is located under the perforated capacity of the chain-slat conveyor of the wrapping leaves, and the walls of the hopper are located under the perforated capacity of the grain cleaning device. 2. The device pop. ^ characterized in that the threshing elements of the threshing drum on the periphery have a grooved surface, the reefs of which form an acute angle with the sidewalls, the apex of which is turned in the direction of rotation of the drum. 3. The apparatus by π. 1, due to the fact that the conveyors in the containers are made in the form of screws. 4. The device pop. 1, characterized in that the containers with conveyors are installed with an inclination upward in the discharge direction. 5. The apparatus according to claims. 1,3,4, characterized in that the winding of the screw is made with a step increasing in the direction of unloading, and is equipped with exciting element e j094172 mi. ί