RU61844U1 - COMPLEX FOR THE PROCESSING OF SOLID DOMESTIC WASTE - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model relates to the processing of municipal solid waste (MSW) containing paper, wood, rubber, textiles, plastics and other combustible components by gasification of combustible waste constituents and generating heat or electric energy from them. The complex for processing municipal solid waste contains a reactor for gasification of the raw materials loaded into it, a loading lock device located on top of the reactor, designed to load raw materials from the loading hopper into the reactor, at least one lock device located under the hopper and designed for unloading from reactor solid residue of the gasification process, as well as a branch installed on the reactor to issue a vapor-gas mixture from the reactor and a separation system for the vapor-gas mixture. The complex is equipped with a second reactor, the system for using heat and separating the vaporous mixture is made in the form of an evaporator, a purifier for the mixture of solid components, a separator of the liquid and gas phases of the mixture and a heat exchanger, the outlet of the evaporator connected to the outlet of the first reactor and the gas outlet of the separator liquid and gas phases - with a heat exchanger having the ability to connect with a power plant and / or with a gas tank, and the output of the liquid phase is divided divisor connected to a sump, whose output is connected to the inlet of the second reactor, whose output is connected to the inlet of the evaporator. 6 c.p. f-ly, 1 ill.

Description

The utility model relates to the processing of municipal solid waste (MSW) containing paper, wood, rubber, textiles, plastics and other combustible components by gasification of the combustible waste constituents and obtaining thermal and / or electric energy from them.

A device for producing electric and thermal energy from solid fossil fuels is known, comprising a loading and dosing hopper of organic raw materials installed at the inlet of a high-speed pyrolysis reactor, in which a heater and a high-frequency generator for exciting reactive plasma in the reactor are mounted, and a solid residue receiver installed at the reactor outlet. The output of the gas-liquid product of the reactor is connected to a cyclone-condenser, in which the obtained pyrolysis product is separated into a liquid fraction (enters the liquid fuel receiver) and a gas fraction (enters the gas engine, which drives an electric generator generating electric energy). The exhaust gas from the gas engine enters the heat exchanger - a steam generator for the production of water vapor from the water entering the steam generator from the water supply systems of the device. Water vapor is transported to consumers of heat and hot water. Liquid fuel can be used to ensure the operation of the reactor or supply it to consumers.

(see RF patent No. 2253070, CL. F 23 G 5/027, 2005).

As a result of the analysis of the design of the known device, it should be noted that it is intended to produce electric and thermal energy, as well as liquid fuel, from solid organic raw materials that have undergone preliminary processing in accordance with the requirements established for a particular type of fuel. When solid waste containing a large number of heterogeneous components (wood, rubber, plastics, etc.) is used as fuel, this device does not ensure its efficient processing, since the gas-liquid fraction obtained as a result of pyrolysis

it contains a large amount of impurities, the presence of which in the gas component of the pyrolysis supplied for combustion to obtain energy reduces the calorific value of the product being burned, and significant energy consumption when using a cold plasma discharge of reactive plasma with an electric energy density of 0.1 ... 1 kW · h 1 kg of recyclable fossil fuels significantly reduces fuel efficiency. In addition, there is the problem of disposal of solid residue discharged from the reactor, the amount of which, given the heterogeneity of the processed mass, is very large.

A known installation for processing solid waste containing a crusher designed to grind solid waste, moreover, the crusher is connected to a mixer into which a solid non-combustible component is loaded and mixed to turn them into a homogeneous mass in terms of size and composition of the solid waste ingredients, the solid waste is loaded from the mixer through a sluice chamber into the reactor , in which the loaded mixture sequentially passes through the zones: drying, pyrolysis, combustion, cooling. The solid combustion residue from the reactor is discharged through the discharge gateway at the bottom of the reactor. The unloaded residue is fractionated on a screen and part of it is fed into the mixer as a filler, and the rest is sent for burial. The gas obtained in the reactor is sent to a condenser. Condensed water is recycled to the cooling zone for afterburning organic compounds.

The gas obtained from the processing of solid waste is sent to its use, for example, combustion to produce thermal energy.

(see RF patent No. 2079051, CL F 23 G 5/027, 1997).

As a result of the analysis of the implementation of the known installation, it should be noted that the installation provides the processing of solid waste and the production of generator gas, which during its subsequent combustion can be used to produce thermal energy. However, for use in power plants, the generator gas obtained from MSW must meet a number of requirements: have a constant composition, have a low content of impurities harmful to the operation of the power plant, and be supplied to the power plant with

constant expense.

The generator gas obtained at a known installation may contain harmful impurities: dust, pyrolysis resins, sulfur compounds, etc., which leads to the need for additional purification before use in power plants.

Changing the composition of solid waste, including their moisture content, leads to the need to carry out its constant monitoring and regulation of the operating mode of the installation, which greatly complicate the control system of the installation. In addition, the mixture of crushed solid waste and solid non-combustible component loaded into the reactor can undergo natural separation during loading due to their different densities, and with asymmetric loading, in addition, to distortion of the temperature fronts of the working zones.

A known installation for the processing of organic raw materials into fuel components, containing a reactor for the pyrolysis of raw materials loaded into the reactor from the receiving hopper through a lock loading doser. In the lower part of the reactor there is an ash chamber and a device for unloading the solid residue, made in the form of a sluice batcher.

An annular combustion chamber is mounted in the lower part of the reactor above the ash chamber, communicating with the reaction chamber of the reactor through radial openings. The furnace chamber of the reactor is equipped with a tangential supply of return gas and air.

In the upper part of the reaction chamber of the reactor, there is a branch for issuing a vapor-gas mixture formed as a result of thermal decomposition of the feedstock. The outlet is connected to a vapor-gas mixture separation system including a cyclone, a catalytic nozzle, a condenser for separating water, a mass transfer column for separating fuel fluid, and a centrifugal active cyclone.

The movement of volatile components in the installation is carried out by a fan connected to an active centrifugal cyclone.

A gate regulator is installed at the fan outlet, which separates the pyrolysis gas into two streams, one of which (return gas)

sent to the reactor to maintain the temperature of the pyrolysis process, and the other is taken to a heat generator. The heat generator is connected through a gate regulator to a raw material dryer and to a fan connected to a gas exhaust pipe.

To drain and collect the liquid components of the vapor-gas mixture, a condensate collector is connected to the condenser through a refrigerator.

For the operation of the installation, dried and briquetted raw materials, for example, solid waste, are loaded into a receiving hopper, from where it enters the pyrolysis reactor through a lock feeder. The solid residue obtained as a result of pyrolysis of raw materials is discharged by a lock discharge device installed in the lower part of the dispenser and sent for storage. The vapor-gas mixture through the outlet in the upper part of the reactor enters the separation system, where it is freed from suspended particles, water, and liquid fuel components. Liquid fuel components are supplied to the collector, and the purified pyrolysis gases are partially supplied to the reactor (return gases), and partially to the heat generator for complete afterburning, for example, to obtain thermal energy.

(see RF patent No. 2182684, CL. R 23 About 5/027, 2002) is the closest analogue.

As a result of the analysis of the implementation of this installation, it should be noted that dried briquetted raw materials are used to ensure its operation, it, like the declared one, contains a reactor for thermal processing of raw materials, a lock loading device is mounted above the reactor for loading raw materials from the loading hopper into the reactor, there is a bottom of the reactor gateway device for unloading solid residue. The known installation, like the claimed complex, has a system for separating a vapor-gas mixture into liquid and gaseous components.

However, the design of the known installation does not provide a sufficiently complete processing of raw materials. So, the solid component of the products of the pyrolysis reaction, if it is not suitable for coking, is sent to the dump (for disposal). The resinous fractions isolated as a result of the separation of the vapor-gas mixture do not undergo further processing, but are sent to the sump. Part of the pyrolysis gases is returned to the reactor, which also reduces the efficiency of using the original fuel.

The objective of this utility model is to develop a complex for the processing of solid waste, ensuring the production of high purity generator gas with its subsequent use to produce electric and / or thermal energy, as well as a high degree of processing of gasification products and their reuse in the operation of the complex.

The task is ensured by the fact that in the complex for processing solid waste containing a reactor for gasification of the initial solid fuel loaded into it, a loading lock device located at the top relative to the reactor and intended for loading into the reactor the initial solid fuel from the loading hopper, a lock device located under the hopper and designed for unloading from the reactor the solid residue of the gasification process, a tap installed on the reactor for selection from the reactor gas system, the use of heat and purification of generator gas, new is that the complex is equipped with a second reactor for gasification of the isolated liquid tar products of gasification, a system for using heat and purification of generator gas, which is made in the form of series-connected conveying means: an evaporator, a cleaner from solid components, a separator of liquid and gas phases of the generator gas and a heat exchange device, the outlet of the evaporator being connected to the outlet of the first reactor, and the gas outlet d separator of liquid and gas phases - with a heat exchange device that can be connected to a power plant and / or with a gas tank, and the output of the liquid phase of the separator is connected to a sump, the output of which is connected to the inlet of the second reactor, the output of which is connected to the input of the evaporator, and the complex can be equipped with a feed module made in the form of bins for recyclable waste and filler; a conveyor is installed under the outlets of the bins, which can be connected by means of a transporting medium CTBA hopper with the reactor, and the device for discharging the solid residue from the reactor via the conveying means is connected to the hopper for a filler, wherein the conveying means is provided with a separator for separating ash from the solid components

residue, while the complex can be equipped with a waste preparation section (module), including a waste grinding plant, a waste drying and mixing device, and a crushed and mixed waste briquetting machine, the grinding installation being connected by a conveyor to a drying and mixing device, and the latter with the briquetting machine, while the output of the briquetting machine has the ability to connect to the storage module or to the loading module, and the input of the second reactor can be connected by with a means of storage with the outlet of the briquetting machine or with a storage module, in addition, the complex can be additionally equipped with a second heat exchanger and a mixer connected to the first and / or second reactor, the inlet of the heat exchanger connected to the output element of the power plant for supplying combustion products through the heat exchanger to a mixer that is connected to the second outlet of the evaporator.

When conducting patent research from the prior art, no solutions were identified that are identical to the declared one, and, therefore, the claimed utility model meets the patentability condition “novelty”.

The information set forth in the application materials is sufficient for the practical implementation of the utility model.

The essence of the utility model is illustrated by graphic materials on which the scheme of the complex for processing solid waste is presented.

The following notation is used on the diagram with arrows:

solid arrow: the direction of movement of the processed solid waste, generator gas, exhaust gases and residues;

dashed arrow - gasification agent supply;

contour arrow with a straight back - air and water supply;

contour arrow with a recessed rear - heat dissipation.

The complex for processing solid waste is made in the form of a module for preparing solid waste for processing, which includes an installation 1 for grinding solid waste connected by a conveyor to a device 2 for drying and mixing crushed solid waste, which is connected by a conveyor to a machine 3

briquetting of crushed, mixed and dried solid waste.

Solid waste prepared for processing can be stored in a warehouse of 4 intermediate storage.

The complex may also contain a feed module, representing a fuel hopper 5 for solid waste and a hopper 6 for non-combustible non-consumable material (filler). The bunkers 5 and 6 by means of transporting means, for example, by means of a conveyor 7 and a lift 8 are connected to a loading bunker 9 mounted on a loading gateway device 10, having a known device for leveling the front of the raw material poured into the reactor (not shown) and mounted at the top of the first reactor 11, in the lower part of which there is at least one discharge gateway device 12 for unloading solid residue, under which a conveyor 13 is installed, directed into the hopper 6. In the area of the conveyor 13 or and its stationary part has a separator 14, under which a hopper 15 is placed.

The complex includes a system for purification of generator gas obtained as a result of gasification of raw materials loaded into the reactor. The system contains purifiers 16 and 17 of the generator gas, interconnected by transporting means. The cleaner 17 is connected with the first output to a heat exchanger 18, the output of which is connected to a power plant 19 (for generating electricity and / or heat) and / or to a gas tank 20. The second output of the cleaner 17 is connected to the settler 21, the output of which is connected to the input of the second reactor 22. The inlet of the second reactor 22 may be connected by a transporting means to the warehouse 4.

In the reactors 11 and 22 there are generator gas outlets associated with the evaporator 23 included in the gasification agent preparation system, the first outlet of which is connected to the inlet of the cleaner 16, and the second to the first inlet of the gasification agent mixer 24, the second inlet of which is connected to the outlet of the heat exchange device 25, the input of which has the ability to connect with the power plant 19. The output of the mixer 24 is connected to the reactor 11.

To ensure the operation of the complex, naturally, systems

power supply, water and air supply and others, necessary to ensure the functioning of the complex. All transporting systems of the complex, connecting its units, conveyors, gas, water, steam and air pipes are made in a known manner and therefore are not disclosed in the application materials. The design of the silos used in the complex is standard. As a hoist, for example, a skip hoist can be used.

The complex can provide with generator gas a power power plant producing electric energy, a power plant for generating thermal energy. In principle, the complex can operate by diverting generator gas to a gas tank for its accumulation. The gas holder can also be used to maintain a uniform gas flow during the operation of a power plant.

The module for the preparation of solid waste and the warehouse for their intermediate storage can be included in the structure of the complex or can be located autonomously from it. The feed to the complex prepared for processing of raw materials is carried out in this case in a known manner, for example, by road.

Complex for the processing of municipal solid waste works as follows.

On the module for the preparation of solid waste, they take waste and send it to unit 1, where they grind the waste. The crushed waste from the installation 1 is fed into the device 2, where they are mixed and dried. As a result, a uniformly mixed and dried mass having a uniform composition, both in composition and in size, enters the output of device 2. This mass is briquetted on the machine 3 and to ensure the continuity of the processing process can be sent to the warehouse 4 or in the hopper 5, or in the loading hoppers of the reactors.

To organize the module for the preparation of solid waste use known equipment. So, for crushing and grinding waste, a rotor-type unit with knives can be used, for drying - mechanical and / or thermal drying equipment of a drum type, for mixing -

blade or screw equipment, and for briquetting - screw extruders or vibrating presses.

To carry out the recycling process, the prepared solid waste is loaded into hopper 5, and, if necessary, filler is added to hopper 6, which can be loaded either from intermediate storage 4 or via conveyor 13. Working components from hoppers 5 and 6 (homogeneous briquette mass and filler) sequentially, without mixing, are fed to the conveyor 7 and by means of a lift 8 are loaded into the hopper 9 of the reactor, for example, shaft type. In the open position of the pressurized lock device 10, the working components are loaded into the reactor 11 for processing through a front leveling device (not shown).

In the reactor 11, the loaded feed passes successively known processing zones: drying, heating, dry distillation, gasification, and cooling of the solid residue. The procedure for processing solid waste in a reactor is well known and its detailed description is not necessary.

During the operation of the reactor 11, the generator gas accumulates in its upper part, and the solid residue, including filler, ash and unburned residues, in the lower part of the reactor.

The solid residue is discharged through a sealed lock device 12 to the discharge conveyor 13 or into a hopper (not shown). The number of gateway devices 12 may be different. The designs of the gateway devices 10 and 12 are known and there is no need for a detailed description thereof.

Moving along the conveyor 13, the solid residue is subjected to separation on the separator 14 (a lattice sieve with shaking can be used as a separator), as a result of which the ash enters the hopper 15 for disposal or disposal, and the filler into the hopper 6.

The generator gas collected in the upper part of the reactor 11 through the outlet enters the first circuit of the evaporator 23, in the second circuit of which the vapor-air mixture is formed and heated, after which it enters the cleaner 16 to remove solid components. As

purifier can be used vortex cleaner - cyclone. Next, the gas enters the purifier 17, where the separation of the generator gas into liquid and gas phases. To isolate the liquid phase from the generator gas, a cleaner, for example, an inertial type, can be used.

Purified from water, solids and liquid phase, the generator gas enters the heat exchanger 18, where it is brought to a predetermined temperature.

Purified as described above, the generator gas can be supplied in the form of gaseous fuel to the power plant 19 to produce electricity or heat, depending on its design. The designs of such installations are widely known.

Received in the reactor and past the purification of the generator gas can be sent to the gas tank 20 for storage or to ensure the smooth operation of the power plant 19.

During the operation of the complex, the liquid phase, selected during gas purification in the purifier 17, is sent to the settler 21. Resins separated in the settler are sent to the inlet of the second reactor 22, into which briquetted raw materials are also loaded, for example, from storage 4, and condensed water can be supplied to the evaporator 23. The solid residue resulting from the reaction in the reactor is discharged into the hopper (not indicated by), and the gas is fed to the inlet of the evaporator 23 to form and heat the vapor-air mixture as described above.

The products of combustion of the generator gas generated during the operation of the power plant 19 can be taken and sent to the heat exchange device 25. The heat exchangers 18 and 25 are made in a known manner and can be used as a source of thermal energy for heating and / or hot water systems.

From the heat exchange device 25, the combustion products can be sent to a mixer 24, where they are mixed with a steam-air mixture supplied to the mixer from the evaporator 23 and sent to the reactor 11 as a gasification agent.

The undoubted advantage of the implementation of the complex for the processing of solid waste is the provision of high-purity gas, since after it

receipt in the reactor, it is sequentially purified from solids and the liquid phase, including resins. The implementation of the complex allows, inter alia, the processing of waste generated during the operation of the complex itself. The liquid fractions extracted during the purification of the generator gas are separated in the settling tank 21 and the separated resins are sent to the second reactor 22. The reactor 22 can be of direct-flow (reverse) type.

The gas obtained in the reactor 22 is sent to the purifier 16 for purification through the evaporator 23.

The combustion products formed during the operation of the power plant 19 are selected and fed to a heat exchanger and then to a mixer 24, where they are mixed with a steam-air mixture supplied to the mixer from the evaporator and sent to the reactor 11.

The above allows to minimize the amount of waste generated during operation of the complex.

The presence of two reactors and a gas tank in the complex allows for the continuous operation of the complex, which is very important when providing consumers with electricity and heat.

The presence of a solid waste preparation site allows loading material of uniform composition and size into the reactor 11, which ensures the generation of generator gas with constant characteristics, which facilitates its further processing (purification) and also greatly facilitates the management of the complex during the processing of solid waste.

Claims (7)

1. Complex for processing solid domestic waste, containing a reactor for gasification of the raw materials loaded into it, a loading lock device located on top of the reactor, and designed to load raw materials from the loading hopper into the reactor, at least one lock device located under the hopper and designed for unloading from the reactor the solid residue of the gasification process, as well as the outlet installed on the reactor for draining the generator gas from the reactor and the generator gas separation system, distinguishing The fact is that the complex is equipped with a second reactor, a system for using heat and purification of the generator gas, made in the form of an evaporator, a mixture cleaner from solid components, and a separator of liquid and gas phases of the generator gas, connected in series with the conveyor means, and the outlet of the evaporator is connected to the outlet of the first reactor, and the gas outlet of the separator of the liquid and gas phases - with a heat exchanger having the ability to connect to a power plant and / or with a gas tank, and the output of the liquid phase is separated The bed is connected to a sump, the outlet of which is connected to the inlet of the second reactor, the outlet of which is connected to the inlet of the evaporator. 2. The complex for processing municipal solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that it is equipped with a raw material loading module made in the form of two bins for recyclable waste and a filler; a conveyor is installed under the bunker outputs, which can be separately fed by means of a conveyor to the loading reactor hopper. 3. The complex for processing municipal solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that it is equipped with a loading lock device containing a device for leveling the front of the raw material that is poured into the reactor. 4. The complex for processing municipal solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that the device for unloading the solid residue from the reactor by means of a conveying means is connected to a filler hopper, the conveyor being equipped with a separator for separating ash components from the filler. 5. The complex for processing municipal solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that it is equipped with a waste preparation module, including a waste grinding plant, a waste drying and mixing device, and a shredded and mixed waste briquetting machine, the grinding plant being connected by a conveyor to drying and mixing device, and the latter with a briquetting machine, while the output of the briquetting machine has the ability to connect to a storage module or to a loading module. 6. The complex for processing municipal solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that the inlet of the second reactor is connected by a conveying means to the outlet of the briquetting machine or with a storage module. 7. The complex for processing municipal solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that it is additionally equipped with a second heat exchanger and a mixer connected to the first reactor, the inlet of the heat exchanger connected to the output element of the power plant for supplying combustion products through the heat exchanger to the mixer, which connected to the second output of the evaporator.