RU2852784C1 - Hybrid magnetic element for electric machine rotor, resistant to irreversible demagnetisation under overheating conditions, and method for its formation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electrical engineering.

SUBSTANCE: hybrid magnetic element (HME) of electric machine rotor is made in form of pack of at least two parts made of magnetic materials connected to each other. Chemical composition of material of parts, number of parts, their shape, size and order of arrangement in composition of HME are chosen with possibility of ensuring prevention of demagnetisation under action of magnetic fields affecting at least one part of HME located in overheating zone of electric machine rotor. At least one part of HME located in overheating zone of rotor forms magnetically hard zone characterised by values of parameters of maximum energy product (BH)max - up to 445 kJ/m³, residual induction Br - up to 1.5 T, coercive force by magnetisation Hcj - up to 35 kOe, coercive force by induction Hcb - up to 15 kOe, operating temperature - up to 550°C.

EFFECT: increasing efficiency of functioning of synchronous electric machines on permanent magnets by minimising influence of temperature heating on magnetic characteristics of permanent magnets.

33 cl, 36 dwg, 7 tbl

Description

Field of technology

The invention relates to electrical engineering and can be used for the production of magnetic elements for synchronous electric machines based on permanent magnets (SEPM), which can find wide application in various branches of industry, including the automotive industry, mechanical engineering, the aerospace industry, etc.

State of the art

It is known that permanent magnet synchronous electric machines (PMSMs, sometimes referred to as electric drives or electric motors in open publications), which contain a rotor and stator, offer a number of technical advantages, including significantly reduced weight and dimensions and a higher efficiency. The magnetic fields of the stator and rotor interact with each other, creating synchronous rotation: alternating current supplied to the stator windings generates a rotating magnetic field, and the rotor rotates in precise alignment with this field, eliminating slip and ensuring speed synchronization, which increases the efficiency of the electric machine. This mechanism eliminates the need for additional energy consumption to excite the PMSM, making the process more energy-efficient and stable in various operating modes. Thanks to the use of modern magnetic materials, the rotor's electromagnetic field remains constant even under heavy loads.

However, with the resulting increase in temperature from the increase in current in the stator windings and from the effect of the magnetic field of its windings, demagnetization of the permanent magnets located in the rotor is possible. Depending on the position of the load line (see the dotted line in Fig. 1) and the demagnetization factor of the permanent magnet (the L/D ratio, where L is the length of the magnet sample, D is the diameter of the magnet sample), the temperature range of increasing demagnetization probability may vary (C.H. Chen, Engineering magnetic materials and their applications, Course MAT-512, University of Dayton. 2006-2010). A critical factor is the degree of proximity to the so-called "knee", which is located in the 6-9 kOe region on the magnet demagnetization curve (Fig. 1), where spontaneous complete or partial demagnetization of the permanent magnet may occur, and, as a consequence, failure of the PMSM.

In a permanent magnet machine (PMM), the rotor field is generated by magnets that are either distributed over the rotor's surface or placed in its slots. The latter provides greater mechanical strength and lower eddy current losses in the rotor. Neodymium-iron-boron ( _Nd2Fe14B ) alloy has become a popular choice for permanent magnets due to its optimal magnetic properties. Specifically, rotor designs using sintered permanent magnets (hereinafter referred to as PM) made from Nd-Fe-B alloys _that do not contain dysprosium (Dy) are known in the art. The article (“Irreversible Demagnetization Improvement Process of Hybrid Traction Motors with Dy-Free Magnets”/ Machines2023, 11(1),4; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11010004) describes a process for improving irreversible demagnetization by changing the distance between the air holes in the rotor magnetic circuit, which shifts the region where irreversible demagnetization occurs to an area with a low contribution of back EMF. The publication describes various practical implementations of rotors based on dysprosium-free permanent magnets, which can reduce demagnetization and, accordingly, increase the efficiency of electric machines, due to selected distances between the air holes in the rotor magnetic circuit.

The prior art discloses the design of hybrid permanent magnets (hybrid magnetic elements, hereinafter referred to as HME), where each magnet consists of several magnetic materials with different magnetic flux values (US 10714988 B2). The magnetic field magnetization element (M1) comprises the following components: a first magnet (M1) made of one magnetic material and a second magnet (M2) made of another magnetic material. Magnet M2 is mounted on the surface of the north pole and/or south pole of magnet M1, wherein the volume of magnet M2 is less than or equal to the volume of magnet M1. Magnets M2 can be located on surfaces of magnet M1 perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic moment of magnet M1. Variants of manufacturing the magnetic field magnetization (M1) from more than two materials are possible: M1, M2, M3, M4. In all variants, the magnetic field magnetization (M2) is characterized by the same dimensions transverse to the direction of the magnetic moment. The saturation magnetization, magnetic anisotropy, temperature coefficient of magnetization, temperature coefficient of coercivity, or Curie temperature are higher for the second magnetic material than for the first material. The magnetic materials may be selected from the following series: alnico, ferrite, a rare earth magnetic material, a manganese magnetic material, a transition metal magnetic material and platinum or iron nitride. The PM has a higher magnetic flux density than the first magnetic material. Details of the hybrid magnetic element (hereinafter referred to as HME) presented in US 10714988 B2 magnets are designed as rectangular prisms or cylinders. When assembling the magnet, the north pole surface of one component is aligned with the south pole surface of the other component. The pole surfaces of magnet M1 are perpendicular to the direction of its magnetic moment, and each is located in the same plane. The same applies to magnets M2, M3, and M4.

In the famous decision (US 10714988 B2) The HME is a layered structure of parts whose shape is limited to two possible options: rectangular or cylindrical. When forming the HME, the influence of magnets on each other, the influence of the HME component material on the surrounding soft magnetic material, such as rotor steel, and the influence of the direction of the heat gradient overheating the HME relative to the direction of the magnetic moment of each HME are not taken into account. This precludes the development of more optimal and efficient HME designs for certain cases of overheating zone locations. In cases where the direction of the heat gradient threatening HME overheating is not coaxial with the direction of the HME magnetic moment and leads to uneven formation of overheating zones—predominantly at one or more corners of the HME—with certain geometric configurations of the HME arrangement, HME design schemes other than layered designs may be more efficient.

In the claimed solution, unlike the prior art (US 10714988 B2), the components of the DGME are characterized by a large number of shapes and their combinations: triangular prism, quadrangular prism, rectangular prism, T-shaped prism, stepped prism, etc. The pole surfaces of the DGME have one or more planes with different orientations of the DGME in space—not only perpendicular to the direction of the DGME's magnetic moment. Furthermore, the claimed solution allows for gluing DGMEs in the Halbach sequence, as well as with the magnetic moments of adjacent DGMEs deviating from parallel.

Furthermore, the claimed invention allows for two types of joining or gluing adjacent DGMEs in the GME: polar and non-polar surfaces, when the number of parts being joined or glued is greater than two. For example, a DGME connection is possible in which a non-polar surface of one or more DGMEs is joined to a non-polar surface of one or more DGMEs.

In the known solution (US 10714988 B2), there is no possibility of choosing the most optimal scheme (configuration) for the formation of the HME for a specific configuration of the EPMM, which would ensure resistance to irreversible demagnetization under overheating conditions, since it does not take into account the fact that magnetic elements, for example, in the rotor of an electric machine, can be located with one edge closer to the overheating zone, and the other further from it, and also does not take into account the mutual influence of hybrid magnetic elements located in the rotor, especially when located relative to each other in two or more pairs, for example, according to the “fishbone” scheme.

The claimed invention proposes a method for generating a GME based on electric machine parameters, enabling the selection of the optimal GME configuration for the rotor by comparing the electric machine's nominal and peak power and torque, stator winding currents, and their dependence on shaft speed. The existing solution for comparing and selecting a GME configuration uses fewer parameters, and the parameters listed above are not taken into account.

The closest inventions to the claimed invention are a hybrid magnetic element for an electric machine rotor resistant to irreversible demagnetization under overheating conditions, and a method for forming the same (RU 2827925). The hybrid magnetic element for an electric machine rotor is formed as a package of bonded parts made of ferromagnetic materials resistant to irreversible demagnetization. The number and sequence of the parts in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic moment of the magnetic element, the chemical composition of the material of the parts, the coercivity index, and the adhesive parameters are selected to ensure the operation of the electric machine rotor in zones of possible overheating of the magnetic element, preventing irreversible demagnetization. Parts made of materials with a demagnetization temperature exceeding the overheating temperature of the rotor magnetic element under electric machine operating conditions are located in the identified zones of possible overheating. The number of components may range from two to ten, with thicknesses ranging from 0.1 mm to 10 mm in the bonding direction. In specific embodiments of the invention, the hybrid magnetic element is assembled from components made of SmCo permanent magnets and NdFeB permanent magnets.

However, in the known solution for patent RU 2827925, the arrangement of components perpendicular to the magnetic moment of the magnetic element, in some cases, at higher temperatures above the critical temperature, can lead to a lack of magnetization of the edges of those DGMEs characterized by a lower maximum operating temperature on the side of the DGME adjacent to them, characterized by a higher maximum operating temperature, and, consequently, to lower magnetic parameters of the DGME and, accordingly, to a decrease in the efficiency of the EPSM. Furthermore, the arrangement of components characterized by a higher maximum operating temperature entirely within the overheating zone can, in some cases, result in the DGME field lines in the surrounding metal and in the rotor bridges having non-optimal trajectories and vectors. They will be optimal in cases where such components are only partially located in the overheating zone and the overheating zone is completely, or even more, covered by the volume of the component(s) characterized by a higher operating temperature. In this case, the values of the magnetic parameters of the magnetic flux density (residual induction, maximum energy product, magnetic moment) and, accordingly, the power parameters of the electric machine—power and torque—will be higher. It is important to consider that the geometry (volume) of the overheating zone is not equal to the geometry (volume) of the component and must be covered by the component's volume. The development of the magnetic flux density circuits in the present invention with a significantly greater margin of coverage of the overheating zone by the component(s) of the magnetic flux density, characterized by a higher maximum operating temperature, in some cases also leads to higher power parameters of the electric machine—power and torque.

In the closest analogue, the rotor's magnetic element is formed as a stack of ferromagnetic parts glued together, arranged in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic moment of the magnetic element. This limitation excludes GME configurations where the number and sequence of ferromagnetic parts is important in a direction parallel to the magnetic moment of the magnetic element, as well as GME configurations where the number and sequence of ferromagnetic parts is important in directions longitudinal and transverse to the magnetic moment of the magnetic element. For example, a layered structure formed in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic moment of the magnetic element, in one embodiment of the known invention, may be characterized by lower values of the magnetic parameters of the GME than a layered structure formed in a parallel direction, due to the fact that when alternating layers in a direction parallel to the axis of the magnetic element, the layers (DGME) with a higher operating temperature magnetize the layers (DGME) with a lower operating temperature with their field, which is important at high temperatures. For this reason, unlike the closest analogue, the present invention proposes schemes for forming a GME with an overlapping overheating zone by GME parts made of different materials characterized by a higher value of the maximum operating temperature, with alternating DGME in a direction parallel to the magnetic moment of the magnetic element, and in both directions, parallel and perpendicular, and in some schemes with the direction of the magnetic moment of adjacent DGMEs at an angle to each other of up to 60°.

The technical problem solved by the claimed invention is the development of a GME for the SEPM, eliminating the shortcomings of the above-mentioned analogs and prototype, aimed at increasing the efficiency of the SEPM operation.

Disclosure of invention

The technical result consists in increasing the efficiency of the operation of the electric magnetic circuit by minimizing the influence of temperature heating on the magnetic characteristics of permanent magnets (parts of the electric magnetic circuit) during the operation of the electric magnetic circuit, aimed at preventing irreversible demagnetization of the electric magnetic circuit under the influence of magnetic fields acting on at least one part of the electric magnetic circuit located in the overheating zone of the rotor of the electric machine.

In particular, the increase in the efficiency of the operation of the electric motor is achieved by increasing the power parameters of the electric machine - power, the magnitude of the torque of the electric machine generated by permanent magnets, due to the optimization of the values of the magnetic parameters of the GME - residual induction, maximum energy product, coercive force, while ensuring the necessary strength and operating temperature of the rotor, as well as minimizing the magnitude of vibration, noise and tooth torque.

The technical result is achieved by making a hybrid magnetic element (HME) of the rotor of an electric machine in the form of a package of at least two parts made of magnetic materials connected to each other, the chemical composition of which, the number of parts, their shape, size and order of arrangement in the HME are selected with the possibility of preventing irreversible demagnetization under the action of magnetic fields acting on at least one part of the HME located in the overheating zone of the rotor of the electric machine, while ensuring the specified operational characteristics of the electric machine in the operating range of rotor speed (power, torque, efficiency, beating, noise, tooth moment, etc.); wherein at least one part of the magnetic field element located in the rotor overheating zone forms a magnetically hard zone characterized by optimal values of the parameters: maximum energy product (BH)max - up to 445 kJ/ ^m3 , residual induction Br - up to 1.5 T, value of coercive force by magnetization Hcj - up to 35 kOe, value of coercive force by induction Hcb - up to 15 kOe, maximum operating temperature - up to 550°C.

At least one part of the magnetic field electric machine, located in the rotor overheating zone, forming a hard magnetic zone, can be further characterized by the value of the temperature coefficient for residual induction α(T), selected from a range of values from minus 0.05 to 0%/°C, and the value of the temperature coefficient for coercive force β(T), selected from a range of values from minus 0.35 to minus 0.15%/°C, ensuring optimal parameters of the electric machine.

In order to prevent demagnetization under the action of magnetic fields acting on at least one part of the magnetic field magnetometer located in the overheating zone of the rotor, the magnetic field magnetometer can be formed from parts made of different magnetic materials, some of which are characterized by a higher value of the maximum operating temperature compared to the value of the maximum operating temperature of at least one part included in the magnetic field magnetometer, with alternating parts of the magnetic field magnetometer in the direction of the magnetic moment of the magnetic field magnetometer, and/or in the longitudinal and transverse directions relative to the direction of the magnetic moment of the magnetic field magnetometer, and/or with the direction of the magnetic moments of adjacent parts at an angle to each other from 1 to 60°.

GME parts can be made of magnetic materials based on rare earth metals, as well as alnico (AlNiCo) and FeCrCo types; from NdFeB type magnets, and/or SmCo type magnets; combinations with other types of magnets are possible.

The parts of the GME can be made in the form of plates and/or in the form of prisms: triangular, and/or quadrangular, and/or rectangular, and/or T-shaped, and/or stepped and/or with a single step, wherein the parts are connected by pole surfaces that have one or more pole planes with different orientation in space, including transverse orientation relative to the direction of the magnetic moment of the GME, orientation in the Halbach sequence, as well as with a deviation of the direction of the magnetic moment of adjacent parts from the longitudinal one.

When producing parts in the form of plates, their size along the direction of the magnetic moment is preferably from 0.1 to 10 mm.

In one embodiment of the invention, the GME comprises three parts made in the form of plates, with different combinations of parts from different magnetic materials, for example, the outer plates can be made of a SmCo magnet and/or a NdFeB magnet, and the inner one - of an alnico magnet; the outer plates can be made of a SmCo magnet and/or alnico, and the inner one - of a NdFeB magnet; the outer plates can be made of a NdFeB magnet and/or alnico, and the inner one - of a SmCo magnet; the outer plates can be made of a SmCo magnet, and the inner one - of a NdFeB magnet, wherein the volume fraction of SmCo magnets is at least 20%, preferably from 20 to 86% of the total volume of the GME, NdFeB type magnet - no more than 80%, preferably from 14 to 80% of The total volume of the GME. The listed options for using magnetic materials do not limit the possibility of using a different number of components or other magnetic materials in the GME.

An embodiment of the invention is possible, according to which the GME contains at least two parts in the form of plates, one of the parts in the GME is made of a magnet of the SmCo type, and the other is made of a magnet of the NdFeB type or the Alnico type; wherein the parts have different maximum operating temperatures and are characterized by: the same values of the coercive force with a possible deviation of no more than 2.5%; and/or the same values of the residual induction with a possible deviation of no more than 2.5%; and/or the same values of the maximum energy product with a possible deviation of no more than 4%.

In another embodiment of the invention, when making a GME from three or more parts in the form of plates, the directions of the magnetic moment of the outer (extreme) parts are located perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic moment of the central part of the permanent magnet; when made from 5 or more parts, at least one part located in the central part is made multilayer with the directions of the magnetic moments of adjacent layers in one part differing by 180°.

Other variants of the GME design are possible, different from the plate configuration of its constituent parts.

In particular, it is possible to implement the GME in the form of a rectangular prism formed by three parts in the form of triangular prisms, one of which, in a section perpendicular to the rotor axis, represents an isosceles triangle with a base coinciding with the long side of the rectangular prism, wherein the apex of the triangle is located at the central point on the opposite side of the rectangular prism. In a specific embodiment of this GME circuit, the part with an isosceles triangle in cross-section is made of a NdFeB magnet, and the other two parts are made of an SmCo magnet. This GME design is shown in Fig. 6. In this circuit, in certain embodiments, it is possible to use a part characterized by a configuration different from an isosceles triangular prism, where the apex of this prism can be offset from the center of the opposite side of the GME in its cross-section.

It is possible to implement the GME in the form of a rectangular prism, containing two parts - a triangular and a quadrangular prism, connected along a longitudinal cross-sectional plane passing in cross-section (perpendicular to the rotor axis) through a corner point of the rectangular prism, located on one long side of the prism, and a central point, located on the opposite long side of the rectangular prism. Or, in other words, the triangular prism in cross-section is a right triangle with a base on the side of the quadrangular prism, one leg of the triangle coincides with one edge of the GME, and the other leg coincides with half of the other edge of the GME. This diagram of the GME implementation is shown in Fig. 7. In this embodiment of the invention, the part in the form of a rectangular triangular prism can be made of a NdFeB magnet, and the part in the form of a quadrangular prism - from a SmCo magnet. However, when the overheating zone, and, accordingly, the zone of possible demagnetization is large, then, on the contrary, a part in the form of a rectangular triangular prism can be made from a magnet of the SmCo type, and a part in the form of a quadrangular prism - from a magnet of the NdFeB type.

It is possible to construct a hybrid element in the form of a rectangular prism formed by three parts, one of which has a T-shaped cross-section, with the remaining two parts positioned in the corner zones of the hybrid element on opposite sides of the vertical portion of the "T." This design for the hybrid element is shown in Fig. 2. In a particular case, the T-shaped parts consist of block sub-parts of the same material—this design for the hybrid element is shown in Fig. 16.

It is possible to implement a hybrid element in the form of a rectangular prism formed by three parts, one of which has a T-shaped cross-section with a stepped horizontal portion "T," and with the remaining two parts positioned in the corner zones of the hybrid element on opposite sides of the vertical portion "T." This design for implementing a hybrid element is shown in Fig. 3. In a particular case, parts of a T-shaped configuration with a stepped horizontal portion "T" consist of block sub-parts of the same type of material—this design for implementing a hybrid element is shown in Fig. 17.

The optimal design for the hybrid magnetic element (HME) is to place two components (at least one component per each corner) in two corner zones located on opposite sides of the HME's long side, in the far corners from the rotor center. These components focus the magnetic flux and completely or partially overlap the overheating zone(s) of the hybrid magnetic element. These components are characterized by a higher maximum operating temperature and a coercive force sufficient to prevent magnetization reversal, with a magnetic moment direction different from that of the component(s) of the remaining HME located outside the overheating zone(s). An embodiment of the invention is also possible, whereby one or more components located between the focusing magnets (components) are characterized by higher operating temperatures and, together with the focusing magnets, completely overlap the overheating zone(s).

When performing GME, magnets with different properties can be in contact with each other via their pole surfaces, or via their pole surfaces and additionally via their side surfaces, with the area of contact with the side surfaces being up to 40% of the area of the pole surfaces.

A possible embodiment of the GME is one in which it consists of several parts in the form of rectangular prisms arranged in at least one row, the outermost of which have a magnetic moment direction oriented toward the center of the GME, at least one part located in the central part of the GME has a magnetic moment direction perpendicular to the direction of the row, and the intermediate parts, which are located between the outermost parts and the central part, are characterized by a transitional direction/directions of the magnetic moment/magnetic moments, wherein the outermost parts completely cover the overheating zone/zones of the GME and are characterized by a higher value of the operating temperature and a coercive force sufficient against magnetization reversal.

The joining of the components of a GME can be accomplished by various methods known in the art, such as gluing and/or magnetic interaction of magnetized parts. When constructing a GME from three or more parts, the parts can be joined together by their polar or non-polar surfaces. A combination of assembly and gluing is also possible: for example, parts of the same material can be solid and glued, while parts of different materials can be assembled by magnetic interaction and glued. When using adhesive, the adhesive parameters are selected to ensure the proper functioning of the electric machine rotor.

Furthermore, at least one GME component can be formed from 2-5 sub-components made of the same magnetic material. The components can be connected to ensure a sequential change in the direction of the magnetic moment of adjacent components—from the direction of the magnetic moment of at least one outer component to the direction of the magnetic moment of the central component—with a gradual deviation of up to 90 degrees.

The technical result is also achieved by constructing an electric machine rotor containing a magnetic element (ME), implemented in accordance with the description provided above. The MME components are made of a material(s) with a maximum operating temperature (or demagnetization temperature) exceeding the rotor magnetic element's overheating temperature under electric machine operating conditions. The components are located in potential overheating zones of the electric machine rotor, ensuring overlapping of these overheating zones. The overlapping volume of the potential overheating zone of the electric machine rotor ranges from at least 1.1 to 20 times.

The technical result is also achieved by the method of forming a GME for the rotor of an electric machine, characterized in that, at the first step, the operating parameters of the electric machine are set, including the nominal and peak values of the electric machine power and torque, the values of the currents in the stator winding, as well as the dependence of the listed parameters on the rotor speed; then, the zones of possible overheating of the electric machine rotor are determined, taking into account which a package of at least two parts made of magnetic materials connected to each other is formed, the chemical composition of the material of the magnetic component parts, the number of parts, if necessary, sub-parts, their shape, size and arrangement order within the magnetic component, as well as the arrangement diagram of the magnetic component in the rotor of the electric machine, are selected with the possibility of ensuring the prevention of demagnetization under the action of magnetic fields acting on at least one part of the magnetic component located in the overheating zone of the electric machine rotor, while ensuring the specified operating characteristics of the electric machine in the operating range of rotor speeds; wherein at least one part of the magnetic field element located in the rotor overheating zone forms a magnetically hard zone characterized by the values of the parameters (BH)max - the maximum energy product, up to 445 kJ/m³, Br - residual induction up to 1.5 T, Hcj - values of coercive force by magnetization, up to 35 kOe, Hcb - values of coercive force by induction up to 15 kOe, operating temperature up to 550°C. That is, the chemical composition of the material of the parts, the number of parts, if necessary, sub-parts, their shape, dimensions and arrangement diagram in the GME, as well as the arrangement diagram of the GME in the rotor of the electric machine are selected with the possibility of covering the rotor overheating zone during operation of the electric machine by at least one part or its part, characterized by a higher operating temperature.

For example, to ensure a rotor speed of 1 to 30 thousand rpm and a power of the electric power plant from 10 to 650 kW, the hard magnetic zone is preferably made up of the types of materials characterized by the following parameters: maximum energy product ((BH)max) from 72 to 445 kJ/ ^m3 ; residual induction (Br) from 1.05 to 1.5 T; the value of the coercive force by magnetization (Hcj) from 1.3 to 35 kOe; the value of the coercive force by induction (Hcb) from 1.3 to 15 kOe; maximum operating temperature (Twork) from 120 to 550°C.

Thus, according to the invention, the hybrid magnetic element of the rotor of the electric magnetic power plant (hereinafter referred to as a hybrid magnet) is designed as a package of at least two interconnected components made of magnetic materials, the parameters of which, as well as the installation scheme of the hybrid magnetic element in the rotor of the electric magnetic power plant, are implemented to minimize the impact of thermal heating (overheating) of the rotor on the magnetic characteristics of the hybrid magnetic element during the operation of the electric magnetic power plant. This result is achieved due to the fact that in the zones of possible overheating of the rotor of the electric magnetic power plant, at least a portion of the hybrid magnetic element is located, made of a material having a demagnetization temperature (maximum operating temperature) exceeding the rotor overheating temperature in the aforementioned zone under the operating conditions of the electric magnetic power plant. The rotor structure surrounding the hybrid magnetic element (HME) can incorporate magnetic flux-conducting regions that act as conductive bridges. These bridges are configured to optimally conduct magnetic flux from the hybrid magnetic element (HMEs) and take into account the need to minimize HME heating and ensure rotor strength. In this case, the overheating zone of the HME rotor is fully and even more than covered by the volume of the hybrid magnetic element component(s), characterized by a higher operating temperature. Bridges, HMEs, air barriers, and rotor shape can be optimized simultaneously based on optimal magnetic flux distribution in the rotor, as well as the strength, temperature, and vibration-noise characteristics of the electric machine. The geometric dimensions of each bridge and its configuration (direction of arrangement) are selected to ensure rotor strength at maximum rotational speeds under repeated (up to a million times) centrifugal forces.

Modeling of the operation of an electric machine in the Motor CAD program for operating temperatures of 120, 150, 170, 200 and 210°C (degrees Celsius) shows that as a result of using the HMEs formed according to the schemes shown in Fig. 2-17, there is a decrease in demagnetization during the heating process and higher nominal values of power and torque of the EPSM are provided than for EPSMs based on non-hybrid magnets, while the peak values of power and torque of EPSMs based on hybrid and non-hybrid magnets do not differ significantly and can be considered equal for application (Fig. 33-38). Empirical studies of magnetic parameters: residual induction (Br), coercivity by magnetization (Hcj), coercivity by induction (Hcb) and maximum energy product (BH)max) of GME, in comparison with the parameters of non-hybrid GME (NGME) at extremely high operating temperatures (neodymium, for example, brand N52UH) showed that the parameters do not differ significantly and magnets in terms of technical and physical parameters can be considered equal for use, for example, at a temperature of 170 °C. At higher temperatures, for example, at 200-210 °C, the listed parameters are higher for GME. With equal power, torque and maximum values of operating temperatures _{, the magnetic elements of the Nd-Fe-B type GME and NGME in the low speed range (from 0 to 1/2} ^of the maximum value produced by the SEPM) are characterized by a small spread of current values in the stator winding, while in the high _speed range (from ^1/2 to the maximum value produced by the SEPM) all GME are characterized by greater efficiency - the required current values are significantly lower (Fig. 28).

The hybrid magnetic element (HME) of the rotor according to the proposed invention is made in the form of a package of interconnected parts made of ferromagnetic materials, the number and sequence of arrangement of which in the direction parallel and/or perpendicular to the magnetic moment of the HME, the chemical composition of the material of the parts, the coercive force index (coercive force by magnetization (Hcj), and coercive force by induction (Hcb)), the maximum value of the operating temperature, are selected from the condition of ensuring higher values of the nominal and peak values of the power and torque of the electric machine, and this is achieved by the fact that each zone of possible overheating is covered by a part/parts that is/are made of a material/materials having a demagnetization temperature exceeding the overheating temperature of the magnetic element of the rotor under operating conditions of the electric machine, while the part/parts entirely or only their/their part/parts completely cover the overheating zone, and an overlap of a volume up to 20 times greater than the volume of the block is allowed Overheating zones. A hot zone block is defined as a region formed by a triangular or quadrangular prism with at least three faces parallel to the faces of the magnetoelectric element, and all faces touching the hot zone. The hot zone, and consequently the hot zone block itself, can be defined using Motor CAD software. Examples of hot zone blocks for magnets 1 and 2 are shown in Fig. 25. The hot zone blocks are highlighted by a black rectangle, the length and width of which are 1 mm, and the height equals the height of the magnetoelectric element.

Hybrid magnets are assemblies of at least two, preferably two to 10, components made of different hard magnetic materials. The first material can be selected from the following list: alnico, ferrite, a rare earth magnetic material, a manganese magnetic material, a transition metal-platinum magnetic material, and iron nitride. The second and subsequent magnetic materials can also be selected from the above list. As indicated above, at least two parts selected to comprise a hybrid magnet differ in the maximum operating temperature of the material, as well as in temperature coefficients, chemical composition, and HME manufacturing method; they may or may not have the same magnetic moment direction and differ in at least one of the following parameters: Br — residual induction, Hcj — coercive force by magnetization, Hcb — coercive force by induction, (BH)max — maximum energy product; and those parts that have the same or similar parameter are characterized by a spread of its values: residual induction, coercive force +/- 2.5%; maximum energy product +/- 4%. It is possible to manufacture several parts from one material; in this case, the HME must include at least one part made of another material. The angle between the directions of magnetic moments of adjacent parts is selected from the range from 0 to 60°. The shape of the components and their arrangement in the hybrid magnet according to the claimed invention are shown in Figs. 2-17. The size relationships in the diagrams are approximate and do not necessarily reflect the actual dimensions of the components and the hybrid magnet. Each component can be manufactured from 2-5 sub-components made from the same material as the component itself. In this case, the sub-components can be joined into a single assembly (via their own attraction) and by gluing.

In the arrangement of components in the GME according to the proposed invention, magnets with different properties contact each other via their pole surfaces and, in some arrangements, also via their side surfaces, but with a smaller contact area—up to 40%—than the pole surface area. Therefore, the GME components do not interfere with each other, and, for example, an AlNiCo component (layer), which is essentially a magnet in a three-layer GME, is not susceptible to demagnetization from adjacent components (layers), which are essentially stronger magnets of the Nd-Fe-B and Sm-Co types. It is also protected from other demagnetization factors, since it is located in the GME not at the outermost point from the rotor center, but in the middle, for example, between the _Sm2Co17 and Nd-Fe-B layers. Moreover, of these two _, the more temperature-resistant _, high-coercivity layer, for example, based on _Sm2Co17 , is located closer to the potential overheating zone. It shields the AlNiCo layer and thus protects it from demagnetization by stronger external fields.

The circuit diagrams of the GME in accordance with the present invention, as well as the circuit diagrams according to the description of the analog, were studied in the Motor CAD program. A comparison of the simulation results of the EPMS operation showed that the EPMS with GME manufactured in accordance with the claimed invention (Figs. 2-17) are better than the EPMS with GME assembled according to known circuit diagrams.

Brief description of the drawings

The inventions are explained with drawings.

Figure 1 shows graphs characterizing the demagnetization of an electric machine based on N33 permanent magnets, from which it follows that permanent magnets of this brand can operate at temperatures up to 100°C at B/H=0.2 and up to 175°C at B/H=2.0, where B/H=Pd, and Pd is the coefficient at the operating point. The operating point is the intersection point on the straight section of the demagnetization curve B(H) and the load line, and B is the value of induction at the magnitude of the reverse field H. L/D=N, where L is the length of the sample of the magnet material under study, D is the diameter of the sample of the magnet material under study, and N is the demagnetization factor of the shape of the sample of the magnet material under study.

Figures 2-17 show the assembly diagrams of the GME according to the proposed invention with variants of the placement of their component parts, covering the overheating zone with a smaller or larger part of the part/parts, In which positions 1, 2, and 3 show components characterized by different demagnetization temperatures (maximum operating temperatures) of the component material. Components that overlap the overheating zone are characterized by a higher maximum operating temperature than the temperature in the overheating zone. To overlap the overheating zone, components made of different materials with higher maximum operating temperatures are used in the GME. The circuits of such GMEs contain at least three different materials.

Figures 18-21 show possible options for the implementation and location of the GME in the rotor of an electric machine.

In particular, Figure 18 shows a rotor disk, where in each of the four quadrants of the disk, zones are shown for the location of 4 "small" block magnets (designations I-IV) and 4 "large" block magnets (designations 1-4); thus, in this embodiment of the rotor of the electric machine, zones are provided for the location of 16 "small" block magnets and 16 "large" block magnets; such an arrangement of pairs of magnets with respect to their axis of symmetry is called a "double V" or "fishbone".

Figure 19 shows a rotor and a stator, wherein paired magnets of the "large" and "small" block type are placed in the slots of the rotor; in each quadrant of the disk there are 4 "small" block magnets (designations I-IV) and 4 "large" block magnets (designations 1-4); thus, in this embodiment of the rotor of the electric machine, zones are provided for the location of 16 "small" block and 16 "large" block magnets, where the location of the magnets in each pair is "on the same axis", between the pairs - "parallel".

Figure 20 shows a rotor with a GME; the rotor contains 8 “small” block magnets (designations I-VIII) and 16 “large” block magnets (designations 1-16); where the arrangement of the “large” block magnets relative to the “small” ones is “parallel to the axis of symmetry”.

Figure 21 shows a disk sector and the arrangement of magnets of two types - "large" and "small" block magnets in a "double V" or "Fishbone" configuration, where W1 and L1 are the width and length of the "large" block magnets, W2 and L2 are the width and length of the "small" block magnets, MP is the location of voids, or the area where the magnetoplasts (permanent magnets on a bundle) are located.

Figures 22-25 show blocks of overheating zones, wherein Figure 22 shows a cross-section of an electric machine on N52UH magnets; the illustration was obtained by modeling at a magnet temperature of Tmag=120°C and an operating temperature of Tw=150°C; Figure 23 shows a cross-section of an electric machine on N52UH magnets, the illustration was obtained by modeling at a magnet temperature of Tmag=150°C and an operating temperature of Tw=150°C; Figure 24 shows a cross-section of an electric machine on N52UH magnets, the illustration was obtained by modeling at a magnet temperature of Tmag=180°C and an operating temperature of Tw=180°C; Figure 25 shows blocks of overheating zones of magnets 1 and 2, highlighted with a black rectangle.

Figures 26-27 show the arrangement diagrams of two types of magnets, two diagrams of each type in each segment of the rotor of the electric machine - 2 pcs. of double-layer GME and 2 pcs. of NGME made of a more heat-resistant (HTR) material of the Sm-Co type; the double-layer GME consist of a more heat-resistant (HTR) material of the Sm-Co type and a less heat-resistant (LTR) material of the Nd-Fe-B type with different ratios of the volumes of magnetic materials; the layer of HTR material in Fig. 26 is larger (width W=3.8 mm) than the layer of HTR material in Fig. 27 (width W=2.0 mm) with the width of the GME W=5.8 mm in both illustrations.

Figure 28 shows a comparison of currents in the stator winding of the EPM with magnets of different types; comparison of currents in the stator winding allows indirectly determining more efficient and less energy-consuming schemes for forming the GME at equal nominal and peak torques and powers in the range of rotation frequencies; for comparison, "small" block magnets of the S28G brand and "large" block magnets were used (see Fig. 21): Nd52UH, S28G; three-layer GME from layers of equal thicknesses: Nd52UH, alnico (A9.0B), S28G; two-layer: N52UH (W = 3.8 mm), S28G (W = 2.0 mm); Two-layer: N52UH (W = 2.0 mm), S28G (W = 3.8 mm), stepped (in accordance with Figure 3, where 1 is S28G, 2 is N52UH). Over the entire range of rotational speeds, the best characteristics were demonstrated by three-layer, stepped and two-layer GME with a higher volume fraction of the S28G layer (W = 3.8 mm). Comparison of the GME characteristics also shows that the N52UH NGME requires higher current values than the GME - see shaft rotational speeds from 0.53 to 1 conventional unit, while at shaft rotational speeds from 0 to 0.53 conventional units it is inferior to the stepped GME.

Figures 29-30 show illustrations of possible arrangements of magnets of two types, two magnets of each type in each segment of the rotor of the SEPM. In Fig. 29, each HME is made in accordance with Fig. 6 - according to the scheme of a hybrid magnet composed of triangular prisms, in Fig. 30 - W1 and L1 are the width and length of the "large" block magnets, W2 and L2 are the width and length of the "small" block magnet.

Figure 31 shows an illustration of overheating for another possible arrangement of two magnet types in each segment of the electric machine rotor. Overheating is more pronounced in the "small" block magnets, as they are farther from the rotor center, and less so in the "large" block magnets, especially their corner pairs, which are located farther from the rotor center.

For comparison, Figure 32 shows graphs of the measurement of irreversible thermal losses of magnetic flux of hybrid magnets of different configurations and an N52UH magnet, measured in an open circuit using a webermeter and a Helmholtz coil; the first measurement was carried out immediately after magnetization of the samples, subsequent measurements were carried out after each heating cycle, one heating cycle consisted of holding the magnet in a furnace heated to 200 °C for 1 hour; 5 such cycles were carried out for each magnet; the samples were N52UH magnets and hybrid magnets in accordance with Fig. 5 (number of layers - 3) with different volumes of N52UH and S28G magnets and Fig. 10 with an increased number of layers from 3 to 7 while maintaining the ratio of the volumes of N52UH and S28G magnets. The parts were glued together with K400 glue. The hybrid magnets had the following dimensions (taking into account possible tolerances): 20.8 (+0/-0.1)×17.5 (+0/-0.1)×7 (+0/-0.3) mm, while the direction of magnetization of all magnets was along the 7 mm dimension.

Fig. 32 shows: a hybrid magnet S87N13 with volume fractions of parts: 87% of the S28G brand, 13% of the N52UH brand (Example 2, Fig. 5); a hybrid magnet S74N26 with volume fractions of parts: 74% of the S28G brand, 26% of the N52UH brand (Example 3, Fig. 5); a three-layer hybrid magnet S60N40 with volume fractions of parts: 60% of the S28G brand, 40% of the N52UH brand (Example 4, Fig. 5); a seven-layer hybrid magnet S60N40 with volume fractions of parts: 60% of the S28G brand, 40% of the N52UH brand (Example 5, Fig. 10); a magnet of the N52UH brand.

The graphs in Fig. 32 show that the three-layer hybrid magnets assembled according to Example 2 exhibit the lowest irreversible thermal losses of magnetic flux, and their stabilization occurs after the fewest number of cycles—after the first cycle. N52UH magnets exhibit the highest irreversible thermal losses of magnetic flux, and their stabilization occurs after the greatest number of cycles.

Figure 33 shows the graphs of the torque dependence of electric machines in the nominal mode at a temperature of 200°C with solid magnets of the N52UH brand and hybrid layered (two-layer) magnets (S28G+N52UH), assembled in accordance with Fig. 4 (example 8) and three-layer GME (S28G+AlNiCo+N52UH), assembled in accordance with Fig. 8 (example 9); in the rotor, both schemes correspond to Fig. 21 (with the location of the S28G layer in the GME further from the center of the rotor). The graphs are given to compare the results of modeling two electric machines, differing only in the material of the permanent magnets in the rotor. The red line shows the results of modeling an electric machine with solid magnets of the N52UH brand, and the blue line shows the hybrid magnets of the two-layer scheme 3 (Fig. 4), consisting of parts, magnets of the N52UH and S28G brands. The maximum magnet temperature during simulation was set to 200°C. A comparative analysis of the graphs shows that the torque of the hybrid magnets in nominal mode at a temperature of 200°C and a rotational speed of 0.3 to 1 conventional unit is higher for the hybrid magnets than for the N52UH magnets.

Figure 34 shows graphs of the dependence of power and torque in the nominal mode at a temperature of 170°C for the ECM on magnets of various designs and N52UH brand magnets on the rotation speed in the range from 0 to 1 conventional unit.

Figure 35 shows graphs of the dependence of power and torque in peak mode at a temperature of 170°C for the EPSM on magnets of various designs and N52UH brand magnets on the rotation speed.

Figure 36 shows graphs of the dependence of the phase current in peak mode at a temperature of 170°C for the EPCM on magnets of various designs and N52UH magnets on the rotation frequency.

Implementation of the invention

The description of the invention is explanatory in nature, demonstrating the feasibility of achieving the claimed technical result. This technical solution is subject to various changes and modifications, as understood by a person skilled in the art based on this description. Such changes do not limit the scope of the claims. For example, the quantitative composition of the GME components, the shape, geometry, and chemical composition of the GME component material, the GME weight and size characteristics, and other characteristics may vary, depending on the operational characteristics of the electric machine.

The following terms and definitions are used in describing the present invention:

"Overheating zone" is the volume of magnetic material that is heated above the maximum operating temperature of the material and differs from the rest of the magnetic material in that, for this reason, the magnetic material acquires irreversible losses due to residual induction.

The "overlap zone" is the volume of magnetic material that is at least 10% larger than the volume of the hot zone and does not touch its boundaries inside the GME.

A "hard magnetic zone" is a zone of at least one component made of a hard magnetic material. According to GOST R 56512-2015, a hard magnetic material is a magnetic material with a coercive force of at least 4 kA/m.

A "soft magnetic zone" is the zone of at least one component made of a soft magnetic material. According to GOST R 56512-2015, a soft magnetic material is a magnetic material with a coercive force of no more than 4 kA/m.

“Working temperature (maximum working temperature value)” is the maximum heating temperature of a hard magnetic material at which the value of the coercive force by magnetization (Hcj) remains greater than 400 kA/m.

The material type of a GME part is a type of material that is characterized by an operating temperature that differs from the operating temperature of another type of material.

"Temperature coefficient of remanence α(Br) or dBr/dT or α(T)" is a quantity that determines how much the remanence changes with temperature.

where: Br(T ₁ ) is the residual induction at temperature T ₁ , Br(T ₀ ) is the residual induction at temperature T ₀ , T ₁ > T ₀ .

"Temperature coefficient of coercivity β(Hcb) or dHc/dT or β(T)" is a parameter used to evaluate the temperature stability of magnets.

where: Hc(T ₁ ) is the coercive force by induction at temperature T ₁ , Hc(T ₀ ) is the coercive force by induction at temperature T ₀ , T ₁ > T _0.

"Bundle magnet" is a type of magnetic material that is a magnet obtained by mixing magnetic alloy powder (i.e. magnetic powder) and a binder (such as a polymer or a metal with a low melting point) together.

"Sintered magnet" is a type of magnetic material made using powder metallurgy technology, where fine powder is pressed into a mold, then sintered and cooled.

A more detailed description of the invention is provided below.

The magnetic magnetic element (MLE) is a package of interconnected parts made of magnetic materials. The number of parts in the package, the geometry of the parts, the layout of the parts in the package, the chemical composition of the material of the parts, the maximum energy product, the residual magnetization of the MLE, the value of the coercive force, the operating temperature, are determined based on the condition of ensuring gradient changes in the magnetic resistance of the rotor soft magnetic zones (from air to the magnetic resistance of the electrical steel used) and the value of the maximum energy product ((BH)max from 0 to 445 kJ/m ³ ), as well as the values of the magnetic characteristics of the hard magnetic zones of the rotor of the EPSM and their parts (Br residual induction, Hcj - coercive force by magnetization, Hcb - coercive force by induction, operating temperature, temperature coefficient, magnetic moment) in the locations of permanent magnets with (BH)max from 10 to 445 kJ/m ³ .

Possible embodiments of the hybrid magnetic element (HME) of the rotor of the EPSM are shown in Fig. 2-17. The magnetic moment vector of the HME in the figures is shown in one direction, and accordingly, the description of the parts that make it up is given relative to this magnetic moment vector. It should be noted that, in accordance with the operating principle of the EPSM, adjacent magnetic poles created by each group of magnets alternate along the working pole of the rotor: NS-SN-NS-SN, etc. Examples of groups of magnets that create one working pole are shown in Fig. 18, 19 and 21 (the group consists of 4 magnetic elements, 2 large and 2 small) and in Fig. 20 (the group consists of 3 magnetic elements, 2 large and 1 small). For example, in Fig. 20 magnet groups VII, 13, 14 create the north working pole, and the adjacent magnet groups VI, 11, 12 and magnet groups VIII, 15, and 16 create the south working poles, and so on in a circle. To ensure that the number of north (SN) and south (NS) working poles of the rotor created by magnet groups is equal, the number of groups must be even.

The tables below list the possible types of materials for the parts that make up the GME:

1) Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (sintered) - a magnet made on the basis of alloys of the Nd-Fe-B system, including alloying elements, which is based on the stoichiometric compound Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B, in the technological production chain of which sintering is used.

2) Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (bonded) is a composite magnetic material made from Nd-Fe-B alloy powder, including alloying elements. The stoichiometric compound Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B is the core of the material. The production process involves dispersion in a polymer or resin matrix. The magnetic powder and polymer binder are mixed and then injected into a mold under high pressure and temperature. The resulting magnet has a complex shape, making it suitable for applications requiring precise geometry.

3) AlNiCo - a permanent magnet made from an alnico alloy containing aluminum, nickel, and cobalt. The alloy may also contain small amounts of iron, copper, and sometimes titanium. This type of magnet is also known as YUNDK.

4) FeCrCo are permanent magnets composed of iron, chromium, and cobalt. The basic composition of the alloys is: 20-33% Cr, 3-25% Co, the remainder is Fe.

5) Sm-Co is a permanent magnet made from samarium and cobalt alloys.

6) Sm-Co No. 1 is a permanent magnet made from samarium and cobalt alloys and is characterized by a higher maximum operating temperature than the permanent magnet type Sm-Co No. 2.

7) Sm-Co No. 2 is a permanent magnet made from samarium and cobalt alloys and is characterized by a lower maximum operating temperature than the permanent magnet type Sm-Co No. 1.

8) Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B No. 1 is a permanent magnet made from samarium and cobalt alloys and is characterized by a higher maximum operating temperature than the permanent magnet type Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B No. 2.

9) Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B No. 2 is a permanent magnet made from samarium and cobalt alloys and is characterized by a higher maximum operating temperature than the permanent magnet type Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B No. 1.

The GMEs shown in Figs. 2-4, 7 and 10 can consist of parts of two types of materials, examples of which are presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

1 - Sm-Co, 2 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (sintered); 2 - Sm-Co, 1 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (sintered); 1 - Sm-Co, 2 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (on a bundle); 2 - Sm-Co, 1 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (on a bundle); 1 - AlNiCo, 2 - Sm-Co. 2 - AlNiCo, 1 - Sm-Co. 1 - FeCrCo, 2 - Sm-Co. 2 - FeCrCo, 1 - Sm-Co. 1 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B No. 1,
2 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B No. 2. 2 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B No. 2.
1 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B No. 1, 1 - Sm-Co No. 1,
2 - Sm-Co №2. 2 - Sm-Co No. 2,
1 - Sm-Co No. 1,

The GMEs shown in Figs. 5-6, 9, 12-15 can consist of parts of two types of materials shown in the left column of Table 1 ( types: Sm-Co, sintered Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B, Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B on a binder, AlNiCo, FeCrCo, Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B No. 1, Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B No. 2, Sm-Co No. 1, Sm-Co No. 2).

The GMEs shown in Figs. 8 and 11 can consist of parts of three types of materials, examples of which are presented in Table 2.

Table 2.

1 - Sm-Co, 2 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (sintered),
3 - AlNiCo; 1 - Sm-Co, 2 - AlNiCo,
3 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (sintered); 1 - Sm-Co, 2 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (on a bundle),
3 - AlNiCo; 1 - Sm-Co, 2 - AlNiCo,
3 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (on a binder); 1 - AlNiCo, 2 - Sm-Co,
3 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (sintered); 1 - AlNiCo, 2 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (sintered);
3 - Sm-Co; 1 - AlNiCo, 2 - Sm-Co,
3 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (on a binder). 1 - AlNiCo, 2 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (on a bond).
3 - Sm-Co. 1 - Sm-Co, 2 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (sintered) No. 1,
3 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (sintered) No. 2, 1 - Sm-Co, 2 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (on a bundle),
3 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (sintered), 1 - Sm-Co No. 1, 2 - Sm-Co No. 2,
3 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (sintered), 1 - Sm-Co, 2 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (sintered),
3 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (on a binder), 1 - AlNiCo, 2 - Sm-Co No. 1,
3 - Sm-Co №2. 1 - Sm-Co No. 1, 2 - Sm-Co No. 2,
3 - Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B (on a binder),

In all the above options for the production of parts presented in Tables 1 and 2, instead of AlNiCo type material, a material of the type can be used FeCrCo.

The GME circuits shown in Figs. 2-6, 8, and 11-17 are suitable for GMEs whose placement in the electric machine rotor results in the appearance of two angular hot spots in each magnetic element (see Fig. 24), located on the stator side of the electric machine. In this case, it is preferable to use a GME with a symmetrical arrangement of components, characterized by a higher maximum operating temperature with overlapping hot spots.

More efficient in the presence of an overheating zone only on the side of one corner are the GME schemes shown in Fig. 7 and 9,and also nine schemes that are derived from the circuits shown in Figs. 3, 6, 11-17. The nine derivative circuits are circuits derived from each figure, where one half, for example, on the left, is a half of the circuit of one of the figures 3, 6, 11-17, and the second, for example, on the right, is a part made of one type of material that has a lower maximum operating temperature value and is identical to the same material with the lowest operating temperature value of the left half of the circuit. For example, the circuit in Fig. 9 is a derivative of the circuit in Fig. 2. For example, overheating of the GME from only one corner is possible in rotors with a sharper angle of arrangement of pairs of magnets in the V-shaped "fishbone" configuration (see Fig. 18) and in pairs of "large" block magnets in a parallel configuration (see Figs. 19-20).

The edges or surfaces of the thin-sheet steel stack of the electric machine rotor may not be the only objects that may be adjacent to the surfaces of the GME. The shape of the edges of all block GMEs may differ slightly from a perfectly rectangular prism. GMEs may have radial roundings, chamfers, and a tightly adjacent magnetoplast, but the GMEs themselves are still characterized by their corresponding assembly scheme. One variant of adjoining the magnetoplast to the GME is shown in Fig. 21, where in the rotor, in addition to the GMEs assembled according to one of the more efficient schemes of Figs. 2-17, the arrows indicate the void spaces (VS) that may remain empty or can be filled with magnetoplast—a permanent magnet on a bond (not sintered or cast), for example, of the Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B type (on a bond). This additional variant allows for increasing the volume of the GME, the magnetic flux, and the coupling strength between the permanent magnets and the steel. In this case, the magnetoplasts are placed close to the mating surface of the HME, with which they form a modified HME. Combining the HME with magnetoplasts is also relevant for the HMEs shown in Figs. 7 and 9 (diagrams with a single corner insert) and for nine HME assembly variants designed to cover a single overheating zone—one side of the HME corner.

Rotor variants for which the claimed GMEs can be proposed are shown in Figs. 18-21.

The parameters of the GME depend on the parameters of the SEPM. Once the SEPM parameters are determined, the following can be determined:

- the number of GME of each type in the rotor;

- geometric dimensions of each type of GME - their precise external geometry, the presence of chamfers and overall dimensions, the number of hybrid and non-hybrid magnetic elements (NHME), when the latter are also necessary for the optimal operation of the electric machine;

- the nature of the arrangement of each HME - the angles and axes of symmetry of the various types of HME, as well as the HMEs of each type relative to each other and the q-axes in the rotor. Similar requirements apply to the NGMEs when they are necessary in addition to the HME;

- the internal structure of each type of GME or GME in combination with NGME, namely the nature of the arrangement, quantity and exact geometry of the parts and sub-parts (permanent magnets) of which each GME and NGME consists.

The permanent magnets placed in the rotor must ensure the achievement of the required values of power, torque, vibration and noise characteristics and torque beats, as well as the required strength and temperature characteristics of the rotor, with a minimum mass of permanent magnets (in the range of 1-100 g/kW depending on the rotation speed), a maximum operating temperature of 150-550°C and the highest efficiency in the working cycle in one or several areas of the rotation speed range - the greatest conversion of the supplied electrical energy into mechanical energy on the shaft (in the electric drive mode) or mechanical energy into electrical energy (in the electric generator mode).

The following is an example of the formation of a layered GME for a specific SEPM, which does not limit the present invention, but explains the sequence of steps for developing a GME that ensures the achievement of the technical result.

Step 1. Using one of the methods described in the work (Review of surrogate model assisted multi-objective design optimization of electrical machines: New opportunities and challenges. Liyang Liu and coauthors. June 2025. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Volume 215, 115609), an increase in the operating efficiency of the surrogate model-assisted multi-objective design optimization of electrical machines is achieved, based on magnets of the N52UH brand or another high-temperature brand of the Nd-Fe-B type, the power parameters of the electric machine, the power, the value of the total torque of the electric machine while ensuring the required strength and operating temperature of the rotor, as well as minimizing the values of vibration, noise and tooth torque.

At this step we determine:

- permissible diameter and axial length of the rotor and stator package;

- strength and magnetic characteristics of the electrical steel used to manufacture the rotor package;

- required nominal and peak values of power and torque for a given range of rotational speeds of the electric machine;

- permissible values of temperatures, noise, vibrations and torque fluctuations;

- all technologically permissible limitations on the geometric dimensions of the rotor, tooth and back of the stator and the parameters of the stator winding;

- permissible maximum currents and voltages;

- permissible dimensions of the electric machine including the cooling system;

- acceptable cooling methods;

- required efficiency factors and cos ϕ (power factor) in various operating modes;

- operating modes of the electric machine,

- existing technological, production and other limitations.

Step 2. Using a program that uses the FEM (finite element method - a numerical method for partial differential equations, widely used in engineering and mathematical modeling, for example, Motor CAD, Ansys Maxwell, Comsol), an electric machine is modeled on permanent magnets, for example, brand N52UH or another high-temperature brand such as Nd-Fe-B (NGME), with different arrangement and number of magnets in relation to their axis of symmetry, for example, "fishbone", "paired on one axis, perpendicular to the axis of symmetry of the pairs", etc., in which the axis of symmetry is along the radius of the disk/rotor, namely along the d-axis, and with different arrangement of magnets relative to the q-axis. Examples of the arrangement of magnets and axes are shown in Figs. 18-20. For this, different angles of the arrangement of magnetic elements in the rotor are specified, for example, a double V-shaped configuration, as shown in Fig. 21. During modeling, the geometric dimensions of each type of magnetic elements (ME), for example, from 3 to 50 mm, the number of geometric-dimensional types of ME, for example, from 1 to 8, and the number of each type of ME, for example, from 2 to 64 in the rotor, are determined, which ensure a result as close as possible to the required parameters of the problem. Fig. 21 shows the parameters - length L1 and L2, width W1 and W2, respectively, of two types of magnets, which are specified during modeling in a program using FEM.

Step 3. Using FEM software, determine the potential boundary of the hot zone. To do this, simulate an electric machine consisting of less temperature-resistant (hereinafter referred to as MTR) magnetically hard materials, such as Nd-Fe-B magnets, at the operating temperature and at least two temperatures from one to several tens of degrees higher than the operating temperature. An example of the results of such a simulation is shown in Figs. 22-25. Fig. 25 shows the determined hot zone dimensions for magnets in a pair.

Step 4. Determine the characteristics of the HME, which by definition consists of hard magnetic components and more temperature-resistant components (hereinafter referred to as HRE). For the HRE of the hard magnetic material, select the geometry and dimensions along the length and width of the HME so that it covers the overheating zone with a margin of at least 10%. When forming a layered HME, the length is selected equal to the HME length, and the width and number of layers are based on the HME width. Fabricating layers across the entire HME length is more technically and economically efficient, and even at different distances from the direction of heat flow causing overheating—from the rotor edge to the center—more than one corner of the magnets can heat up, not just the corner closest to the heat source (see Fig. 24). For example, for a GME width of 5.8 mm and an overheating zone width of 2.5 mm, a BTU layer width of at least 2.5 + 10% = 2.75 mm can be taken, but no more than the difference between 5.8 and 2 mm (5.8 - 2 = 3.8 mm), where 2 mm is the MTU part width, since, due to the reduction in defects and waste, it is technically and economically feasible to cut a layer of MTU material at least 2 mm wide. Thus, the BTU width is selected from the range of 2.75-3.8 mm. The arithmetic mean of this range is 3.525 mm, but a width of 3.8 mm is selected, since 5.8 - 2 = 3.8 mm. The resulting dimensions of the two-layer GME are:

- layer of BTU material (Sm-Co): W=3.8 mm.

- layer of MTU material (NdFeB): W=2 mm;

Step 5. Determine the hard magnetic properties (Br, Hcb, Hcj, (BH)max) of the two-layer GME with the width ratio determined in step 3, and, if necessary, the NGME, at various operating temperatures: Tr.=22°C (room temperature), Tr., Tr.+10°C, Tr.+20°C, using the hysteresis graph. The measured values are entered into the program using FEM.

Step 6. The values of the current in the stator winding are determined by modeling in a program using FEM over the entire range of rotational speed of the electric machine for a two-layer GME with the width ratio determined in paragraph 3. An example of a rotor configuration for modeling is shown in Fig. 26. In this example, the GME is made with an NGME, where the GME of the "large" block type, in which the BTU layer of the material is made of Sm-Co, is located closer to the periphery of the rotor, and the NGME of the "small" block type is entirely made of Sm-Co.

Combinations of "large" and "small" block magnets may be used in rotors. For example, a width of W1 = 4.5-50 mm may be classified as "large" block magnets. Due to the current lack of technical and economic efficiency in producing parts with a width of W2 ≤ 1.5 mm, three-layer magnets with a width of W ≤ 4.5 mm are not considered, and for a block magnet width of W2 ≤ 3.0 mm, two-layer magnets are not considered. The values of W1, W2, L1, and L2 are shown in Fig. 21. For example, for a block magnet with a width of 4 mm, only two-layer magnets are considered, or solid ones made of Sm-Co or Nd-Fe-B material. The grade of "small" block magnet is selected depending on where the magnet is located, entirely in the overheating zone, or partially, or outside the overheating zone. In the example shown in Fig. 24, "small" block magnets are closer to the heat source and overheat as a whole, so they are made from a BTU material, for example, Sm-Co.

Step 7. If the BTU layer width is smaller than the overheating zone width, the required stator winding current is higher at higher rotor speeds, meaning there is no advantage. This can be verified by using FEM simulation results. To do this, follow steps 7-9.

Step 8. Determine the hard magnetic properties Br, Hcb, Hcj, (BH)max of the two-layer GME with the width ratio at different temperatures, T=20°C, Trab., Trab.+10°C, Trab.+20°C, using the hysteresis graph, in accordance with the description of step 3:

- layer of BTU material (Sm-Co): W=2.0 mm;

- layer of MTU material (NdFeB): W=3.8 mm.

The measured values are entered into a program using FEM.

Step 9. The values of the current in the stator winding are determined by modeling in a program using FEM over the entire range of rotation speed of the electric machine for a two-layer GME with the width ratio specified in step 7. An example of a rotor configuration for modeling is shown in Fig. 27.

Step 10. Two electric machines with equal power and torque in nominal mode are compared. Both electric machines contain a GME, with one electric machine containing a GME characterized by complete, and the other by partial, overlap of the overheating zone. The graphs are shown in Fig. 28. The graph showing complete overlap of the overheating zone is highlighted in red, while the graph showing partial overlap is highlighted in blue. This comparison confirms the advantage of the claimed invention over its closest analogue.

Step 11. The BTU layer is split into two layers of different BTU materials, such as Alnico and Sm-Co, each with a different operating temperature. This results in a three-layer magnet:

- layer of BTU material No. 1 (Sm-Co type): W=1.93 mm;

- layer of BTU material No. 2 (AlNiCo type): W=1.93 mm;

- layer of MTU material (Nd-Fe-B type): W=1.93 mm.

It is more technically and economically efficient to make layers of equal width, therefore all three layer widths are taken to be equal.

The values of the required currents in the stator winding of the third variant of the SEPM, with three-layer GME, characterized by complete overlap of the overheating zone, are also shown in the graphs of Fig. 28, from which it follows that the three-layer GME, which completely covers the overheating zone, also has an advantage over the two-layer GME, in which the layer of BTU material only partially covers the overheating zone.

Step 12. Determine the hard magnetic properties of the HME and, if necessary, the NHME at different temperatures using a hysteresis graph.

Step 13. The magnetic properties of the magnetic field element (GME), the characteristics of which were found to be optimal in step 3, are tested using metrology equipment: a hysteresis graph, an oven with the ability to create a temperature in the chamber from 20 to 350°C (up to 550°C if necessary), a Helmholtz coil, a webermeter, a teslameter, and a Hall sensor positioner of the teslameter, as well as a device for determining the direction of the magnetic moment of each type of magnet from their batches.

Step 14. The parameters found in steps 1 and 2 are checked by simulating electric machines with different parameters in a program using FEM (for example: geometry and axis angle of pairs and/or single magnets, their dimensions; Permissible values of temperatures, noise, vibrations and torque beats; technologically permissible limitations on the geometric dimensions of the rotor, tooth and back of the stator and the parameters of the stator winding; permissible maximum currents and voltages; permissible dimensions of the electric machine including the cooling system; permissible cooling methods; required efficiency in various operating modes; operating modes of the electric machine; permissible diameter and axial length of the rotor and stator package; strength and magnetic characteristics of the electrical steel used for the manufacture of the rotor package) with the obtained characteristics of GME or GME in combination with NGME, instead of the N52UH grade previously used in steps 1 and 2. They make sure that with the selected characteristic of GME or GME and NGME, the parameters determined in steps 1 and 2 as optimal remain unchanged, and those parameters, the increase or decrease of which they strive to achieve the efficiency of the electric machine, have become higher or lower, respectively.

Step 15. Generate the final required parameters and characteristics of the electric machine, either the GME or the GME with the NGME. If necessary, adjust the parameters by repeating the steps above.

The specified algorithm for forming the GME is used to form the GMEs shown in Figs. 2-17, as well as for 9 (nine) GMEs, which are the halves of Figs. 2, 3, 6, 11-17 (the halves are obtained by dividing the circuits along the axis of symmetry - described in the section "Implementation of the invention " under Table 3). In this case, at certain stages, certain configurations and circuits for placing the GME in the rotor of the SEPM can be formed, some of which are shown as examples in Figs. 18-20 and 29-31.

Examples of specific implementation

The dimensions of the hybrid magnet, according to examples 1-5, were: length L = 17.5 mm, width W = 7 mm, height H = 20.8 mm. The manufactured hybrid magnets were used to compare the irreversible thermal losses of magnetic flux measured in an open circuit using a webermeter and a Helmholtz coil (Fig. 32).

EXAMPLE 1.

1. Dimensions of the hybrid magnet - length, width, height: 17.5×7×20.8 mm.

2. The number of parts in the hybrid magnet package is 3 pieces.

3. Parts in the package and their material: 2 outer layers of grade S28G, layer dimensions: length, width, height: 17.5×2.5×20.8 mm; 1 inner layer of grade N52UH, dimensions: length, width, height: 17.5×2×20.8 mm.

4. The diagram of a layered hybrid magnet consisting of 3 layers is shown in Fig. 5.

5. Adhesive material: DELO® MONOPOX HT2999, bond thickness - 15 μm.

6. Volume fractions of parts in the hybrid magnet: 74% grade S28G, 26% grade N52UH.

7. Possible abbreviated names: S74N26 and S74N26 (3 layers).

8. The obtained characteristics of the hybrid magnet are presented in Tables 3 and 4.

Table 3. Magnetic flux measurements.

Ф0 (magnetic flux after magnetization), Wb 164/165 F1 (magnetic flux after holding in an oven at 200°C
within 1 hour, measured at room temperature), Wb 158

Table 4. Magnetic induction measurements

B0 (N) (magnetic induction at a distance of 0.5 mm from the N pole after magnetization of the sample), mT 296 B0 (S) (magnetic induction at a distance of 0.5 mm from the pole S after magnetization of the sample), mT 291 B1 (N) (magnetic induction at a distance of 0.5 mm from the N pole after first heating in a furnace at 200°C for 1 hour and subsequent cooling to room temperature), mT 269 B1 (S) (magnetic induction at a distance of 0.5 mm from the pole S after first heating in a furnace at 200°C for 1 hour and subsequent cooling to room temperature), mT 262

EXAMPLE 2.

1. Dimensions of the hybrid magnet - length, width, height: 17.5×7×20.8 mm.

2. The number of parts in the hybrid magnet package is 3 pieces.

3. Parts in the package and their material: 2 outer layers of grade S28G, layer dimensions: length, width, height: 17.5×3×20.8 mm; 1 inner layer of grade N52UH, dimensions: length, width, height: 17.5×1×20.8 mm.

4. The diagram of a layered hybrid magnet consisting of 3 layers is shown in Fig. 5.

5. Adhesive material: DELO® MONOPOX HT2999, bond thickness - 15 μm.

6. Volume fractions of parts in the hybrid magnet: 87% grade S28G, 13% grade N52UH.

7. Possible abbreviated names: S87N13 and S87N13 (3 layers).

EXAMPLE 3.

1. Dimensions of the hybrid magnet - length, width, height: 17.5×7×20.8 mm.

2. The number of parts in the hybrid magnet package is 3 pieces.

3. Parts in the package and their material: 2 outer layers of grade S28G, layer dimensions: length, width, height: 17.5×2.5×20.8 mm; 1 inner layer of grade N52UH, dimensions: length, width, height: 17.5×2×20.8 mm.

4. The diagram of a layered hybrid magnet consisting of 3 layers is shown in Fig. 5.

5. Adhesive material: DELO® MONOPOX HT2999, bond thickness - 15 μm.

6. Volume fractions of parts in the hybrid magnet: 74% grade S28G, 26% grade N52UH.

7. Possible abbreviated names: S74N26 and S74N26 (3 layers).

EXAMPLE 4.

1. Dimensions of the hybrid magnet - length, width, height: 17.5×7×20.8 mm.

2. The number of parts in the hybrid magnet package is 3 pieces.

3. Parts in the package and their material: 2 outer layers of grade S28G, layer dimensions: length, width, height: 17.5×2×20.8 mm; 1 inner layer of grade N52UH, dimensions: length, width, height: 17.5×3×20.8 mm.

4. The diagram of a layered hybrid magnet consisting of 3 layers is shown in Fig. 5.

5. Adhesive material: DELO® MONOPOX HT2999, bond thickness - 15 μm.

6. Volume fractions of parts in the hybrid magnet: 60% grade S28G, 40% grade N52UH.

7. Possible abbreviated names: S60N40 (3 layers).

EXAMPLE 5.

1. Dimensions of the hybrid magnet - length, width, height: 17.5×7×20.8 mm.

2. The number of parts in the hybrid magnet package is 7 pieces.

3. The parts in the package are arranged in an alternating sequence of layers of two materials: 4 layers of grade S28G (2 external and 2 internal layers), layer dimensions: length, width, height: 17.5 × 1 × 20.8 mm; 3 layers of grade N52UH (all three layers are internal), layer dimensions: length, width, height: 17.5 × 1 × 20.8 mm.

4. The diagram of a layered hybrid magnet consisting of 7 layers is shown in Fig. 10.

5. Adhesive material: DELO® MONOPOX HT2999, bond thickness - 15 μm.

6. Total volumetric proportions of parts in the hybrid magnet: 60% grade S28G, 40% grade N52UH.

7. Possible abbreviated names: S60N40 (7 layers).

EXAMPLE 6

1. Dimensions of the hybrid magnet - length, width, height: 17.5×7×20.8 mm.

2. Direction of magnetization: along the 7mm dimension.

3. The number of parts in the hybrid magnet package is 3 pieces.

4. The dimensions of the hybrid magnet parts are as follows:

4.1. Dimensions of the N52UH part - length, width, height: 17.5×2.33×20.8 mm.

4.2. Dimensions of the S28G part - length, width, height: 17.5×2.33×20.8 mm.

4.3. Dimensions of part grade A9.0B - length, width, height: 17.5×2.33×20.8 mm.

5. The sequence of arrangement of parts from the center of the rotor to the periphery:

- part of brand N52UH closer to the center of the rotor;

- part of brand S28G between parts of brands N52UH and A9.0B;

- part of brand A9.0B further from the rotor center.

6. The diagram of the “132” layered hybrid magnet made of 3 layers is shown in Fig. 8.

EXAMPLE 7

1. Dimensions of the hybrid magnet - length, width, height: 17.5×7×20.8 mm.

2. Direction of magnetization: along the 7mm dimension.

3. The number of parts in the hybrid magnet package is 2 pieces.

4. The dimensions of the hybrid magnet parts are as follows:

4.1. Dimensions of part grade A9.0B - length, width, height: 17.5×2.33×20.8 mm.

4.2. Dimensions of the S28G part - length, width, height: 17.5×4.67×20.8 mm.

5. The sequence of arrangement of parts from the center of the rotor outward:

- part of brand A9.0B further from the rotor center;

- part of brand S28G closer to the center of the rotor.

6. The diagram of a layered hybrid magnet consisting of 2 layers is shown in Fig. 4.

EXAMPLE 8

The rotor model uses two types of magnets, differing in size.

1. Characteristics of the first type of magnets:

1.1. Dimensions of the first type of hybrid magnets - length, width, height: 21×4×26 mm.

1.2. Direction of magnetization: along the 4 mm dimension.

1.3. The dimensions of the hybrid magnet parts with the first type dimensions are as follows:

1.3.1. Dimensions of part brand N52UH - length, width, height: 21×3×26 mm,

1.3.2. Dimensions of the S28G part - length, width, height: 21×1×26 mm.

1.3.3. The diagram of a layered hybrid magnet made of 2 layers is shown in Fig. 4.

2. Characteristics of the second type of magnets:

2.1. The dimensions of the second type of magnets are 13.5×3×26 mm.

2.2. Direction of magnetization: along the 3 mm dimension.

2.3. The dimensions of the hybrid magnet parts with the second type dimensions are as follows:

2.3.1. Dimensions of the N52UH part - length, width, height: 13.5×2×26 mm

2.3.2. Dimensions of the S28G part - length, width, height: 13.5×1×26 mm.

2.3.3. The diagram of a layered hybrid magnet made of 2 layers is shown in Fig. 4.

EXAMPLE 9.

The rotor model uses two types of magnets, differing in size.

1. Characteristics of the first type of magnets:

1.1. Dimensions of the first type of hybrid magnets - length, width, height: 21×4×26 mm.

1.2. Direction of magnetization: along the 4 mm dimension.

1.3. The dimensions of the hybrid magnet parts with the first type dimensions are as follows:

1.3.1. Dimensions of the N52UH part - length, width, height: 21×1.3×26 mm,

1.3.2. Dimensions of part brand A9.0B - length, width, height: 21×1.3×26 mm,

1.3.3. Dimensions of the S28G part - length, width, height: 21×1.3×26 mm.

1.4. Sequence of arrangement of parts from the center of the rotor outward:

- part of brand N52UH closer to the center of the rotor;

- part of brand A9.0B between parts of brands N52UH and S28G;

- part of brand S28G further from the center of the rotor.

1.5. The diagram of the “132” layered hybrid magnet made of 3 layers is shown in Fig. 8 (diagram 7).

2. Characteristics of the second type of magnets:

2.1. The dimensions of the second type of magnets are 13.5×3×26 mm.

2.2. Direction of magnetization: along the 3 mm dimension.

2.3. The dimensions of the hybrid magnet parts with the second type dimensions are as follows:

2.3.1. Dimensions of part brand N52UH - length, width, height: 13.5×1×26 mm

2.3.2. Dimensions of part grade A9.0B - length, width, height: 13.5×1×26 mm.

2.3.2. Dimensions of the S28G part - length, width, height: 13.5×1×26 mm.

2.4. Sequence of arrangement of parts from the center of the rotor outward:

- part of brand N52UH closer to the center of the rotor;

- part of brand A9.0B between parts of brands N52UH and S28G;

- part of brand S28G further from the center of the rotor.

2.5. The diagram of a layered hybrid magnet consisting of 3 layers is shown in Fig. 8.

A comparison of the simulation results for three electric machines that differ only in the material of the permanent magnets in the rotor is shown in Fig. 33. The V-shaped arrangement of the magnets in the rotor is shown in Fig. 27. The maximum temperature of the magnets is 200°C. The blue line shows the operating results of the electric machine with solid magnets of the N52UH brand, the red line shows the hybrid magnets of the two-layer scheme of Fig. 4, consisting of parts - magnets of the N52UH and S28G brands, and the yellow line shows the hybrid magnets of the three-layer scheme of Fig. 8, consisting of parts of the S28G, AlNiCo, N52UH materials. Over the entire range of rotation frequencies, the electric machine with hybrid magnets of both schemes demonstrated a higher torque than the electric machine with solid magnets of the N52UH brand.

EXAMPLE 10

The rotor model uses two types of magnets, differing in size.

1. Characteristics of the first type of magnets:

1.1. Dimensions of the first type of hybrid magnets - length, width, height: 21×4×26 mm.

1.2. Direction of magnetization: along the 4 mm dimension.

1.3. The dimensions of the hybrid magnet parts with the first type dimensions are as follows:

1.3.1. Dimensions of the S28G part - length, width, height: 21×1.3×26 mm,

1.3.2. Dimensions of part brand A9.0B - length, width, height: 21×1.3×26 mm,

1.3.3. Dimensions of the S28G part - length, width, height: 21×1.3×26 mm.

1.4. Sequence of arrangement of parts from the center of the rotor outward:

- part of brand S28G closer to the center of the rotor;

- part of brand A9.0B between parts of brands S28G and S28G;

- part of brand S28G further from the center of the rotor.

1.5. The diagram of a layered hybrid magnet consisting of 3 layers is shown in Fig. 5.

2. Characteristics of the second type of magnets:

2.1. The dimensions of the second type of magnets are 13.5×3×26 mm.

2.2. Direction of magnetization: along the 3 mm dimension.

2.3. The dimensions of the hybrid magnet parts with the second type dimensions are as follows:

2.3.1. Dimensions of the S28G part - length, width, height: 13.5×1×26 mm

2.3.2. Dimensions of part grade A9.0B - length, width, height: 13.5×1×26 mm.

2.3.3. Dimensions of the S28G part - length, width, height: 13.5×1×26 mm.

2.4. Sequence of arrangement of parts from the center of the rotor outward:

- part of brand S28G closer to the center of the rotor;

- part of brand A9.0B between parts of brands S28G and S28G;

- part of brand S28G further from the center of the rotor.

2.5. The diagram of a layered hybrid magnet consisting of 3 layers is shown in Fig. 5.

EXAMPLE 11

The rotor model uses two types of magnets, differing in size.

1. Characteristics of the first type of magnets:

1.1. Dimensions of the first type of hybrid magnets - length, width, height: 21×4×26 mm.

1.2. Direction of magnetization: along the 4 mm dimension.

1.3. The number of parts in the assembly of one hybrid magnet is 3 pcs.

1.4. The dimensions of the hybrid magnet parts with the first type dimensions are as follows:

1.4.1. Dimensions of S28G grade parts - large leg, small leg, base, height:

10.5×4×11.24×26 mm,

1.4.2. Dimensions of part brand N52UH - equal sides, base, height:

11.24×11.24×21×26 mm.

1.5. Sequence of arrangement of parts from the center of the rotor to the periphery:

- S28G brand parts further from the rotor center;

- part of brand N52UH closer to the center of the rotor.

1.6. The connection diagram of the parts is shown in Fig. 6.

2. Characteristics of the second type of magnets:

2.1. Dimensions of the second type of magnets - height, length, width: 13.5×3×26 mm.

2.2. Direction of magnetization: along the 3 mm dimension.

2.3. The number of parts in the assembly of one hybrid magnet is 3 pcs.

2.4. The dimensions of the hybrid magnet parts with the second type dimensions are as follows:

1.4.1. Dimensions of S28G grade parts - large leg, small leg, base, height:

6.75×3×7.39×26 mm,

1.4.2. Dimensions of part brand N52UH - equal sides, base, height:

7.39×10.92×21×26 mm.

2.5. Sequence of arrangement of parts from the center of the rotor outward:

- S28G brand parts further from the rotor center;

- part of brand N52UH closer to the center of the rotor.

2.6. The connection diagram of the parts is shown in Fig. 6.

3. An illustration of one of the possible arrangements (V-shaped) of magnets of two types in accordance with example 11, two elements in each rotor segment, is shown in Fig. 29. Magnets of 3 mm width are located further from the center of the rotor, and magnets of 4 mm width are closer to the center of the rotor.

EXAMPLE 12

The rotor model uses two types of magnets, differing in size.

1. Characteristics of the first type of magnets:

1.1. Dimensions of type 1 hybrid magnets - length, width, height: 19.8×5.8×26 mm.

1.2. The number of parts in the assembly of one hybrid magnet is 5 pcs.

1.3. The dimensions of the hybrid magnet parts with the first type dimensions are as follows:

1.3.1. Dimensions of corner pieces of brand S28G - length, width, height:

4.35×2.9×26 mm. Magnetization direction: from the base with a length of 4.35 mm

at an angle of 60 degrees in the direction of the axis of symmetry of the hybrid magnet.

1.3.2. Dimensions of part grade S28G - length, width, height:

11.1×1.45×26 mm.

1.3.3. Dimensions of part grade A9.0B - length, width, height:

11.1×1.45×26 mm.

1.3.4. Dimensions of part brand N52UH - length, width, height:

19.8×2.9×26 mm.

1.4. Connection diagram of the components: Fig. 11 with modified texture at the corners - "Focusing three-layer". The arrows in the diagram indicate the directions of magnetization.

1.5. Part marks in this example, the arrangement of parts corresponds to Fig. 11:

- Number 1 - S28G brand parts further from the rotor center;

- Number 2 is the N52UH part closer to the center of the rotor.

- Number 3 is a part of brand A9.0B between parts of brands S28G and A9.0B.

2. Characteristics of the second type of magnets:

2.1. Dimensions of the second type of magnets - length, width, height: 13.3×2×26 mm.

2.2. Direction of magnetization: along the 2 mm dimension.

2.3. The number of parts in the assembly of one magnet is 1 pc.

2.4. Brand S28G.

EXAMPLE 13

The rotor model uses two types of magnets, differing in size.

1. Characteristics of the first type of magnets:

1.1. Dimensions of type 1 hybrid magnets - length, width, height: 19.8×5.8×26 mm.

1.2. The number of parts in the assembly of one hybrid magnet is 4 pcs.

1.3. The dimensions of the hybrid magnet parts with the first type dimensions are as follows:

1.3.1. Dimensions of corner pieces of brand S28G - length, width, height:

4.35×2.9×26 mm. Magnetization direction: from the base with a length of 4.35 mm

at an angle of 60 degrees in the direction of the axis of symmetry of the hybrid magnet.

1.3.2. Dimensions of part grade S28G - length, width, height:

11.1×2.9×26 mm.

1.3.3. Dimensions of part brand N52UH - length, width, height:

19.8×2.9×26 mm.

1.4. Connection diagram of the components: Fig. 12 with modified texture at the corners - "Focusing stepped". The arrows in the diagram indicate the directions of magnetization.

1.5. Part marks in this example according to the diagram in Fig. 12:

- Number 1 - S28G brand parts further from the rotor center;

- Number 2 - N52UH parts. The first N52UH part is closer to the rotor center, the second part is closer to the rotor center, and together they form a stepped array.

2. Characteristics of the second type of magnets:

2.1. Dimensions of the second type of magnets - length, width, height: 13.3×2×26 mm.

2.2. Direction of magnetization: along the 2 mm dimension.

2.3. The number of parts in the assembly of one magnet is 1 pc.

2.4. Brand S28G.

EXAMPLE 14

The rotor model uses two types of magnets, differing in size.

1. Characteristics of the first type of magnets:

1.1. Dimensions of type 1 hybrid magnets - length, width, height: 19.8×5.8×26 mm.

1.2. The number of parts in the assembly of one hybrid magnet is 4 pcs.

1.3. The dimensions of the hybrid magnet parts with the first type dimensions are as follows:

1.3.1. Dimensions of corner pieces of brand S28G - length, width, height:

4.33×2.9×26 mm. Magnetization direction: from the base with a length of 4.35 mm

at an angle of 60 degrees in the direction of the axis of symmetry of the hybrid magnet.

1.3.2. Dimensions of the average part of brand S28G - length, width, height:

11.1×2.9×26 mm.

1.3.3. Dimensions of part brand N52UH - length, width, height:

19.8×2.9×26 mm.

1.4. Connection diagram of the components: according to the diagram in Fig. 13 with a modified texture and, accordingly, the direction of the magnetic moment at the corners – "focusing double-layer". The arrows in the diagram indicate the directions of magnetization.

1.5. Part marks in this example according to Fig. 13:

- Number 1 - three S28G parts further from the rotor center;

- Number 2 is the N52UH part closer to the center of the rotor.

2. Characteristics of the second type of magnets:

2.1. Dimensions of the second type of magnets - length, width, height: 13.3×2×26 mm.

2.2. Direction of magnetization: along the 2 mm dimension.

2.3. The number of parts in the assembly of one magnet is 1 pc.

2.4. Brand S28G.

EXAMPLE 15

The rotor model uses two types of magnets, differing in size.

1. Characteristics of the first type of magnets:

1.1. Dimensions of type 1 hybrid magnets - length, width, height: 19.8×5.8×26 mm.

1.2. The number of parts in the assembly of one hybrid magnet is 7 pcs.

1.3. Connection diagram of the parts “1222221” of the hybrid magnet with the Halbach structure - diagram Fig. 14. The arrows in the diagram indicate the directions of magnetization.

1.4. Dimensions of the first type hybrid magnet parts, length, width, height: 5.8×2.83×26 mm.

1.5. The direction of magnetization in accordance with the arrows in the diagram in Fig. 14.

1.6. Part brands.

1.6.1. The brand of the two outer parts indicated in the diagram in Fig. 14 by the number 1 is S28G.

1.6.2. The brand of the parts indicated in the diagram in Fig. 14 by the number 2 is N52UH

2. Characteristics of the second type of magnets:

2.1. Dimensions of the second type of magnets - length, width, height: 13.3×2×26 mm.

2.2. Direction of magnetization: along the 2 mm dimension.

2.3. The number of parts in the assembly of one magnet is 1 pc.

2.4. Brand S28G.

EXAMPLE 16

The rotor model uses two types of magnets, differing in size.

1. Characteristics of the first type of magnets:

1.1. Dimensions of type 1 hybrid magnets - length, width, height: 19.8×5.8×26 mm.

1.2. The number of parts in the assembly of one hybrid magnet is 7 pcs.

1.3. Connection diagram of the parts “1122211” of the hybrid magnet with the Halbach structure - diagram Fig. 15. The arrows in the diagram indicate the directions of magnetization.

1.4. Dimensions of the first type hybrid magnet parts, length, width, height: 5.8×2.83×26 mm.

1.5. The direction of magnetization in accordance with the arrows in the diagram in Fig. 15.

1.6. Part brands.

1.6.1. The brand of the two outer parts indicated in the diagram in Fig. 15 by the number 1 is S28G.

1.6.2. The brand of the parts indicated in the diagram in Fig. 15 by the number 2 is N52UH.

2. Characteristics of the 2nd type of magnets:

2.1. Dimensions of the second type of magnets - length, width, height: 13.3×2×26 mm.

2.2. Direction of magnetization: along the 2 mm dimension.

2.3. The number of parts in the assembly of one magnet is 1 pc.

2.4. Brand S28G.

In examples 1-16, the magnetic properties of N52UH grade material are: Br=1.440-1.445 T, Hcb ≥ 1030-1990 kA/m, (BH)max=398-414 kJ/ ^m3 ; the magnetic properties of S28G grade material are: Br> 1.08 T; Hcb> 780 kA/m; Hcj> 1,900 kA/m; (BH)max> 220 kJ/ ^m3 ; the magnetic properties of A9.0B grade material (alnico class): Br>1.06 T; Hcb>119 kA/m; (BH)max>72 kJ/ ^m3 .

In examples 12-16, with a small thickness of the second type of magnets - less than 4 mm, it is permissible to use a non-hybrid magnet, for example, of the “Nd-Fe-B” class or the “Sm ₂ Co ₁₇ ” class.

In particular embodiments of the present invention, high-temperature grades of sintered magnets based on Nd-Fe-B alloys, including those alloyed with rare-earth metals (REM) and their nitrides, designed for the same and higher operating temperatures, can be used instead of the N52UH grade. High-temperature grades of sintered magnets based on the _Sm2Co17 compound can be used instead of the _S28G grade, and high-temperature grades of AlNiCo (UNDK, alnico) and Fe-Cr-Co magnets designed for the same and higher operating temperatures can be used instead of the A9.0B grade.

Tables 5-7 show the parameters of magnet material grades: (BH)max - maximum energy product; Br - residual induction; Hcj - coercive force by magnetization; Hcb - coercive force by induction: Tr. - maximum operating temperature.

Table 5 shows, as an example, some high-temperature grades of sintered magnets based on Nd-Fe-B alloys, which are used in the given examples and diagrams of the formation of the GME and the diagrams of the arrangement of the GME in the rotors of the SEPM.

Table 5.

No. Brand designation
magnet
in AMT&S (ВН)max kJ/ ^m3 Br, Tl Hcb, kA/m Hcj, kA/m Maximum working
temperature
Trab. min Max min Max ≥ ≥ 1 N30SH 223 247 1.09 1.14 836 1592 150°C 2 N33SH 247 271 1.14 1.18 876 1592 3 N35SH 271 287 1.18 1.23 900 1592 4 N38SH 287 310 1.23 1.26 939 1592 5 N40SH 302 326 1.26 1.29 963 1592 6 N42SH 318 342 1.29 1.33 987 1592 7 N45SH 342 366 1.33 1.37 1003 1592 8 N48SH 358 390 1.37 1.41 1059 1592 9 N50SH 374 406 1.39 1.43 1059 1592 10 N52SH 402 416 1.45 14.5 1059 1592 11 N54SH 416 430 1.46 14.6 1059 1592 12 N56SH 430 448 1.49 14.9 1059 1592 13 N58SH 448 461 1.52 1.52 1059 1592 14 N60SH 461 477 1.55 1.55 1059 1592 15 N25UH 190 210 1.00 1.07 764 1990 180°C 16 N28UH 210 223 1.07 1.09 812 1990 17 N30UH 223 247 1.09 1.14 844 1990 18 N33UH 247 271 1.14 1.18 860 1990 19 N35UH 271 287 1.18 1.23 892 1990 20 N38UH 287 310 1.23 1.26 923 1990 21 N40UH 302 326 1.26 1.29 955 1990 22 N42UH 318 342 1.29 1.33 971 1990 23 N45UH 342 366 1.33 1.36 979 1990 24 N48UH 358 390 1.36 1.42 1010 1990 25 N50UH 390 398 1.42 1.44 1030 1990 26 N52UH 398 414 1.44 1.45 1030 1990 27 N54UH 414 430 1.45 1.46 1030 1990 28 N56UH 430 445 1.46 1.49 1030 1990 29 N26EH 207 26 1.00 1.04 764 2388 200°C 30 N28EH 223 28 1.04 1.08 780 2388 31 N30EH 239 30 1.08 1.14 812 2388 32 N33EH 263 33 1.14 1.18 835 2388 33 N35EH 279 35 1.18 1.22 860 2388 34 N38EH 287 310 1.22 1.26 915 2388 35 N40EH 302 326 1.25 1.29 915 2388 36 N42EH 310 342 1.28 1.33 915 2388 37 N45EH 318 358 1.33 1.35 915 2388 38 N48EH 350 383 1.34 1.37 915 2388 39 N50EH 378 398 1.37 1.40 915 2388 40 N52EH 400 414 1.40 1.43 915 2388 41 N54EH 410 430 1.43 1.46 915 2388 42 N56EH 445 445 1.46 1.49 915 2388 43 N33GH 239 263 1.14 1.21 859 2630 210°C 44 N35GH 255 295 1.17 1.24 875 2630 45 N38GH 271 310 1.21 1.27 907 2630 46 N40GH 286 326 1.25 1.31 939 2630 47 N42GH 320 334 1.29 1.32 939 2630 48 N45GH 358 357 1.31 1.34 939 2630 49 N47GH 350 374 1.34 1.37 939 2630 50 N28AH 214 231 1.03 1.09 780 2785 230°C 51 N30AH 231 255 1.09 1.14 804 2785 52 N33AH 255 279 1.14 1.17 812 2785 53 N35AH 279 286 1.17 1.21 844 2785 54 N38AH 286 310 1.21 1.27 860 2785 55 N40AH 310 318 1.28 1.28 860 2785 56 N42AH 318 334 1.28 1.31 860 2785 57 N45AH 334 358 1.31 1.34 860 2785

Table 6 shows, as an example, some high-temperature grades of sintered magnets of the Sm-Co type, used in the given examples and schemes of the formation of GME and schemes of their arrangement in the rotors of the SEPM.

Table 6.

Table 7 shows, as an example, some high-temperature grades of sintered magnets of the Alnico type, used in the given examples and diagrams of the formation of GME and diagrams of their arrangement in the rotors of the SEPM.

Table 7.

One of the steps in determining the optimal, efficient GME design is to determine the maximum power and torque values in peak and nominal modes based on their dependence on the shaft speed at the maximum operating temperature of the rotor's hard magnetic zone (HMZ) using simulation, for example, in Motor CAD. The program can plot the power and torque dependences in peak and nominal modes for the entire range of rotor speeds at a given HMZ operating temperature. Figures 34-36 show the results of this simulation.

Figures 34-36 show graphs obtained using magnets of the following types: N52UH - magnet of the N52UH brand; layered AlNiCo+S28G, assembled in accordance with Fig. 4 (example 7); layered S28G+N52UH, assembled in accordance with Fig. 4 (example 8); layered S28G+AlNiCo+N52UH, assembled in accordance with Fig. 8 (example 6); triangles S28G+N52UH, assembled in accordance with Fig. 6 (example 11).

From the graphs in Figs. 34–36, it follows that, across the entire range of rotational speeds at a given temperature of 170°C, the best nominal values were demonstrated by the hybrid magnet design "Layered S28G+AlNiCo+N52UH", assembled in accordance with Fig. 8 (example 6). The obtained values were higher and, in some ranges, equal to those specified during the design of the EPSM.

N52UH magnets did not provide the required nominal values for the designed EPSM; the nominal values were lower. The two-layer hybrid magnet arrangement "Layered S28G + N52UH," assembled in accordance with Fig. 4 (example 8), also demonstrated relatively good nominal values. The resulting nominal values satisfy the requirements for rotational speeds from 0 to 0.7 conventional units and are higher across the entire rotational speed range than those of EPSMs with N52UH magnets.

From the graph in Fig. 35 it follows that in the entire range of rotation frequencies from 0 to 1 conventional unit at a given temperature of 170°C, the best peak values of power and torque were demonstrated by the EPSM with N52UH magnets, with "Layered S28G+N52UH" hybrid magnets assembled in accordance with Fig. 4 (example 8) and with "Triangles S28G+N52UH" hybrid magnets assembled in accordance with Fig. 6 (example 11). The obtained values turned out to be higher and in some intervals equal to those specified during the design of the EPSM.

From the graphs in Fig. 34-35 it follows that the nominal and peak values of power and torque of the SEPM with hybrid magnets “Layered S28G+AlNiCo+N52UH”, assembled in accordance with Fig. 8 (example 6), SEPM with hybrid magnets “Layered S28G+N52UH” assembled in accordance with Fig. 4 (example 8), SEPM with hybrid magnets “Triangles S28G+N52UH”, assembled in accordance with Fig. 6 (example 11), are closest to the required ones, which cannot be said about the SEPM with magnets of the N52UH brand.

From the graphs in Fig. 36 it follows that in the rotation frequency range from 0.75 to 1 conventional unit, more current is required in the peak mode at a temperature of 170°C for the EPSM based on N52UH (NGME) magnets than for the GME based ones. The lowest current value is required in the EPSM based on the GME "Layered AlNiCo+S28G+N52UH", assembled in accordance with Fig. 8 (example 6), and layered AlNiCo+S28G, assembled in accordance with Fig. 4 (example 7).

Thus, based on the results of the presented studies, it follows that hybrid magnets make it possible to combine the positive qualities of magnets based on Nd-Fe-B alloys and magnets based on the Sm ₂ Co ₁₇ compound, as well as magnets based on Nd-Fe-B alloys, magnets based on the Sm ₂ Co ₁₇ compound and AlNiCo magnets or Fe-Cr-Co magnets, i.e. neodymium, samarium, alnico, FeCrCo, including not only those brands listed in the examples, to achieve an increase in the torque and power of the EPSM over a wide range of temperatures and rotation speeds, without the use of expensive and constantly increasing in price terbium and dysprosium. The invention demonstrates the possibility of using HMEs that provide higher nominal values of torque and power of the EPSM, and higher or comparable to the required peak values of torque and power of the EPSM over the entire range of rotation speeds. Moreover, the HME components used in the proposed invention are characterized by a wide variety of shapes: triangular prisms, quadrangular prisms, rectangular prisms, T-shaped prisms, and stepped prisms. The pole surfaces of the HME components have one or more planes, and various spatial orientations are permitted. Gluing HME components in the Halbach sequence is possible, as well as with the magnetic moment of adjacent HME components deviating from parallel. HME components can be joined or glued by pole surfaces and non-polar surfaces when the number of components being joined or glued exceeds two. The invention allows for the selection of the most optimal method for forming a hybrid magnet for a specific task, taking into account the component's location relative to the overheating zone and the mutual influence of the hybrid magnetic elements located in the electric machine rotor. The method of forming the GME taking into account the results of modeling using an electric machine template allows selecting the optimal scheme (configuration) of the GME for the rotor, taking into account the comparison of the nominal and peak powers of the electric machine and torques, as well as their dependence graphs on the rotor speed.

Claims (37)

1. A hybrid magnetic element (HME) of an electric machine rotor, made in the form of a package of at least two parts made of magnetic materials connected to each other, characterized in that the chemical composition of the material of the parts, the number of parts, their shape, size and order of arrangement in the HME are selected with the possibility of preventing demagnetization under the influence of magnetic fields acting on at least one part of the HME located in the overheating zone of the electric machine rotor, while ensuring the specified operational characteristics of the electric machine in the operating range of rotor speeds; wherein at least one part of the magnetic field element located in the rotor overheating zone forms a magnetically hard zone characterized by the values of the parameters of the maximum energy product (BH)max - up to 445 kJ/ ^m3 , residual induction Br - up to 1.5 T, the value of the coercive force by magnetization Hcj - up to 35 kOe, the value of the coercive force by induction Hcb - up to 15 kOe, and the operating temperature - up to 550°C. 2. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one of the parts is characterized by a value of the temperature coefficient of residual induction α(T) from a range of values from minus 0.05 to 0%/°C and a value of the temperature coefficient of coercive force β(T) from a range of values from minus 0.35 to minus 0.15%/°C, ensuring the specified operating parameters of the electric machine, including the nominal and peak values of the electric machine power and torques, the values of currents in the stator winding, as well as the dependence of the listed parameters on the rotor speed. 3. The hybrid magnetic element according to claim 1, characterized in that in order to prevent demagnetization under the action of magnetic fields acting on at least one part of the HME located in the overheating zone of the rotor, the HME is formed from parts made of different magnetic materials, some of which are characterized by a higher value of the maximum operating temperature compared to the value of the maximum operating temperature of at least one part included in the HME, with alternating parts of the HME in the direction of the magnetic moment of the HME, and/or in the longitudinal and transverse directions relative to the direction of the magnetic moment of the HME, and/or with the direction of the magnetic moments of adjacent parts at an angle to each other from 1 to 60°. 4. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 1, characterized in that the parts are made from magnetic materials based on rare earth metals, as well as alnico type and FeCrCo type. 5. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 1, characterized in that the parts are made from NdFeB type magnets, and/or SmCo type magnets, and/or Alnico type magnets, and/or FeCrCo type magnets. 6. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 1, characterized in that the parts of the HME are made in the form of plates, wherein the parts are connected by pole surfaces that have one or more pole planes with different orientations in space, including a transverse orientation relative to the direction of the magnetic moment of the HME, an orientation in the Halbach sequence, as well as with a deviation of the direction of the magnetic moment of adjacent parts from the longitudinal one. 7. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 6, characterized in that the parts are made in the form of plates having a size along the direction of the magnetic moment from 0.1 to 10 mm. 8. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 6, characterized in that it contains three parts in the form of plates, wherein the outer plates are made of an SmCo magnet and/or an NdFeB magnet, and the inner plate is made of an Alnico magnet. 9. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 6, characterized in that it contains three parts in the form of plates, wherein the outer plates are made of a magnet of the SmCo and/or alnico type, and the inner plate is made of a magnet of the NdFeB type. 10. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 6, characterized in that it contains three parts in the form of plates, wherein the outer plates are made of a magnet of the NdFeB type and/or the alnico type, and the inner plate is made of a magnet of the SmCo type. 11. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 6, characterized in that it contains three parts in the form of plates, wherein the outer plates are made of a magnet of the SmCo type, and the inner plate is made of a magnet of the NdFeB type, wherein the volume fraction of the magnets of the SmCo type is no less than 20% of the total volume of the HME, and the magnet of the NdFeB type is no more than 80% of the total volume of the HME. 12. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 6, characterized in that it contains at least two parts in the form of plates, one of which is made of a SmCo magnet and the other of a NdFeB or Alnico magnet; wherein the parts have different operating temperatures and are characterized by: the same values of coercive force with a possible deviation of no more than 2.5%; and/or the same values of residual induction with a possible deviation of no more than 2.5%; and/or the same values of the maximum energy product with a possible deviation of no more than 4%. 13. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 6, characterized in that when made from three or more parts in the form of plates, the directions of the magnetic moment of the outer (outer) parts are located perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic moment of the central permanent magnet; when made from five or more parts, at least one part located in the central part is made multilayer with the directions of the magnetic moments of adjacent layers in one part differing by 180°. 14. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 1, characterized in that the parts of the HME are made in the form of a rectangular prism, wherein the parts are connected by pole surfaces that have one or more pole planes with different orientations in space, including a transverse orientation relative to the direction of the magnetic moment of the HME, an orientation in the Halbach sequence, as well as with a deviation of the direction of the magnetic moment of adjacent parts from the longitudinal one. 15. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 14, characterized in that it is made in the form of a rectangular prism formed by three parts in the form of triangular prisms, one of which, in a section perpendicular to the rotor axis, is an isosceles triangle with a base coinciding with the long side of the rectangular prism, wherein the apex of the triangle is located at the central point on the opposite side of the rectangular prism. 16. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 15, characterized in that the part with an isosceles triangle in cross-section is made of a NdFeB type magnet, and the other two parts are made of a SmCo type magnet. 17. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 14, characterized in that it is made in the form of a rectangular prism containing two parts - a triangular and a quadrangular prism, connected along a longitudinal cross-sectional plane passing in cross-section through the corner point of the rectangular prism, located on one long side of the prism, and the central point, located on the opposite long side of the prism. 18. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 17, characterized in that the part in the form of a rectangular triangular prism is made from a magnet of the NdFeB type, and the part in the form of a quadrangular prism is made from a magnet of the SmCo type. 19. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 14, characterized in that it is made in the form of a rectangular prism formed by three parts, one of which has a T-shaped configuration in cross-section, with the other two parts located in the corner zones of the hybrid element on opposite sides from the vertical part “T”. 20. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 14, characterized in that it is made in the form of a rectangular prism formed by three parts, one of which in cross-section has a T-shaped configuration with a stepped nature of the horizontal part “T”, and with the location of the other two parts in the corner zones of the hybrid element on opposite sides from the vertical part “T”. 21. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 1, characterized in that the parts of the HME are made in the form of prisms: triangular, and/or quadrangular, and/or rectangular, and/or T-shaped, and/or stepped, wherein the parts are connected by pole surfaces that have one or more pole planes with different orientations in space, including a transverse orientation relative to the direction of the magnetic moment of the HME, an orientation in the Halbach sequence, as well as with a deviation of the direction of the magnetic moment of adjacent parts from the longitudinal one. 22. The hybrid magnetic element according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains, in at least one corner zone, at least one component focusing the magnetic flux, completely or partially overlapping the overheating zone/zones of the hybrid magnetic element and characterized by a higher value of the maximum operating temperature and a coercive force sufficient against magnetization reversal, with a direction of the magnetic moment different from the direction of the magnetic moment of the component/components of the rest of the HME located outside the overheating zone/zones. 23. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains at least two parts in the corner zones that focus the magnetic flux, which completely or partially overlap the overheating zone/zones of the hybrid magnetic element and are characterized by a higher operating temperature and a coercive force sufficient against magnetization reversal, with a direction of the magnetic moment different from the direction of the magnetic moment of the rest of the HME. 24. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 6, characterized in that magnets with different properties are in contact with each other by their polar surfaces or by their polar surfaces and additionally by their side surfaces, wherein the area of contact with the side surfaces is up to 40% of the area of the polar surfaces. 25. The hybrid magnetic element according to claim 1, characterized in that it consists of several parts in the form of rectangular prisms, arranged in at least one row, the outermost of which have a magnetic moment direction oriented toward the center of the HME, at least one part, located in the central part of the HME, has a magnetic moment direction perpendicular to the direction of the row, and the intermediate parts, which are located between the outer parts and the central part, are characterized by a transitional direction/directions of the magnetic moment/magnetic moments, wherein the outer parts completely cover the overheating zone/zones of the HME and are characterized by a higher operating temperature and a coercive force sufficient against magnetization reversal. 26. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 1, characterized in that the connection of the parts is carried out by gluing and/or due to the magnetic interaction of the magnetized parts. 27. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 1, characterized in that when a hybrid magnetic element is made from three or more parts, the parts are connected by their polar or non-polar surfaces. 28. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one part is formed from 2-5 sub-parts made from one magnetic material. 29. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 1, characterized in that the connection of the parts is made with the provision of a sequential change in the direction of the magnetic moment of adjacent parts - from the direction of the magnetic moment of at least one extreme part to the direction of the magnetic moment of the central part - with a gradual deviation at an angle of up to 90°. 30. A hybrid magnetic element according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one part of the HME is made in the form of a stepped rectangular prism, which, with its pole surface, is transverse to the direction of the magnetic moment of the HME. 31. A rotor of an electric machine containing a magnetic field element (GME), characterized in that the chemical composition of the material of the GME parts, the number of parts, their shape, size and arrangement order within the GME, as well as the arrangement pattern of the GME in the rotor of the electric machine are selected with the possibility of preventing demagnetization under the influence of magnetic fields acting on at least one GME part located in the overheating zone of the rotor of the electric machine, while ensuring the specified operational characteristics of the electric machine in the operating range of rotor speeds; wherein at least one part of the magnetic field element located in the rotor overheating zone forms a magnetically hard zone characterized by the values of the parameters (BH)max - maximum energy product up to 445 kJ/ ^m3 , Br - residual induction up to 1.5 T, Hcj - the value of the coercive force by magnetization up to 35 kOe, Hcb - the value of the coercive force by induction up to 15 kOe, and an operating temperature of up to 550°C. 32. The rotor according to paragraph 31, characterized in that the volume of overlap of the zone of possible overheating of the rotor of the electric machine is not less than 1.1 times to 20 times. 33. A method for forming a GME for the rotor of an electric machine, characterized in that set the operating parameters of the electric machine, including the nominal and peak values of the electric machine power and torque, the values of currents in the stator winding, as well as the dependence of the listed parameters on the rotor speed, zones of possible overheating of the rotor of the electric machine are determined, taking into account which a package is formed from at least two parts made of magnetic materials connected to each other, the chemical composition of the material of the magnetic component parts, the number of parts, their shape, size and order of arrangement in the magnetic component, as well as the arrangement pattern of the magnetic component in the rotor of the electric machine are selected with the possibility of ensuring the prevention of demagnetization under the influence of magnetic fields acting on at least one part of the magnetic component located in the overheating zone of the rotor of the electric machine, while ensuring the specified operational characteristics of the electric machine in the operating range of rotor speeds; wherein at least one part of the magnetic field element located in the rotor overheating zone forms a magnetically hard zone characterized by the values of the parameters (BH)max - maximum energy product, up to 445 kJ/ ^m3 , Br - residual induction up to 1.5 T, Hcj - the value of the coercive force by magnetization, up to 35 kOe, Hcb - the value of the coercive force by induction up to 15 kOe, and an operating temperature of up to 550°C.