RU2724071C1 - Piston engine and method of using fuel in piston engine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: machine building.SUBSTANCE: group of inventions relates to transport machine building and can be used in automobiles, tractors and other vehicles and in transport-process machines operated at variable loads in start-stop mode at low negative temperatures. Essence of inventions consists in the fact that in turn the working strokes are performed in the beginning on the basis of working medium expansion in the form of steam-air mixture of fuel, as in the single-action steam machine, and then based on expansion of combustion products of said mixture, as in internal combustion engine (ICE), wherein the fuel used is a monobasic biobutanol alcohol in view of its preferred energy, environmental and application properties, in particular a freezing point of −114 °C. Method can be implemented in a single-cylinder engine with 6-stroke cycle, in a single-cylinder direct-flow engine with 2-cycle cycle with a longitudinal by blowdown, in two-cylinder engine with two consecutive 4-cycle cycles. In all embodiments, higher thermal efficiency due to rational use of heat, simplified design by combining fuel circulation systems and working medium, simplified maintenance and operation and eliminated toxicity of exhaust due to use of single fuel and working body in form of biobutanol alcohol.EFFECT: technical result is increase in engine efficiency and increase in its service life.6 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to a transport mechanical engineering and can be used in automobiles, tractors and other transport and transport-technological machines operating at variable loads in a start-stop mode and at low negative temperatures.

A 4-stroke combined engine is known, in one (main) cylinder of which the processes of the first three cycles proceed in the usual manner, that is, suction, compression, and stroke occur, but at the end of the stroke water is injected into the cylinder, which evaporates in an atmosphere of hot combustion products and exhaust occurs in the second (additional) cylinder of larger diameter. The expanding steam, having the same pressure in both cylinders, presses on the piston of the additional cylinder with greater force and this difference creates additional torque on the motor shaft. When the first three cycles are repeated in the main cylinder, the piston of the additional cylinder does not perform any work after pushing the exhaust gas-vapor mixture into the muffler (RU No. 2338076, IPC F02B 41/06, F02B 47/02, publ. 10.11.2008).

The disadvantages of the engine are the backpressure that occurs at the initial moment of injection of the injected water, the loss of mechanical energy to overcome the friction and inertia forces during idle movements of the additional piston, the emission of a gas-vapor mixture with a significant heat reserve, the presence of two fuel and working fluid supply systems, the use of water, freezing at 0 ° С, inadequate engine starting procedure.

Known 6-stroke engine B. Crower, implemented on the basis of a 4-stroke internal combustion engine with the addition of a water injection system into the cylinders at the end of the exhaust stroke after closing the exhaust valve. To the usual 4 strokes of the internal combustion engine, 2 strokes were added in the steam engine mode, during which, after the expansion of the steam formed in the cylinder was completed, it was released through a separate exhaust valve (USA 2007/0022977 A1 USA, MKI F01B 29/04. Method and apparatus for operating an internal combustion engine / Crower HB, 2007).

The disadvantages of the known engine are the need for additional equipment for storage and circulation of water, the use of distilled water, freezing at 0 ° C, the use of non-renewable fuels of petroleum origin.

Closest to the claimed invention by technical features is a method of using ICE energy, which consists in converting the liquid passed through the cylinder cooling system into steam by taking heat from the outer walls of the cylinders and heat from the exhaust gases, superheated steam is supplied to the receiver, from which it is sent through the inlet valve to the cylinder, where it performs the expansion work, then through the exhaust valve into the condenser it is returned to the cooling system in liquid form, while the cylinder, in addition to the steam valves, is equipped with two valves for controlling the operation of the internal combustion engine, and the electronic valve control system is arranged with the ability to switch the engine either to work in the engine mode or to work in the steam engine mode of simple action (RU No. 2491430, IPC F02B 47/02, F02M 25/03, published on 08.27.2013).

The disadvantages of the method are the presence of a traditional system for condensing spent steam, the presence of two independent fuel circulation systems for internal combustion engines and a working fluid for a steam engine and the use of two substances for the steam and fuel circuit.

The technical result of the claimed invention is to more fully recover the heat of combustion products and exhaust steam, eliminate toxic emissions into the atmosphere, simplify the design of the power plant and increase its life, simplify maintenance and operation procedures, especially at low negative climatic temperatures.

The claimed technical result is achieved by heating the fuel with its combustion products, using a renewable substance as a fuel-working fluid that does not produce toxic products during combustion, combining the expansion of steam with the process of preparing the working mixture for the ICE cycle, combining parts of the fuel and steam circuit.

The essence of the invention lies in the fact that alternately operating cycles are carried out initially on the basis of the expansion of the working fluid in the form of a steam-air mixture of fuel, as in a simple steam engine, and then on the basis of the expansion of the combustion products of this mixture, as in ICE, using a monoatomic fuel alcohol biobutanol due to its preferred energy, environmental and applicative qualities, in particular, freezing point -114 ° C. The method can be implemented in a single-cylinder engine with a 6-stroke cycle, in a single-cylinder ramjet engine with a 2-cycle cycle with longitudinal blowing, in a two-cylinder engine with two consecutive 4-cycle cycles. In all cases, an increase in thermal efficiency is achieved due to the rational use of heat, the design is simplified by combining the fuel and working fluid circulation systems, maintenance and operation are simplified, and exhaust toxicity is eliminated through the use of a single fuel and working fluid in the form of biobutanol alcohol, and all options allow multi-cylinder layout.

The invention is illustrated graphically (Fig. 1-3). In FIG. 1 shows a structural diagram of an apparatus for implementing the inventive method of using fuel and a working fluid in a variant of a single-cylinder engine with a 6-stroke cycle, comprising a cylinder 1 with a piston 2 and a crank mechanism, an intake valve 3, an injector (nozzle) 4, a glow plug 5 , a heating casing 6, a turbocharger 7-8, a fuel pump 9, a fuel tank 10 and a starter, a heat exchanger 11, flues 12-13, a pipe 14, an air duct 15, an exhaust valve 16.

Installation works as follows. When the piston 2 moves down and the valve 3 is open, the compressor 7 pumps air into the cylinder 1. The reverse movement with the valves closed, the piston 2 compresses the air, which leads to some heating. Near TDC, injector 4 injects a portion of atomized fuel, which, due to contact with the internal surfaces of the cylinder-piston group (CPG) and heated air, evaporates and, in the process of expansion, the air-vapor mixture makes a working stroke, moving piston 2 to BDC. The reverse movement of the piston 2 compresses the somewhat cooled air-vapor mixture. Near TDC, a spark plug fires, the mixture ignites, and the expanding combustion products make a second working stroke. The reverse movement upward when the valve 16 opens, the piston 2 pushes the hot products of combustion into the turbine 8, then into the heating casing 6, into the heater body 11 and into the atmosphere. Thus, in the considered embodiment, in the engine cylinder from 6 completed cycles of 2 cycles, the workers (the ratio is 1: 3), in contrast to the usual 4-stroke ICE (the ratio is 1: 4).

In FIG. 2 shows a structural diagram of an apparatus for implementing the claimed method of using fuel and a working fluid in a variant of a single-cylinder ramjet with longitudinal blowing with a 2-stroke cycle, comprising a cylinder 1 with a piston 2 and a crank mechanism, an intake valve 3, an injector (nozzle) 4, a spark plug 5, an exhaust window and a heating casing 6, a turbocharger 7-8, a fuel pump 9, a fuel tank 10 and a starter, a heat exchanger (heater) 11, flues 12-13, a pipe 14, an air duct 15, an inlet valve 16. On FIG. 2 also shows a vertical section through the valve 3 perpendicular to the plane of the drawing.

Installation works as follows. When the piston 2 moves from TDC down, the inlet valve 3 opens and the cylinder is filled with air from the crankcase or is pumped by the compressor, depending on the stage of operation. In this case, a longitudinal purge of the cylinder is made from valve 3 to the exhaust window in the cylinder wall. When the piston moves backward, valve 3 closes and air is compressed. When the piston approaches TDC, injector 4 injects a portion of fuel into the air heated by compression, which evaporates, pushes the piston down and a steam stroke occurs. At a certain fraction of it (for example, 1/3), candle 5 is activated, the vapor-air mixture ignites and the stroke continues due to the expansion of the combustion products. When the piston reaches the level of the outlet window, valve 3 opens and purge occurs with a possible partial release of purge air into the exhaust channel. When the piston moves back up, everything repeats. When you start the engine using an electric starter or other device, everything happens in a forced manner, and after some warming up of the CPG parts, the work becomes self-sustaining. The combustion products through the duct 12 are sent to the turbine 8, from it through the duct 13 to the heating casing 6, the coil heater of fuel 11 and the exhaust into the atmosphere. Thus, in the engine of the considered circuit, combined working strokes are performed on each revolution of the engine shaft (1: 2), it is preferable to perform it with an elongated cylinder in order to increase the duration of the expansion stages of the vapor and gas phases.

In FIG. 3 presents a structural diagram of an apparatus for implementing the claimed method of using fuel and a working fluid in a variant of a two-cylinder engine with two consecutive 4-stroke cycles, comprising a steam PM cylinder 1 with a piston 2, an ICE cylinder 3 with a piston 4, a heating casing 5, a cooling jacket 6 in the form of a tight-fitting coil, an inlet (air) valve 7, an exhaust valve 8, an injector (nozzle) 9, an exhaust valve 10, an intake valve 11, an ignition plug 12. The pistons of the cylinders are connected to the antiphase cranks by connecting rods. External devices are represented by a turbocharger 13-14, a fuel heater 15, a fuel pump 16 and a fuel tank 17. The installation includes a starter 18, a bypass duct 19, a duct 20, a pipe 21, a duct 22.

Installation works as follows. When the PM piston moves down and the valve 7 is open, the compressor 14 fills the PM cylinder with air. With the reverse movement, the valve 7 closes and the piston 2 compresses the air, which is accompanied by some of its heating. Near TDC, the injector 9 injects atomized fuel into the cylinder, which, in contact with the heated parts of the CPG and heated air, evaporates, overheats and, expanding, moves the piston 2 down, that is, makes a working stroke. When the piston 2 moves back to TDC and open valves 8 and 11, the continued expansion of the air-steam mixture is pushed into the internal combustion engine cylinder, where an additional working stroke is performed.

During the next half-turn, the piston 2 goes down and the cylinder 1 is filled with air, and the piston 4 goes up, compressing the vapor-air mixture. Near TDC, the candle 12 is triggered, the mixture ignites and the ICE-working stroke is performed. At the same time, air is compressed in the PM cylinder and fuel is injected into it. Next, in the internal combustion engine cylinder, the exhaust valve 10 opens and combustion products are released, and a working stroke is made in the PM cylinder. The ratio of working moves to their total number is 1: 4. The products of combustion from cylinder 3 pass along the route "gas duct 20 - turbine 13 - heating casing 5 - heater body 15 - exhaust pipe", or along the route "gas duct 20 - turbine 13 - heater 15 - heating casing 5 - exhaust pipe" depending on specific design decisions of the installation. Exhaust gases are a mixture of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and other gases contained in air (excluding oxygen) and water vapor. All of these substances with respect to the Earth’s atmosphere are recyclable, not redundant and inherently environmentally friendly.

Compared with the known methods, the presented one provides a more complete recovery of the heat of combustion products and exhaust steam, elimination of toxic emissions into the atmosphere, simplifying the design of the power plant and increasing its life, simplifying maintenance and operation procedures, especially at low negative climatic temperatures.

Claims (6)

1. The method of application of fuel in a piston engine, which consists in the fact that the fuel is used by burning a piston engine in the cylinder and expanding its combustion products to complete the stroke and obtain mechanical work, followed by removal of the combustion products, while the working fluid is introduced into the cylinder, evaporate it is due to the heat of the cylinder wall and steam expansion is used to complete the working stroke and obtain mechanical work, characterized in that fuel is used as the working fluid, while in the cylinder, using the injector and turbocharger, they form air through contact with the preheated cylinder wall - a steam mixture of the working fluid and, by expanding it, make a working stroke to obtain mechanical work, then the same mixture in subsequent piston strokes is reused by burning with a glow plug and expanding the combustion products to complete the working stroke and obtain mechanical work with subsequent removal products of combustion and their use for regeneration of residual thermal energy by actuating a turbocharger, heating the cylinder at the stage of evaporation of the working fluid, heating the working fluid before being fed into the cylinder, for which the cylinder is provided with a covering heating casing into which the combustion products enter after their kinetic actuation energy in the turbocharger, as well as the coil heat exchanger, which is heated by the combustion products passing through the heating casing, and from which they are discharged through the exhaust pipe into the atmosphere. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the steam and gas stages of the cycle are carried out in one working stroke by igniting the steam-air mixture after performing the calculated part of the steam stage. 3. The method according to p. 2, characterized in that the removal of combustion products at the end of the stroke is carried out through the exhaust window in the cylinder wall and is combined with the air supply to the cylinder. 4. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the combustion products pass along the route "gas duct - turbine - heating casing - heater body - exhaust pipe" or along the route "gas duct - turbine - heater body - exhaust pipe" depending on the specific design installation decisions. 5. A piston engine containing a cylinder with a piston placed inside it, compressing the air when moving to top dead center, with the possibility of injecting a portion of fuel into compressed air, generating fuel vapor, expanding it, transferring the expansion piston to the piston and then burning expanded fuel vapor. 6. The engine according to claim 5, characterized in that it contains an additional cylinder, while the cylinders are interconnected by a gas duct, the expansion of fuel vapor is carried out in one cylinder, the expanded steam-air mixture is passed into the other cylinder through the gas duct, and the vapor-air mixture is ignited in the other cylinder .

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