RU2478165C2 - Formation method of root layer of surface of dumps formed with open mining of mineral deposits for biological reclamation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mining.

SUBSTANCE: root layer is formed due to removal, loading, transportation and application to the dump surface of overburden rocks from top overburden bench, which consist of fertile soil layer and basement rocks. Then, vegetation cover is formed using the planting material treated with complex biological preparation.

EFFECT: reduction of reclamation periods; increase in durability of cultivated forest and grassy ranges on reclamated lands.

Description

The invention relates to open pit mining, in particular to the reclamation of technologically disturbed territories.

Existing open-pit coal mining technologies include stripping and placing them on internal and external dumps with subsequent technical and biological reclamation. Technical reclamation (GOST 17.5.3.04-83, 17.502-65) provides for the selective or gross formation of dumps, their flattening after sedimentation and cooling of the rock, the application of a potentially fertile overburden layer with PPS 1-2 m thick, the application of a fertile soil layer PSP with a thickness of 0, 2-0.5 m with a flat surface and subsequent sowing of herbs, shrubs and trees. The process is time-consuming, time-consuming and environmentally inefficient. For this reason, reclamation of disturbed territories is carried out by mining enterprises under an abbreviated program, mainly by gross formation of dumps with subsequent flattening and preparation of areas for self-growth. In extreme conditions of Central Siberia, the process of self-growth of mountain dumps is complicated by a re-compacted surface layer with a specific composition of rocks, with complex and generally unfavorable conditions for plant growth, and can last for many years.

The fertile layer of soil removed from the surface of mountain allotments is not used for restoration for a long time (sometimes more than 20 years) and is stored unclaimed in piles, turning into a low-fertile, lifeless mineral substrate, occupying vast areas of agricultural land. Biological reclamation on potentially fertile overconsolidated overburden, from which the root layer of dumps is practically formed, is relatively successful in the first 5-10 years, provided sufficient moisture is provided. An increase in the biological mass of the plant community of dumps increases the nutrient demand of plants, a nutritional deficiency appears, and the plants are oppressed and die.

I.V. Treschevsky (1981) recommends growing under such conditions plantations of anti-erosion, recreational and sanitary-hygienic nature. Landing on the Kursk magnetic anomaly, in his opinion, is not justified (layer up to 50 cm), because within 8-10 years, tree species die without intensive care. To improve the forest-growing properties of the soil, the author considers it necessary to ensure the formation of an upper root-inhabiting layer with underlying loam or a humus layer. To do this, it is advisable to form layered soils with a buried fertile layer up to 30-50 cm under the sand. But even this method of reclamation does not give the expected effect on the longevity of forest growing communities in reclaimed territories in the climatic conditions of Siberia.

The aim of the invention is to reduce the timing of reclamation, increase the durability of cultivated forest and herbaceous plantations in the reclaimed territories and reduce the cost of reclamation.

The goal is achieved by creating a root-inhabited layer on the surface of dumps formed from underlying rocks with the introduction of a fertile soil layer (humus accumulative technozem) with a thickness of at least 2 m from the overburden ledge with subsequent planting and sowing of planting material treated with a complex biological product.

In practice, the method is implemented by mining equipment used in mining enterprises for mining. The first overburden ledge is removed with an excavator or other mechanisms with loading onto vehicles or feeding onto the surface of the blade using other methods. In the process of loading, unloading and re-excavation of the overburden of the first ledge on the surface of the dumps, intensive mixing of the upper fertile soil layer and underlying rocks occurs. The root-inhabited layer of dumps created in this way is saturated to the entire thickness with an organo-mineral (soil) complex. In the process of overgrowing of dumps, plant communities penetrate the depths of the root layer of the root layer and add microbiota (watermelon mycorrhiza, cyanides, associative bacteria, actinomycetes, etc.) to their roots, which can activate the organo-mineral complex of the root layer of dumps to meet the growing needs necessary for long-term functioning of plant communities.

Claims (1)

A method of forming a root layer on the surface of dumps formed by open pit mining for biological reclamation, characterized in that the root layer is formed by creating a humus-accumulating technozem by introducing the upper fertile soil layer into the underlying rocks while removing, loading, transporting and applying the upper overburden ledge on the surface of the dump with a thickness of at least 2 m, followed by the formation of vegetation using planting material treated with a complex biological product.