RU2338368C1 - Vegetation system for microclimate generation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: vegetation system for microclimate generation comprises a wind-protective barrier on the land site perimeter, valves for feeding the pipe coming out of a water accumulating tank and going into a pump with a pressure pipe. The pressure pipe is connected to distribution pipes fitted with moisturising sprayers. Automatic control system comprises a master controller and sensors controlling moisture and temperature. The vegetation system includes hydraulic accumulator, continuous heater and column. The column is fitted with movable part for distribution pipes, this part can be rotated around its vertical axis by turbine part of separate hydrodynamic drive mounted in it. The drive is equipped with a discharging pipe which is connected to the feeding pipe having the first valve before the pump inlet. The hydraulic accumulator and continuous heater are cut sequentially into the pressure pipe with a branching at the heater outlet. One branch of the pressure pipe is connected to the upper part of the hydraulic accumulator by a discharging manifold, another branch is connected by the second valve to the turbine part and manifold inlet having the third valve with the outlet connected to the distribution pipes inlets. The distribution pipes are made in the form of cantilevers with moisturising sprayers along the total length.

EFFECT: generation and support of improved microclimate for fast vegetation and sound fruiting of agricultural crops.

11 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, namely, complexes for creating a microclimate for accelerated and experimental production of high crop yields in open ground (without shelters from the sun), as well as for the vegetative propagation of plants valuable to people. The system can also be used for growing mushroom or grape snail crops, as It improves environmental conditions.

We find improved conditions in nature at waterfalls and dumping dams. At the bottom, even along steep banks, lush vegetation grows and bears fruit much better than those plants that grow along the banks of these same rivers. We know about fabulous conditions all year round in the caldera of Uzon volcano (hot geysers of Kamchatka). Improved plant conditions are often obtained on a plot of land on the sunny side of a high, deaf fence.

Under the conditions of a phytotron on an area of 6 m ² (see Proceedings of the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Reports of the work of Professor, Doctor of Biological Sciences Petinova NS, 1965-1975), they achieved accelerated vegetation with obtaining unusually high and high-quality wheat crops with full use of energy special lamps that simulate the spectrum of rays and the energy of the sun. At the same time, the IGF of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and other scientists working with various cultures have repeatedly verified that a rapidly, prolific developing plant should surround the moistened (on average up to 80% relative humidity), warm, but not overheated, humidified and stagnant air of greenhouses and greenhouses . The soil should be aerated (structural pores open).

It has been verified over many years of practice in open ground (since 1960) in the GBS of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR: improved natural conditions can only be achieved in open ground, protected from the wind, with metered spraying to a state of fog of prepared water. Prepared is considered water stored in a storage tank (tank), heated in the sun, with the addition of micro and macro elements.

Known irrigation devices ("Frigate" and "Volzhanka") having consoles with nozzles for the exit of irrigation water. In designs, the rotation of the consoles is provided due to the reactive power of the jet of water emerging from the extreme irrigation nozzles. These devices are designed for quick irrigation of the pasture area, as it turns out in nature with heavy rain. The devices are moved to another irrigation area after 20-30 minutes of irrigation. A longer pasture irrigation will harm deep waterlogging, (salinization) or soil erosion. With such devices, it is impossible to obtain environmental improvements for plants, because they are intended only for spraying water over the area for the shortest period.

A device for vegetative irrigation is known (UK patent No. 1241325, class A1E, 1971) to improve the conditions of plant growth and development (in greenhouses or hotbeds) by intermittent spraying of water. The device has a piping system with water sprayers, solenoid valves (breakers). The system control unit provides intermittent water supply to the nebulizers, i.e. reduces rainfall from various sensors.

Improving the conditions for plants in greenhouses and hotbeds provide an additional pipe system for heating the soil.

There are many pipes, piping systems and sprayers in greenhouses and greenhouses (at least 1 m and 1 pc.) Per square meter of usable area. A greenhouse or greenhouse economy is expensive in construction, and during summer operation, in addition to irrigation automation, ventilation automation is required, as well as disinfection and shading of the premises.

The closest set of essential features to the proposed invention is an evaporative cooling and after-humidification system (S.I.O.D.), designed for finely dispersed water spraying in greenhouses to maintain temperature and humidity conditions (the system is offered by Fito LLC, email address Internet site http://www.fito-agro.ru/siod.htm). The system comprises a water reservoir connected by a supply water pipe to a pump, the outlet of which is connected to a pressure pipe equipped with a filter and connected to a distribution network with nozzles. The system includes an ACS containing a control controller, humidity and temperature sensors.

S.I.O.D. has the following disadvantages:

- the possibility of use only for short-term cooling and humidification of air in the greenhouse;

- low efficiency of heat removal and evaporation in the air, provided by a fine cloud of water (droplet size 0.15 mm);

- waterlogging of the soil during prolonged or frequent operation of the system;

- the impossibility of heating the environment due to the heat of moisturizing water during periods of cooling;

- the presence of a large number of pipes in the distribution network, leading to the formation of a large amount of condensate, which provokes intense drops;

- inefficient use of solar energy and its spectrum due to losses and dispersion when passing through glass or film shelters;

- the ineffectiveness of methods of growing plants in sheltered soil during the hot season and, as a result, the high cost of farmed products;

- high water consumption.

The objective of the invention is the creation and maintenance of an improved microclimate for accelerated vegetation and healthy fruiting of crops, giving a significantly greater yield in open ground in a sheltered area from the wind.

The technical results of the invention (while reducing the cost of farmed products) are:

- reduction of water consumption by 15 ÷ 20 times;

- decrease in the amount of electricity consumed by 3 ÷ 6 times;

- creation and maintenance of a flexible temperature and humidity regime through the use of a large heat capacity of water equal to 4200 J / kg ° C, i.e. when cooling 1 g at 1 ° C, 4.2 J of heat is released (when cooling at 80 ° C, 336 J of heat is released) and a large specific heat of vaporization of water equal to 2,300,000 J / kg ° C, i.e. upon evaporation of 1 g, 2,300 J of heat is taken from the environment.

This mode provides:

- Improvement of round-the-clock conditions for the growth and development of plants in spring, summer and autumn;

- the possibility of prolonged cooling (frost) to heat the surface air and soil to 16 ÷ 18 ° C and at night, while maintaining aeration of the soil;

- efficient use of solar energy in open ground all daylight hours;

- the possibility of directed stimulation of plant development by the method described in A.S. No. 695633 from 02/01/1977;

- Unprecedented harvests of environmentally friendly products in the natural environment of open ground.

These technical results are achieved by the fact that in the well-known vegetation system for creating a microclimate, containing a windbreak around the perimeter of the land, valves, a supply pipe coming out of the water reservoir and entering the pump with a pressure pipe connected to distribution pipes equipped with humidifying nozzles, automated a control system comprising a control controller and humidity and temperature sensors, an additional column, a pressure accumulator and a flow heater are additionally introduced. Distribution pipes are made in the form of consoles. The column has a movable part for placing the consoles, rotatably relative to its vertical axis from the installed turbine part of a separate hydrodynamic drive equipped with a drain pipe, which is connected to a supply pipe having a first valve in front of the pump inlet. In this case, the accumulator and the flow heater are sequentially cut into a pressure pipe having a branch at the heater outlet. One branch is connected through the branch pipe to the upper part of the accumulator. The other branch through the second valve is connected to the turbine part of the hydraulic actuator and to the third valve, the outlet of which through the pipe is connected to the inlets of the consoles, the humidifying nozzles of which are located along their entire length. A sensor for the movement of distribution pipes has been introduced into the ACS. To control operation from the ACS, all of these valves have an electromagnetic drive.

For balanced mechanical operation of the movable part, as well as for a more uniform and simultaneous distribution of moisture throughout the wetted area, the cantilevers are placed on the diametrically opposite sides of the movable part of the column and fixed on cables. In this case, the steps between the nozzles corresponding to the order overlap each other, and the size of the subsequent steps decreases with distance from the center of rotation.

In order for the bulk of the water to be atomized to a state of fog, have minimal gravity and, as it were, float, mixing with air at the surface of the earth, use anti-jet nozzles. In this design, the jets facing each other mutually inhibit the rapid flow of water under pressure, so their flow rate is 3 ÷ 5 times less than the flow rate of outgoing jets from any nozzle of the deflector type (the jet hits the reflector-deflector).

To eliminate the clogging of nozzle nozzles, they are placed on vertical sump pipes embedded in the console. At the same time, sump pipes have a height of at least 200 mm.

For additional humidification of the air of the zone enclosed by a wind-shelter, the nozzles installed at the nozzles closest to the center of rotation and farthest from the nozzle are located at a height of at least 1500 mm from the ground.

To prepare the water and give it the best (living) properties, it is passed through a magnetizer installed on a section of the pressure pipe between the outlet of the second valve and its branching.

For a more complete use of the energy and spectrum of the sun over the entire area of the zone, the windbreak is made transparent.

For reliable retention of the smallest particles of water in the spray zone, as well as for protecting plants from birds and hail, a non-metallic mesh is fixed along the upper edge of the wind-shelter.

For a greater crushing of the sprayed water emerging from the nozzles and for keeping smaller water fog in the enclosure area, a high-voltage source of static electricity (at least 10 kV) is used. The voltage from a high voltage source of one or another polarity is supplied using a waterproof wire (MGTF), the pointed end of which, the electrode, is placed in the spray zone of the water of each nozzle. An example of such an arrangement is given in the description of A.S. No. 1369818 (an anti-jet design sprinkler with an induction electrode). In this case, water particles divide, trying to get a single charge, and its molecules are balanced and structured. They are attracted to all surfaces of plants, transmit an electric charge and, thereby, activate plant cells for a certain activity.

When using a backup pump connected in parallel with the main one, it is necessary to introduce the fourth and fifth valves, respectively installed at the outlet of each pump.

The invention is illustrated by the drawings shown in figures 1-5.

Figure 1 shows the General scheme of the vegetation system.

Figure 2 and 3 presents a top view and side view of the system.

Figure 4 is a cross section of an oncoming jet nozzle at the water outlet.

Figure 5 is a cross section of a sector counter-jet nozzle at the water outlet.

Figure 1-3 shows a vegetation system with a windproof barrier 1 around the perimeter of the irrigated land plot 2, a water accumulator 3 with an outlet pipe 4 provided with a first valve 5 installed in front of the pump inlet 6. The pump outlet is connected to the pressure pipe 7 , into which the accumulator 8 (volume 1.5 ÷ 3 m ³ ) and the flow heater 9 are sequentially inserted. The pressure pipe branches out from the heater output. One branch of it is connected to the upper part of the accumulator by means of a pipe 10, and the other, equipped with a second valve 11, has another branching. Moreover, the first branch is connected to the guide apparatus 12, and the second branch, equipped with a third valve 13, is connected through the pipe 14 to the inlet of the pipe consoles 15 and 16. The guide apparatus 12 has a certain position with respect to the turbine 17 of the separate hydrodynamic drive of the movable part 18 of the column. The turbine 17 is placed in a fixed part 19 of this column, mounted on the ground using the legs 20. The exit from the turbine 17 is connected to a drain pipe 21, which is connected to the supply pipe 4.

Pipe consoles 15, 16 with humidifying nozzles 22 and 23 located on them along their entire length are placed on the moving part 18 of the column. Nozzles 22 and 23 (2 pcs.) Are respectively placed on vertical sump pipes 24 and 25 (2 pcs.) Embedded in the pipe consoles. One of the branch pipes 25 is the closest to the center of rotation of the moving part of the column (placed on the pipe console 16), and the other is the most distant from the center of rotation (placed on the pipe console 15), while they provide a nozzle height of at least 1500 mm from the level land. Other branch pipes 24 have a height of at least 200 mm. The tube consoles 15 and 16 are placed on the diametrically opposite sides of the movable part 18 of the column and are mounted on cables 26. The cables are made of a thin steel rope d = 3 mm with a minimum metal surface, which significantly reduces the suspension area that prevents spraying and, accordingly, reduces the number condensing water, and therefore, drops in the spray zone, which creates the same watering conditions for all crops grown.

The nozzles are located on the pipe consoles 15 and 16 so that the steps between the nozzles corresponding in order are made with the overlap of the steps between the nozzles on the other console, and the length of the adjacent steps decreases with distance from the center of rotation.

The nozzles 22 located on the nozzles 24 have an anti-jet design, their outlet openings are directed at each other, as shown in Fig. 4. The design of these nozzles provides a minimum water flow rate (6 ÷ 12 l / h at a water pressure in the pipes 1 ÷ 4 ati), because oncoming flows restrain each other with a small gap of ~ 0.5 mm between the ends of 27 coaxial outlet openings of equal diameter 0.5 ÷ 0.8 mm. During the operation of nozzles, the bulk of the water is sprayed to a state of fog, having minimal gravity, floats at the surface of the earth. The nozzles 23 located on the nozzles 25 have an oncoming jet design of a sector type, as shown in (FIG. 5). For these nozzles, the axes 28 of the outlet openings are located at an angle of 160-179 degrees to each other, which makes it possible to direct the fog to a sector area with a larger radius than using nozzles located on the nozzles 24.

When using a high-voltage source of static electricity 29, voltage is applied in the area of the land to the sprayed water, for example, as described in the description of A.S. No. 1369818 from 04/14/1986, while on all branch pipes-sumps 24 and 25, nozzles of the counter-jet construction of a sector type are installed.

A limited land plot 2, round or square, is fenced by a transparent windproof barrier 1 (for example, from a plastic film). The barrier prevents the blowing of air warmed by the sun in this zone. A windproof barrier with a height of 3 ÷ 3.5 m provides an increase in air temperature in the zone (20 × 20 m ² ) of water spray by 3 ÷ 4 ° C, prevents the blowing of floating water fog. It is an additional humidifier of the spray zone, as the nozzle 23 farthest from the center of rotation is washing the barrier 1 with water, sending a cloud of fog to the corners 30 of the square spray zone. The distance (~ 0.2 m) from the windproof barrier 1 to the ends of the pipe consoles 15 or 16 ensures their free movement (see figure 3).

To better retain the smallest particles in the zone of water spraying on the upper edge of the transparent windproof barrier, a non-metallic mesh 31 is fixed.

Digital sensors are located in the water spray zone: temperature 32, humidity 33, displacement 34, which give signals to the controllers 35 included in the ACS 36. The use of the ACS allows improving the conditions for plants in the open ground under various weather changes in spring, summer and autumn. ACS interrupts the system during rain.

The magnetizer 37 is installed on the section of the pressure pipe between the outlet of the second valve and its branching.

The system can rotate the pipe consoles 15 and 16 with water spraying due to the accumulated pressure in the accumulator 8 with the pump 6 turned off. This reduces the energy consumption consumed by the system (minimum pump motor power ~ 1.5 kW).

During the operation of the system, pump 6 is used for a short period of time to periodically pump pressure in the accumulator 8. The control system receives signals from humidity and air temperature sensors of the land plot 2, gives signals to open valves 11 and 13 to spray water and move the pipe arms 15 and 16 from the accumulated pressure accumulator 8. These inclusions of spraying water, in practice, will be at least 15 minutes later.

The most difficult period of plant life occurs during cooling and freezing. Under these conditions, the microclimate is provided by the vegetation system in the regime with intensive heating of water.

On command from the ACS, the pump 6 is turned on and the third valve 13 is closed. At the same time, in the closed pipe communications 7 and 21, the maximum heating of all circulating water is provided (up to 95 ÷ 98 ° C). Then, a command is issued from the ACS to open the third valve 13. Hot water enters the nozzles 22 and 23. Heat losses will occur, but over a short length of the console 16 (1.5 m from valve 13 to the first nozzle). With fine spraying to a state of floating fog, a large amount of heat is generated, because there is a sharp pressure drop at the nozzle exit. At the same time, at least 336,000 Joules of heat is released (the minimum flow rate of each nozzle is 6 l / h, the flow rate of ten nozzles is 60 l / h, i.e. the flow rate over a section with an area of 400 m ² is 1 l / min, or heat is transferred per minute from 1 liter of water).

The air above the fenced area is heated to 16-18 ° C. The valve 13 for spraying hot water turns on every 5 minutes for 1 minute. Over 5 hours of frost, at least 50 inclusions occur, i.e. no more than 50 liters of hot water will be sprayed over the entire site. Half of the water will evaporate in the air, while the conditional average rainfall intensity will be no more than 1.25 mm / cm ² per hour. Thus, during frosts, even with the indicated intensive protective spraying of water, soil aeration is ensured, and conditions for plants in the open ground are improved.

When agricultural work in the proposed system, it is possible to remove sections of the windproof barrier for the use of small-sized equipment.

By combining several systems, it is possible to create a complex consisting of 10-12 cells separated by a wind-shelter barrier with different conditions for plants. This is relevant for experimental work and the transfer of famous experiments from the phytotron to open ground.

The swivel column used in the system is manufactured in the factory. Nozzles, solenoid valves (CBMs), a hydraulic accumulator (expansion unit of the DUKLA company), fittings, plastic pipes, a magnetizer, as well as controllers (PLC 150 of the Russian company OVEN), sensors and other system equipment are purchased.

Compared with the greenhouse complex, the system is much cheaper due to:

- reduction of installation time (the first installation of the system is carried out by two people in 4 ÷ 6 days);

- lack of costs for the use of expensive equipment during installation (cranes, etc. are not used);

- lack of costs for equipment for greenhouses (glass, drives for opening transoms, closing shading shutters, etc.);

- savings on sprayers and other reagents;

- the absence of the need for mechanized planning of the site (the column with consoles can be rotated in areas with large slopes and uneven ground surfaces).

The need for:

- metal structures 6-9 times;

- pipes 3 ÷ 6 times;

- nozzles 10 ÷ 15 times;

- valves 10 ÷ 15 times.

Therefore, the total cost of construction is reduced by more than 25 ÷ 30 times.

The technical result is achieved through the use of a closed, circulating stream of water to rotate the columns with consoles spraying fog. The system allows you to:

1. Heat all water to the required temperature (95 ÷ 98 °).

2. To ensure the spraying of hot water over the entire area of the land plot with insignificant heat losses.

3. Rationally use the calorific value, reducing the consumption of water consumed by more than ten times.

4. Provide real opportunities to directionally stimulate plant development with the help of minor floating sediments.

In the proposed vegetation system, water is used simultaneously to improve the living conditions of plants and to drive the movement of nozzles spraying water in circular sectors. Other drives will not rationally solve the tasks, because it will be difficult and expensive to bring the necessary heat into the spray zone.

The main difference between the proposed system and any other irrigation, watering or vegetation systems is that it can work in open ground on plants around the clock from spring to autumn.

When the system is operated in hot hours, 80% of the sprayed water is consumed for humidification and cooling of the surface air, while ~ 10% envelops the surface of plants and lies on the surface of the soil. Thus, an excessive amount of water is not consumed, the need for it is reduced by 15-20 times. The aeration of the soil is ensured, and most importantly, the full use of the energy and spectrum of the sun's rays is ensured during hot hours, which determines accelerated, healthy vegetation and unusually high yields.

Claims (11)

1. A vegetation system for creating a microclimate, comprising a windproof fence around the perimeter of the land, valves, a supply pipe coming out of the water reservoir and entering the pump with a pressure pipe connected to distribution pipes equipped with humidifying nozzles, an automated control system (ACS) containing control controller and humidity and temperature sensors, characterized in that a hydraulic accumulator, a flow heater, a column having a movable part for placement of at least the mind of two distribution pipes, made with the possibility of rotation about its vertical axis from the installed turbine part of a separate hydrodynamic drive equipped with a drain pipe, which is connected to a supply pipe having a first valve in front of the pump inlet, while the accumulator and the flow heater are sequentially incised into a pressure pipe having a branch at the heater outlet, one of its branches being connected through the branch pipe to the upper part of the accumulator, and the other branch is black Without a second valve, it is connected to the turbine part and the inlet of the nozzle equipped with a third valve, the outlet of which is connected to the inlets of the distribution pipes made in the form of consoles, the humidifying nozzles of which are located along their entire length, a displacement pipe movement sensor is introduced into the ACS, the valves are equipped with an electromagnetic drive . 2. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the consoles are placed on diametrically opposite sides of the movable part of the column and are mounted on cables. 3. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the steps between the respective nozzles in order overlap each other, and the length of the adjacent steps decreases with distance from the center of rotation. 4. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the nozzles are placed on vertical sump pipes embedded in the console. 5. The system according to claim 4, characterized in that the settling pipes have a height of at least 200 mm, and the nozzles installed at the nozzles closest to the center of rotation and farthest from it reach a height of at least 1500 mm from the ground. 6. The system according to claim 4, characterized in that the nozzles have an anti-jet design. 7. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the pressure pipe in the area between the output of the second valve and its branching is equipped with a magnetizer. 8. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the windbreak is transparent. 9. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that it additionally includes a non-metallic mesh, which is covered with a wind-shelter fencing on top. 10. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that it additionally introduces a high-voltage source of static electricity, the electrodes of which are located in the water spray zones of each nozzle, while all nozzles have an anti-jet sector-type design. 11. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that it additionally includes a backup pump connected in parallel with the pump, the fourth and fifth valves installed respectively at the outlet of each pump.

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