RU2370588C2 - Water permeable coating for soil and method for production of coating for soil - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.

SUBSTANCE: water permeable coating for soil for application onto construction soil, besides upper structure of soil coating is compound of pressed mineral fillers and organic adhesives. Coating for soil makes multi-layer structure with upper structure and foundation, moreover, base comprises at least one layer of sand, on the side of construction soil, and on the side of upper structure - layer of crushed stone, average size k_schotter of small particles amounts to at least 5 mm. Mineral fillers have narrow fractional composition, average grain size d_k of which lies in the range between 1 and 3 mm, 2 and 3 mm, 2 and 4 mm, 2 and 5 mm or 3 and 7 mm, and organic substance is double-component epoxide resin, or single-component polyurethane, or double-component polyurethane adhesive substance.

EFFECT: coating for soil is efficient in complex shaping compared to available coatings for soil, simple and paying installation of coating.

18 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to a permeable coating for application to building soil, and the upper structure of the coating for the soil is a compound of compacted mineral fillers and organic adhesives. Further, the invention relates to a method of manufacturing a coating for soil.

Strengthening surfaces by coating the ground for laying streets, squares, sheltering the outlets of reinforcement in buildings, as well as other surfaces for passage or passage, has long been a known technique. Concrete, asphalt or stone flooring and wood flooring are familiar. Insignificant or completely absent water permeability is disadvantageous for the removal of surface water, therefore, it is often a question of sealing the joints between the surfaces, and often they try to overcome this drawback due to expensive drainage in most cases.

An environmentally undesirable phenomenon accompanying the sealing of joints between surfaces is an increased load on river channels, which turn into raging waterfalls during heavy or prolonged downpours or melt water. The consequences are catastrophic: floods are increasingly occurring, public sewage treatment plants are overloaded and fail, groundwater levels are falling.

The following requirements are set regarding construction and technical qualities. They relate to moisture behavior, resistance against pests, noise characteristics, behavior against chemical influences and against fire. The durability of the soil plays a large role as the most important requirement, and such qualities as compressive strength, tensile strength in bending, wear resistance against abrasion, running, shock and impact, indentation strength are significant construction and technical parameters.

For special applications, such as the construction of equestrian sports grounds and stadiums, plastic slatted boards proved to be suitable. Such grating plates are known from DE 19720006 C2. Due to the ingenious structure of the bulges and openings, the grating plates make it possible, on the one hand, to strengthen the surfaces for passage or passage, and, on the other hand, due to their ability to control the permeability of the joint seals, are unnecessary.

Lattice boards spread over the surface are laid directly on building soil such as gravel, grass, clay or humus. However, sand or a crushed stone layer can also be applied to the construction soil, so that grating plates can then be laid on this layer. A layer of sand and, accordingly, gravel can even out flatness of the soil. Depending on the use of the sports ground, if necessary, a retaining layer is applied with a thickness of several centimeters. The retaining layer, which, together with the grating plates, forms the upper structure of the sports ground covering, for equestrian sports grounds, as a rule, consists of sand backfill, sand backfill equipped with additional materials (wood or plastic trimmings) or exclusively wooden trimmings. Depending on the requirements and composition of the retaining layer, it has a thickness of 8 to 15 cm, measured from the top plate of the grating plates.

However, the relatively high cost of lattice plates when placed on large areas, as well as their non-planar structure, are disadvantageous.

Coatings with a uniform and optically pleasing upper surface structure are known from DE 197 33 588 A1. This permeable coating is made from mineral fillers and organic adhesives. The mixture decomposes in a not yet hardened and deformable state. As an adhesive, organic adhesives are taken into account in most cases, which are mixed together with mineral fillers in the batch and used before hardening.

The disadvantage in such coatings made of composite mineral fillers is the lack of bonding with building soil, which impairs the mechanical characteristics just when alternating freezing and thawing of external soils. This may lead to chemical, physical and biological corrosion of building materials, weathering, destruction of the underlying base.

Therefore, the official contracting construction companies need such coatings that do not seal surfaces tightly and allow cost-effective covering of large areas that can cope with high mechanical stresses caused, for example, by vehicles.

In connection with these circumstances, the object of the invention is to propose a suitable type of permeable coating for the soil, which is economical even with complex shaping in comparison with the known coatings for the soil and lattice systems. Relative to the permissible mechanical load, the soil coating should not cause any restrictions on the use of the areas provided with the coating. In addition, it is necessary to propose a method of manufacturing a coating for soil, which provides the possibility of simple and cost-effective laying of the coating.

According to the invention, the task regarding the coating for the soil is solved by the features of paragraph 1 of the claims. Accordingly, the soil coating contains a multilayer composition with an upper structure and a base, the base containing at least a layer of sand on the side of the building soil and a layer of rubble on the side of the upper structure. The average k _{schotter of the} lower grains in the gravel is 5 mm or more.

In practice, it was found that the fatigue resistance and the permissible load of the coating for the soil, consisting only of lattice systems or composite mineral fillers, are limited. Due to the structure of the coating for the soil from the upper structure and the base according to the invention, the positive qualities with respect to the permeability of the upper structure from composite mineral fillers can be universally adapted to the construction soil. The bulk material of the base makes it possible to evenly distribute the load, including on the underlying construction soil, so that also point pressure loads that act on the upper structure through the sand layer from the side of the construction soil are distributed over a vast surface and are discharged into the construction soil and, thus , the static and dynamic permissible load on the upper structure is clearly improved in comparison with the known solutions.

Further improvement is facilitated by the base in its permeable transition to the upper structure relative to the ability of water regulation. Even with critical clay-rich construction soil, the foundation could complement the ability of the upper structure to store water. Thus, surface water through the upper structure is received by the base and distributed horizontally. Thus, excessive amounts of water can be absorbed and temporarily accumulated in the short term until the building soil or additional drainage equipment drain water. This ability to drainage is due to the high percentage of voids, so that trouble-free soil stabilization is possible even in waterproof areas. This percentage of voids, as well as various rock particle sizes and grades of material lead to remarkable sound absorption.

Experiments have shown that the soil coating according to the invention can exhibit remarkable water absorption coefficients. In field studies, based on German industrial standard 18 035-6, sections 5.1.6.3 and 5.1.6.2, water absorption coefficients for the ground were established and compared with the values of the usual permeable structure of the sports field. At the same time, the requirements of the German industrial standard 18 035-6 were repeatedly exceeded. Thus, a sample with a thickness d _{0 of the} upper structure layer 47 mm gave a water absorption coefficient k * = 0.51 cm / s. The requirement according to German industry standard 18 035-6, table 3, is> 0.01 cm / s.

An additional beneficial effect on the absorption coefficient of water and the ability to control water in the soil is exerted by the size of grains or particles of crushed stone in the base. It produces remarkable values with an average grain or particle size of 5 mm or more in the lower grain. The measured average dimensions of k _Schotter grains or gravel particles are in the range from 5 to 16 mm, from 16 to 22 mm or from 16 to 32 mm. Those. the crushed stone layer consists of crushed stone with different sizes of grains or particles, the lower grain of the crushed stone layer lying in one of the mentioned regions. The average thickness d _{s of the} compacted crushed stone layer is preferably 400-500 mm.

The grain size of the filler materials also has a significant effect on the rate of absorption of the coating for the soil. Particularly preferred are filler materials whose grain size is between 1 and 7 mm. As mentioned above, the composition of the soil coating layers according to the invention has a beneficial effect on the mechanical safety factors, so that even more than 5 mm are possible for the grain size without a significantly increased risk of breakage. With such a grain diameter, the absorption rate may increase further. In addition, the decrease in the absorption rate due to the accumulation of mineral and organic fine fractions with time remains insignificant at these values.

The open-porous structure of the top structure of the coating leads to high coefficients of friction on the surface, so that the soil coating is suitable as a slip-resistant coating for carriageways, sidewalks, stairs and presentation rooms, while reducing the risk of an accident.

The favorable thicknesses of the layer of the upper structure of the coating with respect to the maximum permissible pressure load and good water permeability lie between 30 and 60 mm, of course, smaller values are also possible, and then deductions should be made regarding the maximum permissible pressure load. Larger layer thicknesses for the top structure of the coating for the maximum permissible load lead to only minor improvements and increase the cost of coating for the soil. However, in most applications, the optimum lies in the above area.

Basically, the fractional composition is determined according to German industrial standard 66 145. The parameter n is at least 9 and is set with a drop of 1% for the upper and lower grains.

In the case of an adhesive, it is preferably a two-component polyurethane adhesive. A two-component epoxy resin or a one-component polyurethane adhesive is also applicable. Two-component epoxy adhesives are available, for example, from Koch Marmorit under the trade name Kryorit.

A significant advantage in the use of adhesive from two-component epoxy is seen in its quality that meets environmental requirements. The soil coating according to the invention has, for example, no toxic effect on molds and is considered to be difficult to destroy by microbes. Nevertheless, the substances washed out from the soil coating can be well destroyed, as shown by material tests. As flushing experiments prove, there is no chemical interaction between surface water and the coating material, so that surface water that flows through the coating can, without being treated, go down the drain and, accordingly, can no doubt penetrate into groundwater. Finally, the soil coating according to the invention can be disposed of after its use in a soil flushing unit or crushed stone flushing unit without negative environmental impacts. Alternatively, after grinding, recycling in the form of granules is also possible.

When using an adhesive, two methods are distinguished. If the components of the upper structure of the coating and, accordingly, the base, which are available as stone fines or sand, must be stabilized, they are preferably mixed in place with the previously homogenized binder and discharged. When stabilizing crushed stone or other coarser granulate, the epoxy resin and, accordingly, polyurethane and hardener are also mixed in place and sprayed in liquid form onto the surface of the crushed stone. The binder flows in depth and at the same time glues together separate grains of crushed stone and, accordingly, granulate.

The mentioned adhesives, due to their high adhesive ability, make it possible to combine any bulk materials with very good adhesion in the adhesive and capillary spheres of action. This further increases the aforementioned maximum permissible pressing static and dynamic load on the soil coating. Gluing of adjacent layers of the upper structure of the coating and the base is especially effective for high maximum permissible load, so that vehicles can also pass along the soil coating.

Very often it is desirable to stain the soil for an optically attractive area design. Due to the use of colored quartz sand or natural stones, more than 200 color variations can be selected as a filler, so that practically no boundaries are set for the colorful design of the soil coating. By the way, architects can successfully use these color effects.

In addition to the static and dynamic strength index that is important for suitability as a road surface coating for a roadway, the soil coating according to the invention, due to the high percentage of voids, also has significantly better noise absorption from vehicles than, for example, asphalt. Particularly favorable values are obtained with a percentage of voids of at least 45% in the upper structure of the coating.

Further preferred embodiments of the invention with respect to soil coatings are obtained from the features of claims 11-14.

According to the invention, the task regarding the method of manufacturing a coating for the soil is solved according to feature 15 of the claims. In accordance with this paragraph, the manufacture occurs according to the following steps of the method:

- applying a still deformable mixture of adhesive and sand to the building soil,

- compaction of a mixture of sand and adhesive,

- applying a still deformable mixture of adhesive and crushed stone to the sand layer,

- applying the top layer of a still deformable mixture of fillers and adhesive to the last layer applied,

- compaction of the still deformable mixture and

- curing.

Intensive bonding of the layers with each other is obtained if, immediately after compaction of the first layer, the next layer is applied before the underlying layer hardens. This requires continuous application and densification layer by layer.

The following preferred forms of carrying out the invention in relation to a method of manufacturing a coating for the soil are obtained from the characteristics of paragraphs 16-20 of the claims.

Preferred embodiments of the invention are explained hereinafter with reference to the attached drawings. They are showing:

figure 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a soil coating applied to a building soil with a two-layer base,

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a soil coating applied to a building soil with a three-layer base.

Figure 1 clearly shows in cross section according to the invention the multilayer structure of the coating 1 for soil. It in this manufacturing example contains three layers, the lowest of which, the base 2, is applied to the building primer 3. Before the base 2 can be applied, the building primer 3 must first be prepared. It can be taken out to a frost-resistant depth of 40 to 60 cm. This depth of excavation protects the connection between the foundation 2 and building soil 3 from the erosive effects of variable freezing and thawing.

Actually, the base 2 consists of a layer of sand located on the side of the construction soil, the so-called sand layer 4 and crushed stone layer 5 lying on it. To do this, one batch of adhesive and sand is initially mixed, which are mixed together. In the case of an adhesive, this is a two-component polyurethane adhesive. A two-component epoxy resin or a one-component polyurethane adhesive is also applicable. After mixing the batch, the mixture must be used immediately while it is still deformable and has not hardened. This occurs by applying the sand layer 4 to the building soil 3 as evenly as possible, evenly. The thickness d _{sand of the} compacted sand layer 4 is at least 20 mm.

After compaction and already beginning the curing of the sand layer 4, a layer 5 of crushed stone is applied. The average size k _Schotter grains of gravel lies with this form of execution in the range from 5 to 16 mm, the average size of the lower grain being 5 mm. With such a narrow range of grain sizes, uniform qualities are obtained. Here, crushed stone is mixed with an adhesive, in order to then apply the mixture as evenly as possible on the sand layer 4. Then, the crushed stone layer 5 is compacted by a mechanical vibrator. The crushed stone layer 5 then has an average layer thickness d _{s of} about 500 mm.

In conclusion, the construction of the open-porous upper structure 6, which is visible in the finished state, follows. First, an adhesive substance in the amount of 150 g / cm ^{2 is} sprayed onto the upper layer 6 of the crushed stone to provide a stronger connection between the upper structure 6 and the base 2. The penetration depth of the adhesive substance is approximately 150 mm. Before the adhesive hardens, a layer of mineral fillers is applied.

Also here we are talking about a mixture of mineral fillers mixed with an adhesive, which is applied in a still deformable state. A choice of quartzite, granite, basalt and quartz is proposed as filler materials. Colored granite finds application in the described embodiment. The average size of granite grain lies in the range between 2 and 5 mm. The fractional composition is determined according to German industrial standard 66 145 with a parameter of at least 9 with a drop of 1% of the upper and lower grains.

After applying the mixture, it is sealed with a roller and smoothed with a leveler. The seal preferably takes place with a pressure of 10 to 50 N / cm ² . The upper structure after compaction has a layer thickness d _o of 50 mm or more. After compaction, the upper structure cures. Then, the soil coating may be loaded.

In principle, before applying the layer to the underlying layer, it is not required that the underlying layer harden. Moreover, application to a not yet hardened layer leads to better bonding between the layers.

Figure 2 shows an alternative form of manufacturing of the soil coating 1 according to the invention, which, due to the additional sand layer 4 ', can withstand higher loads. An additional sand layer 4 'is applied to the crushed stone layer 5 and can be stabilized, as well as the sand layer 4 from the side of the building soil, with the help of an adhesive. For better adhesion, crushed stone layer 5 is coated with an adhesive before applying the sand layer 4 '. After compaction, the construction of the upper structure 6, as described for the manufacturing option according to figure 1. List of basic designations

1 ground coating

2 base

3 construction soil

4, 4 'sand layer

5 layer of crushed stone

6 upper structure

Claims (19)

1. A water-permeable coating (1) for soil for application to building soil, and the upper structure (6) of the coating (1) of the soil is a compound of compacted mineral fillers and organic adhesives, characterized in that the coating (1) for the soil has a multilayer structure with the upper structure (6) and the base (2), and the base (2) containing at least one layer (4) of sand on the side of the building soil, and on the side of the upper structure - a layer (5) of crushed stone, in which average size k _Schotter fine particles is changed necks least 5 mm, wherein the mineral fillers have a narrow fractional composition, the mean value of d _k grains of which lies between 1 and 3 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm, 2 mm and 4 mm, 2 mm and 5 mm, or 3 and 7 mm, and the organic matter is a two-component epoxy resin, or a one-component polyurethane, or a two-component polyurethane adhesive. 2. A coating for the soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the layers of the upper structure (6) and / or the base (2) are bonded to each other by gluing. 3. The coating for the soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the granularity k _{z of the} material of the fillers is from 1 to 7 mm 4. A coating for the soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the average thickness d _{0 of the} layer of the upper structure (6) is from 30 to 60 mm. 5. A coating for the soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the voids of the upper structure (6) are up to 45%. 6. The coating for the soil according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that the mineral fillers are selected from quartzite, granite, basalt and quartz. 7. Coating for soil according to claim 6, characterized in that the mineral fillers are a mixture of round grain and at least a fraction of 20% faceted grain. 8. A coating for the soil according to claim 6, characterized in that part of the fillers of the upper structure (6) is colored and part preferably consists of quartz sand. 9. Coating for soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the average thickness d _sand layer of the compacted layer (4) of sand is at least 20 mm 10. Coating for soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the crushed stone layer (5) contains fine grain, the average value of _Schotter k of which is at least 5 mm. 11. The coating for the soil according to claim 1 or 10, characterized in that the average size
k _Schotter grains of gravel (5) lie from 5 to 16 mm, from 16 to 22 mm or from 16 to 32 mm. 12. A coating for the soil according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that the average thickness d _{S of the} crushed stone layer (5) is from 400 to 500 mm. 13. A method of manufacturing a coating for the soil according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in the following steps of the method:
apply another deformable mixture of adhesive and sand to the building soil (3),
compact the mixture of adhesive and sand,
apply another deformable mixture of adhesive and crushed stone (5) to the sand layer (4),
applying a top layer of a still deformable mixture of fillers and adhesive to the last layer applied,
compact the still deformable mixture and
cure layers. 14. The method according to p. 13, characterized in that the upper structure (6) is applied to the base (2) even before the complete curing of the base layer (2) from the side of the upper structure. 15. The method according to item 13 or 14, characterized in that after applying the layer (5) of crushed stone, a sand layer (4) is applied. 16. The method according to item 13, wherein before applying the crushed stone layer (4) to the sand layer (4), a layer of adhesive is applied, for example, by spraying. 17. The method according to item 13, characterized in that before applying the upper structure (6) to the crushed stone layer (5), a layer of adhesive is applied, for example, by spraying the crushed stone layer. 18. The method according to clause 16 or 17, characterized in that the depth t of the penetration of the layer of adhesive is at least 150 mm
Priority on points: 02/07/2004 according to claims 1-18.

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