RU2348148C1 - Substrate for indoor growth of plants - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: substrate contains perlite pre-treated with a 0.01-0.04% aqueous solution of an organic acid. Tartaric, oxalic, acetic or citric acid may be used for the above purpose. The perlite used for the substrate preparation originates mostly from the Hungarian and/or the Georgian fields.

EFFECT: efficient growth and development of the plants roots.

3 cl, 7 dwg, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and is intended for the production of substrates for greenhouse and greenhouse farms.

Successful cultivation of plants in closed ground conditions largely depends on the selection of soil substrate and its constituent components, while taking into account the physical, chemical, biological properties of the starting components, which determine the nature and properties of the resulting substrates.

As a rule, the basis of the greenhouse substrate are various types of peat and other organic materials. In closed-field vegetable growing, cultivation of plants on top peat is widespread, to which a certain amount of mineral component and nutrients are added.

In the preparation of soil mixtures using lowland and high peat [Gluntsov N.M. The use of fertilizers in greenhouses, Moscow Worker, 1987, p.143.], River and sea silt, compost from pine bark [Composted bark - a promising substrate for greenhouses. Information leaflet No. 86-78, CSTI].

They also use humus, soddy ground, cut straw and straw bales, waste from the wood processing industry, as well as brown coal.

A common drawback of the preparation of organic substrates of natural origin is the need for their additional liming, low availability of trace elements and their short life, to increase which organic substrates must be further treated, in particular, with hot gasoline. Plants on organogenic substrates are often affected by pathogenic microflora A due to the rapid compaction of substrates, the overall porosity is reduced and the gas regime of the root system is disturbed.

It is known to use substrates of mineral origin for growing plants, for example, pumice, expanded clay, zeolite, perlite, modified with organic and biological additives.

For example, a substrate of basalt rocks is known, which includes a complex of macro- and microelements. [Auth. testimonial. USSR 923473, class A01G 31/00, 1982]

However, possessing high hygroscopicity and porosity, basalt fiber quickly loses moisture and requires additional watering, which increases overall costs.

Known substrates made from pure clinoptilolite zeolite, however, due to the participation of zeolites in the reactions of nitrofication of ammonium nitrogen, they require mandatory enrichment with nutrients [Use of natural zeolites in the national economy. Kemerovo-New Building, 1989, p.136-140, Reports of the Republican Conference "Theoretical and Applied Problems of the Introduction of Natural Zeolites into the National Economy", RF patent No. 2156566, MKI A01G 31/00, publ. 2000].

Substrates based on pumice and expanded clay due to high porosity during long-term operation are saline.

In the patent of the Russian Federation No. 21115300, class A01G 31/00, publ. 1998.07.20, it is proposed the use of bark with mineral additives and zeolite of the helandiclinoptilolite form of a fraction of 0.5-3.0 mm in an amount of up to 10% for growing plants in sheltered soil, and in RF patent No. 2183058, cl. A01G 31/00, published 2002.06.10, it is proposed to use natural zeolite-containing rock (analcite-containing rock), previously crushed and treated with a solution of biophilic nutrients.

Perlite [GOST 10832-91] and a specially made fraction of perlite sand — agroperlite [TU 5712-005-04002183-01] are widely used for greenhouse greenhouses. It is used in its pure form [Mullev F.I. Growing seedlings in a greenhouse on perlite, RJ. Forestry, Agroforestry, 1981, v. No. 10, p.25] or as part of light mixtures.

Perlite has a neutral pH, and when growing plants in pure perlite, a shift in the pH of the substrate to the alkaline side can occur, which inhibits the growth of plants and blocks the availability of nutrients for them.

So, for example, in the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2102870, class. A01H 4/00, publ. 1996.11.10, calcined perlite sand is used, impregnated with a liquid mineral medium, with an additional injection of 20-100 mg / l tetramethylthiuramdisulfide (TMTD) or 25-100 mg / l nystatin to reduce the risk of "overgrowing" of the medium by microorganisms.

In the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2164365, class. A01G 1/00, publ. 2001.03.27, the use of a mixture of perlite and horse moss, taken in equal proportions, is proposed as a substrate.

In the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2278494, class. A01C 1/06, publ. 2006.06.27, use perlite 26-81% in a mixture with glaucanite and / or asharite.

In Auth. testimonial. USSR No. 1771611, class A01G 31/00, publ. 1992, the use of perlite, mineral fertilizers and physiologically active preparations obtained from brown coal — humate-containing preparations — in a ratio of 250: 1 is proposed as a substrate.

Known substrate for growing plants in vitro, including perlite, impregnated with a liquid agarized nutrient medium. Such an environment is favorable for rooting, but at the same time the consumption of a nutrient medium, especially agar, increases and labor costs increase. With a content of 5-8 g / l agar, second-order roots develop poorly and root hairs never develop. With a decrease in agar content, “glassy" plants develop in the medium, which die when transplanted to non-sterile conditions [Auth. testimonial. USSR No. 1683582, A01H 4/00, publ. 1991.10.15].

The objective of the invention is the creation of a substrate that ensures the effective development of the root system of plants.

The problem is solved in that the substrate for growing plants in sheltered soil, containing perlite with nutrients, includes perlite, pre-treated with 0.01-0.04% aqueous solution of an organic acid.

It is advisable to use perlite predominantly Georgian and Hungarian deposits.

As an organic acid, tartaric, oxalic, acetic, and citric acids are usually used.

To obtain the substrate, perlite of the Georgian or Hungarian deposits was used, having studied their agrochemical composition and ion-exchange properties. As a solution, a nutrient mixture of Olsen was used. Perlite is a moisture-resistant and granular material, absorbs and retains moisture and air in the pores, is neutral and does not secrete acid, the coarse-grained structure guarantees air permeability, necessary for the normal development of roots.

The agrochemical composition of the feedstock is given in table 1.

Table 1 pH NH ₄ NO ₃ P Ca Mg Fe Mn TO S Perlite cargo. Place of Birth 6.6 9.8 0.15 26.2 249.9 121.8 50.3 0.37 65,4 12.5 Perlite Hung. Place of Birth 6.5 9.1 0.26 27.0 252.4 53.5 52.6 0,042 56.1 11.8

It has been established that perlite samples practically do not differ in the content of nutrients, the concentration of micro and macro elements from, in particular, peat samples.

The ion exchange properties of perlite are presented in table 2.

table 2 The concentration of the solution,% Sorption of Mg ⁺² from MgSO ₄ solution Sorption from a solution of NH ₄ NO ₃ NO ₃ NH ₄ Hungary Georgia Hungary Georgia Hungary Georgia 0.1 152.4 50.8 69.7 9.7 45.9 8.3 0.2 191.4 142.2 528.1 412.6 61,4 29.4 0.3 254.0 101.6 315.2 16.5 69.1 30.7

Organic acids are directly involved in the Krebs cycle, participate in most reactions of the photosynthetic and redox cycles, determine the necessary ratio of cations and anions when nutrients enter the roots. The positive effect of organic acids (at a concentration of 0.005-0.03%) on the growth and development of plants, in addition to the biostimulating effect, can be explained by the fact that under their action perlite acquires a microporous structure. And after acid treatment, perlite is characterized by the presence of chemically active centers as an absorbing soil complex, and an inert material acquires properties similar to soil ones.

Using thus prepared perlite allows several times to increase its sorption indicators relative to nutrients. On the one hand, the prolonged action of macro- and micronutrients due to the acquisition of microporous structure by perlite is observed, on the other hand, a more economical consumption of mineral fertilizers occurs.

In particular, tartaric acid not only positively affects the growth and development of plants, but also improves the physicochemical properties of perlite, and at home it is advisable to use citric acid of 0.015% concentration.

Analysis of the sorption characteristics of agroperlites obtained from raw materials in Georgia showed that the optimal concentration of the nutrient solution is 0.2%, for Hungarian-derived perlite, the optimal concentration of the nutrient solution is 0.15%.

When using substrates from agroperlites, it is possible to use any form of fertilizer in the concentrations indicated above. The best results were obtained by alternating complex fertilizers containing, in addition to macronutrients and microelements, while the best result in the operation of Georgian perlite will be obtained on the background of complex fertilizers with a higher potassium content.

When growing seedlings and ornamental plants, generally accepted methods are used, including the rate of sowing, care for seedlings and seedlings, compliance with the optimal temperature regime, and the mineral nutrition system.

From the above data, Figs. 1-7 show that the treatment of perlite with 0.01% solutions of organic acids leads to an increase in the sorption properties of the material. So, the sorption of calcium by perlite from a Hungarian deposit from a 0.02-0.03% solution of Ca (NO ₃ ) ₂ against tartaric acid increased by 1.2-1.7 times in comparison with other experimental variants.

Example

Used perlite Georgian or Hungarian deposits fraction 0.315-2.5 mm and bulk density 65-100 kg / m ³ . Smaller particles (perlite sand) have a high bulk density (more than 200 kg / m ³ ), they are less air-intensive. Larger (more than 5 mm) are fragile.

Perlite is placed for 15-20 minutes in a 0.01-0.04% aqueous solution of tartaric acid so that the acid solution completely covers the taken perlite. The perlite treatment is carried out at room temperature, the residual acid is drained.

Similarly, perlite is treated with other organic acids.

The growth and development of plants cultivated on the claimed substrate are presented in table 3. Crops: 1 - winter wheat, 2 - leaf beets, 3 - Romaine lettuce. The growth of experimental plants and the volume of roots were taken into account after 60 days of cultivation. As a solution, a nutrient mixture of Olsen was used.

The content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves when growing plants on the claimed substrate (mg / 100 g) wet weight are presented in table 4.

Agroperlite treated in the proposed manner can also be used as an adjunct to soil mixtures: river sand in a ratio of 1: 3, peat in a ratio of 1: 1, etc.

Agroperlite for rooting cuttings of flower ornamental plants, for example cloves, is usually used with a bulk density of 65-80 kg / m ³ and a predominant grain size of 0.315-2.5 mm (from fine raw materials of 0.14-0.63 mm fraction);

- to root green cuttings of fruit crops (pome seeds - apple, pear, quince and stone fruits - apricots, cherries, plums) use agroperlite with a bulk density of 85 kg / m ³ and a predominant grain size of 0.63-2.5 mm (from the middle fraction raw materials 0.315-2.5 mm); or agroperlite with a bulk density of 90-100 kg / m ³ and a predominant grain size of 1.25-5.0 mm (from a large fraction of the feedstock 0.63-2.5 mm);

- for container growing of planting material, agroperlite with a bulk density of 75-85 kg / m ³ and a predominant grain size of 0.63-2.5 mm (from the average fraction of raw materials 0.315-2.5 mm) is used;

- for growing cacti - agroperlite with a bulk density of 90-100 kg / m ³ and a predominant grain size of 0.315-2.5 mm (from a large fraction of raw materials 0.63-2.5 mm);

- for growing flowers and potted plants using agroperlite with a bulk density of 75-85 kg / m ³ and a predominant grain size of 0.63-2.5 mm (from raw materials of an average fraction of 0.315-1.25 mm).

Agroperlite treated in the proposed manner can also be used as an adjunct to soil mixtures: river sand in a ratio of 1: 3, peat in a ratio of 1: 1, etc.

The use of the inventive substrate has a positive effect on the growth and development of plants:

- there is an intensification of the growth of the aerial part and the development of the root system of plants on average 1.4-2.6 times,

- increases the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments by 1.3-1.8 times,

- increases the intake of mineral nutrients into the plant during cultivation on substrates treated with acids.

The positive effect of the use of agroperlite in time manifests itself until the complete destruction of the grains, up to 3 - 4 years.

Table 3 The composition of the substrate Perlite deposit Culture Growth, cm The volume of roots, cm ³ Control without processing hungarian one 47.7 20.1 2 22.8 11.0 3 15.9 6.7 Control without processing Georgian one 40.6 19.3 2 21.5 10.5 3 15.0 6.1 Tartaric acid treatment 0.005% hungarian one 68.3 29.3 2 32,0 17.8 3 20,4 9,4 tartaric acid 0.01% one 84.6 34.8 2 40.1 22.4 3 27.4 13.5 tartaric acid 0.02% one 85.1 37,4 2 40.9 23.5 3 28.0 13.9 tartaric acid 0.03% one 84.8 33,4 2 41.3 21.9 3 28.5 12.8 tartaric acid 0.04% one 82,4 30.9 2 39.5 20.7 3 25.8 12.3 Tartaric acid treatment 0.005% Georgian one 65.8 28,4 2 31.5 17.0 3 19.6 8.9 tartaric acid 0.01% one 77.9 33,4 2 39.7 21,2 3 25,2 12.8 tartaric acid 0.02% one 78,2 34.2 2 40.1 21.9 3 25.8 13.0 tartaric acid 0.03% one 76.1 32,7 2 38,4 20.8 3 23.6 12.5 tartaric acid 0.04% one 74.5 30.7 2 35.9 19.8 3 20.9 12.0

Table 4 The composition of the substrate Perlite deposit Chlorophyll Chlorophyll b Carotenoids Culture one 2 3 one 2 3 one 2 3 The control hungarian 50.1 26,4 25.0 9.6 15.7 5.9 27.3 9.8 14.6 The control Georgian 47.8 23.5 21.9 9,4 15.1 5.3 25.9 10.1 13.7 Tartaric acid treatment 0.005% hungarian 69,4 39.7 33,4 19,4 22.7 11.8 39,4 17.8 22.6 0.01% 89.7 48.6 45.6 22.9 27.9 14.9 45.8 22.3 27.5 0.02% 86.5 43.9 40.6 20.7 26.5 15.0 44.9 21.7 26.9 0.03% 91.3 55.3 49.4 23,4 30.1 16.8 50.1 25.7 28.9 0.04% 84,4 42.7 39.5 21.1 25.8 15.3 41.7 20.9 26.1 Tartaric acid treatment 0.005% Georgian 61.9 37.5 30.9 17.8 21.9 10.0 35.9 17.4 21.8 0.01% 85,4 45.9 41.7 20.3 26.9 12.1 44.3 20.5 26.0 0.02% 82.7 41.7 39.2 19.8 24.2 14.7 40.8 20.9 25,2 0.03% 83.1 40.9 38,4 20,2 27.1 13.8 45.1 21.0 26.8 0.04% 86.3 42.7 37.9 21.3 26.2 13.1 39,4 19.6 24.7

Claims (3)

1. A substrate for growing plants in a protected ground containing perlite with nutrients, characterized in that the substrate includes perlite, pre-treated with 0.01-0.04% aqueous solution of an organic acid. 2. The substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that tartaric, oxalic, acetic, and citric acids are used as the organic acid. 3. The substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that the use of perlite is mainly of Georgian and Hungarian deposits.

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