RU2111150C1 - Light amphibian - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: aeronautical engineering. SUBSTANCE: amphibian has wing bent in root section with tips deflected upward; engines are arranged inside fuselage 1 behind passenger cabin and propellers 14 are mounted on wing at area where outer wing panels 3 change into center wing section 2. Drive to propellers 14 is effected by means of transmission lines located in center portion of wing and mechanically connected with engines. Engines are interconnected through reduction gears by means of shaft equipped with mechanical device with whose help any engine (in case of stoppage of one engine in flight) may be changed-over for two propellers. Amphibian is provided with side floats 39. Light amphibian has universal construction which makes it possible to convert it into transport facility of other purpose without modifications: it may be placed on skis and may be converted into two-motor snowplane or towing snowplane. EFFECT: enhanced reliability. 7 cl, 22 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to aircraft, and in particular to a light multi-purpose twin-engine aircraft capable of full-time landing and take-off from ground, water, snow and icy surfaces.

 The design of the light amphibian Twin Star.1000 aircraft is known, taking off and landing on land and water, equipped with two engines with pushing propellers mounted on the wing, enclosed in nacelles (see Jane's, 1987 - 1988, p. 343).

 The specified aircraft design has the following disadvantages.

 1. The engines are located on the wing and outside, which increases the drag of the aircraft, in addition, the engines are affected by the external environment, rainfall in the form of rain, snow, hail, icing. Due to their proximity to the surface of the water, the engine is adversely affected by water sprays and a moist marine environment, which degrades their performance and reduces their technical life.

 2. The nacelles mounted on the wing reduce the aerodynamic qualities of the aircraft.

 3. Masses of engines, spaced a considerable distance from the center of mass of the aircraft, create an undesirable destabilizing moment, worsening the lateral stability of the aircraft afloat, in case of damage or loss of the side float, the aircraft may roll over in the wave.

 4. Due to the high position of the center of mass, an aircraft that rolls over in water cannot be returned to its normal state on its own.

6. The placement of the engine on the wing makes it difficult to inspect, maintain, repair and replace the engine2
The technical problem to which this invention is directed is to improve the flight technical and operational quality of the aircraft, increase its reliability and safety when operating in low temperatures, marine and tropical climates, ensure takeoff and landing on land, water, snow and an icy surface.

 The problem is solved in that in a light aircraft, ground and water-based amphibians, containing the fuselage, wing, horizontal tail, vertical tail and propulsion system, consisting of two engines and pushing screws, the wing of the aircraft, consisting of a center section and consoles, located above the fuselage, curved in the root part and attached to the fuselage at an angle, while in the plane of the bend of the wing propellers are installed on it with drives enclosed in rigid bodies having a streamlined shape, and the two the shifters are placed inside the fuselage, while the drive from the engines to the propellers is carried out using transmission gears located in the central part of the wing, containing shafts and gears, with one end of each transmission shaft mechanically attached to the gearbox of the corresponding engine, and the other (external) end of the transmission the shaft is connected to the screw drive mechanism, equipped with a half shaft mounted on bearings, on which the propeller is mounted, and the transmission shafts between the gear motors of the motors are connected They are interconnected by an intermediate shaft, consisting of two parts and controlled by a coupling, by means of which both halves of the intermediate aircraft are in flight, as a result of which the propeller of the stopped engine is turned on.

 In addition, the influxes of the front part of the center section are made in the form of an easily removable caisson structure and at the same time they are fuel tanks equipped with fillers and pipelines for overflowing fuel into other tanks, the ends of the consoles are tilted upward from the plane of the wing chord by a positive angle, the mode of landing gear landing gear is included incomplete release (cleaning) of the main landing gear to a level below the bottom by a height equal to the compression of the wheels, and the incoming door of the aircraft consists of two parts: the upper (main), which opens up and down her opening down, equipped with a retractable step, the lower part of the door during landing (landing) of passengers on the water does not open.

 To use the aircraft in the winter and in the North, an amphibious aircraft is mounted on the chassis. The amphibious aircraft is also made with the possibility of conversion into twin-engine snowmobiles or into a snowmobile-towing vehicle for towing desks or sleds instead of reindeer teams.

 The design of the aircraft is presented in the following figures.

in FIG. 1 shows a general view of the aircraft from the side,
in FIG. 2 - general front view:
in FIG. 3 - general view in plan;
in FIG. 4 - layout of the aircraft, side view;
in FIG. 5 - same, plan view:
in FIG. 6 - General view of the propulsion system in terms of:
in FIG. 7 - section of the fuselage with a horizontal door,
in FIG. 8 - the same, with the door fully open when boarding passengers on the ground:
in FIG. 3 - the same, with the upper part of the door open when boarding passengers on the water:
in FIG. 10 is a side view of the aircraft afloat;
in FIG. 11 - the same, view of the afloat in front;
in FIG. 12 is a side view of an airplane landing on ice (snow),
in FIG. 13 is the same, front view:
in FIG. 14 is a side view of an amphibious aircraft on a ski landing gear;
in FIG. 15 is the same front view;
in FIG. 16 - same, plan view;
in FIG. 17 is a general view of a snowmobile, side view:
in FIG. 18 is the same, front view:
in FIG. 19 is a side view of a snowmobile caught in a wormwood;
in FIG. 20 - snowmobile at the time of exit from the wormwood:
in FIG. 21 - towing of a caravan of sleds with an aerosled, side view;
in FIG. 22 - same, plan view;
The amphibian is a free-flying monoplane with an upper wing arrangement, curved in the root part in the form of a "cell".

 It consists of a fuselage 1, a center wing 2, two consoles 3 with electrons 4 and slotted flaps 5, a horizontal tail 6 with a rudder 7 and a vertical tail 8 with a rudder 9.

 The aircraft has a three-wheeled retractable landing gear, consisting of two main supports 10 and the front wheel 11.

 The main stops 10 are retracted into the airtight side niches 12, and the front wheel 11 rises up and partially retracts into the nose of the fuselage 1 in order to exclude contact with water (Figs. 4 and 5).

 The aircraft is equipped with two propulsion systems 13 with gearboxes located inside the fuselage 1 next to each other, to the left and to the right of the longitudinal axis of the aircraft.

 Propulsion systems 13 are equipped with multi-blade propellers 14, which are placed on the wing at the attachment points of the consoles 3 to the center section 2 at a distance slightly exceeding the size of the radius of the screw.

 The drive from the engines to the screws 14 is carried out using transmission shafts 15 located inside the center section 2, conducted from the gearboxes 16 of the engines 13 behind the rear wing spar.

 Transmission shafts 15 are connected to the engines 13 and screws 14 as follows: one end of the transmission shaft 15 is mechanically connected to the engine gear 16, and the other end is mechanically connected via bevel gears to the screw drive 17, equipped with a half shaft 18, on which the screw 14 is attached (Fig. 4 - 6).

 In this case, the drive mechanism 17 is enclosed in a metal casing 18, rigidly attached to the wing, having a well streamlined shape (Fig. 6).

 Between the gearboxes 16 of the engines 13, an intermediate shaft 19 is made, consisting of two halves - left and right, interconnected in the center by a controlled coupling 20, by which both halves of the intermediate shaft 19 can be connected or disconnected.

 In the cabin there are passenger seats 21, in the cockpit are the seat for the pilot 22 and the seat for the navigator 23 or fifth passenger.

 The aircraft has an entrance door located on the left side of the fuselage, consisting of two parts: the upper part 24, opening up and the lower part 25, opening down (Fig. 4).

 When passengers land on the ground, both parts of the front door are opened - the upper part 24 and the lower part 25. The lower part 25 is equipped with a retractable footrest 26 (Fig. 8).

 In the case of embarkation or disembarkation of passengers on the water, only the upper part of the door 24 opens, the lower part of the door remains closed and sealed with an elastic trim.

 In the bow of the aircraft there is a dashboard 27, remotes, navigation and aerobatic and radio equipment 28, in the upper panel of the bow there is a niche 29 for partial cleaning of the front wheel of the landing gear.

 At the end of the cabin there is a toilet 30 and a water tank, behind the navigator's seat there is a cabinet with heated food and a bar. The toilet 30 is separated from the passenger compartment by a sliding door, the engine compartment is isolated from the passenger compartment and only from the rear of the fuselage with fireproof sound-absorbing partitions 31.

 In the toilet compartment 30 in its upper part there is an emergency peak 32, hermetically sealed, which serves to leave the aircraft by passengers in emergency situations on the water.

 There are five fuel tanks on the plane, interconnected by pipelines and a fuel distribution system.

 The described fuel tanks are three tanks: one tank 33 (consumable), located in the engine compartment, and two tanks 34, located in the center section 2.

 The central fuel tanks 34 form the front part of the wing influx and are an element of the center section structure; they are equipped with filler necks and fuel discharge pipes to other tanks.

 In addition to them, two pressurized compartments 35 are used as additional fuel tanks, located in the keel of the fuselage along the line of gravity of the aircraft under the aircraft floor, which are filled with fuel to increase the flight range due to the mass of commercial cargo.

 Tanks 35 have drain taps. In the rear of the fuselage is a luggage compartment 36 with a hatch 37 for storing tourist equipment and emergency rescue equipment.

 If there are not enough passengers, luggage from the cargo compartment is transferred to the passenger compartment. The center section is equipped with deflectable flaps 38, and the wing consoles are equipped with target flaps 5 (Fig. 12 and 13).

 Two side floats 39 are installed on the consoles 3, and the ends of the consoles 40 are raised to a certain angle in order to improve lateral dynamic stability near the surface of the water and to remove the wing ends from the water when the plane rolls.

 The keel portion of the fuselage 41 from the bottom to the floor of the cabin is a rigid coffered structure with sealed compartments and has a keeled, polished bottom with one redan.

 The keel part 4 is the main power element of the fuselage structure, it is rigidly connected to the power frames of the compartment 30 and the side members of the center section 2. The cockpit has a front porthole 42 with tinted glass, providing the crew with a wide view of the front hemisphere.

 The aircraft is equipped with a comfortable cabin with 43 wide windows and comfortable seats, two of which have a folding design and, together with the other two seats, turn into berths.

 The passenger compartment is equipped with a ventilation system, heating, general and individual lighting and has an internal upholstery in warm colors with a sound-absorbing substrate. Chairs 21 are easily dismantled, can be moved across the floor, turning the passenger compartment into a cargo compartment or a business office with a bar and a business table for four people.

 A water rudder 44 is installed in the keel of the bottom for directional control on the water. The aircraft can take off and land on the ground, snow, ice and icy surfaces.

 The light amphibious aircraft has a design that, depending on operating conditions and assigned tasks, can be converted into vehicles of a different type and purpose.

 So, for example, to operate an aircraft in northern areas where low temperatures prevail, and the earth is covered with snow most of the year, an amphibian aircraft can be mounted on a ski landing gear.

 To install the aircraft on the ski landing gear on the main racks instead of the main wheels 10, the main skis 45 are installed, and on the front rack instead of the front wheel 11, the front ski 46 is installed (Figs. 15 and 14).

 Side floats 39 are removed from the wing consoles 3. The front and main struts in flight are not retractable. Sealed niches 12 for cleaning the main wheels in the fuselage are closed by sealed covers 47, and their containers are used as additional luggage compartments.

 Installing the aircraft on skis does not change the weight, centering and flight qualities of the aircraft.

The dimensions of the skis provide the aircraft with a small specific pressure on the surface of 0.08 kg / cm ² , which allows the aircraft to take off and land on loose snow 30 cm or more in height.

 During long-term parking, at low ambient temperatures, the cabin and crew cabin can be heated by turning on one of the engines 13, while the transmission shafts 15 and screws 14 are disconnected from the engines 13. Replacing the wheels with skis is a simple operation and can be performed in hangar conditions with one or two mechanisms.

 In cases where in winter, due to weather conditions and the lack of landing sites, the plane cannot reach remote areas for cargo, food, delivery of shift crews, expeditions, medical personnel for emergency medical attention, an amphibious aircraft can be turned into twin-engine snowmobile without modifications with long range and cross-country skiing on winter slopes and on the tundra.

 Snowmobiles are very economical and reliable, they can walk along the northern rivers in the snow and on the ice, without fear of falling into the wormwood, from which they can get out on their own.

 Snowmobiles can also be used as a snowboarding tug for towing sledges or sleighs with cargo along snowy tracks over long distances and replace deer teams.

 An amphibious aircraft can also be successfully transformed into a high-speed twin-engine boat, which can be used to reach cargo in coastal areas, search and rescue operations, fishing, sea and river trips, and other works.

 To turn an amphibious aircraft into a snowmobile, wing consoles 3 and horizontal tail 6 are removed from an airplane mounted on ski landing gears; if necessary, keel 8 with rudder 9 can also be removed from the airplane (Figs. 17 and 18).

 All units have easily detachable connections and a small mass, so their undocking is not difficult and can be done in hangar conditions.

 When you remove the consoles 3 and the horizontal tail 6, the weight of the aircraft decreases by 150 kg, which is used to take additional cargo or fuel on a snowmobile.

 Niches for cleaning the main wheels are closed with airtight covers and are used for packing luggage or products.

 In order to give the aerosled a positive reentry afloat and rear centering, passenger luggage is stacked in the rear luggage compartment 36.

 Snowmobiles have a wide ski track, a strong keel, a small specific load on an adjacent surface, which provides them with good controllability and crossability in deep snow, icy ice and on the tundra.

 Depending on the terrain and the nature of the terrain, snowmobiles can run on two or one engine, saving fuel and leaving one engine in the cut.

 Speed of a snowmobile on flat terrain up to 90 km / h. driving range up to 1000 km without refueling.

 Snowmobiles have great reliability, the ability to walk along the Siberian rivers and on immature ice. The failure of the snow sled in the wormwood is not an emergency for them; they are able to independently leave the wormwood on the ice.

 The exit of snowmobile from wormwood is as follows.

 With the failure of the snow sled in the wormwood, measures are taken to give the snow sled the greatest positive trim in order to raise its bow above the ice level. To do this, luggage and passengers move back closer to the center of mass of the snowmobile.

 After making sure that the nose of the snowmobile is raised, the pilot switches on the front landing gear system with front ski to the partial lift mode, in which the front ski toe rises above the nose of the fuselage and has a reliable excess above the ice edge.

 After that, the pilot turns on the engines for low gas, brings the snowmobile to the edge of the ice, and then the engines turn on at full throttle.

 Under the influence of the propeller thrust, the front ski and the bow of the snowmobile, and then the snowmobile themselves glide on the ice and leave the wormwood.

 On snowmobiles, all aircraft fuel tanks (center-wing tanks 34, fuselage tank 33 and keel tanks 35) are filled with fuel with a total weight of up to 700 kg.

 A large amount of fuel increases the range of movement of snowmobiles to 1000 km and provides the connection of engines for heating the passenger compartment in long-term parking in adverse weather conditions and low ambient temperatures.

 The flight of the aircraft in different modes is provided as follows.

 1. The operation of the propulsion system.

 When one of the engines stops in flight, its transmission shaft 15 is disconnected from the gearbox 16 of the engine 13, and the controlled clutch 20 automatically connects both halves of the intermediate shaft 19.

 When connecting both halves of the intermediate shaft 10, the transmission shaft 15 of the stopped engine 13 and its propeller 14 are put into operation. After that, the aircraft continues to fly on the same engine with two working screws.

 2. flight modes.

 Normal flight is made with the landing gear retracted. With a normal landing of the aircraft at the airfield or unpaved ground, the complete production of the main struts and the front wheel is performed. Normal landing of the aircraft on water is carried out with the landing gear completely retracted (Figs. 10 and 11).

Take-off and landing of the aircraft on snow, ice, icy surface is done with the front wheel removed and the main landing gear partially lowered to a level slightly below the bottom of the fuselage. The value between the level of the bottom of the fuselage and the low wheels should be equal to the stroke length of the shock absorbers of the main struts (Fig. 12 and 13)
An emergency landing of the aircraft on the airfield or on the ground in cases of non-release of the front wheel, one main strut or the failure of both engines is performed on the bottom of the fuselage with the landing gear completely retracted with the gear shafts 15 completely disconnected from the engine gearboxes.

 3 When boarding (disembarking) passengers on the ground, the upper half and lower half of door 25 fully open (Fig. 8), and when boarding (disembarking) passengers on water, only the upper half of door 24 opens (Fig. 9).

 4. Refueling the aircraft with fuel is carried out through the central fuel tanks 34, equipped with fillers.

The proposed design of a light amphibious aircraft has the following technical advantages:
- the aircraft has a free wing, not occupied by nacelles, which increases its aerodynamic quality, flight performance and operational characteristics.

- the engines are located in the fuselage, which increases the reliable operation of the propulsion system, protects the engines from rain, snow, hail, icing, water splashes, damp sea climate, low temperatures, which increases the reliability of operation of the aircraft in the Far North,
- the placement of engines on the fuselage provides high lateral stability of the aircraft on the water, which in combination with the wing of the aircraft in the form of a seagull eliminates the revolution of the aircraft in the wave.

- the aircraft is equipped with two engines, which ensures the normal flight of the aircraft on one engine, eliminates asymmetric thrust and ensures high reliability and safety of the aircraft,
- an airplane can take off and land on land, water, snow, ice, an icy surface,
- the lack of a nacelle on the wing in front of the screw increases the efficiency of the screw,
- the placement of engines in the fuselage facilitates inspection, maintenance, repair and replacement of engines, allows the inspection of engines and eliminate problems in the operation of the propulsion system in flight,
- the design has raised screws and a rigid keel of the fuselage and provides an emergency landing of the aircraft on any underlying surface of the earth,
- the design is easily installed on winter skis and turns into a snowmobile.

Claims (7)

 1. A light amphibious ground and water-based aircraft containing the fuselage, wing, horizontal tail, vertical tail and propulsion system, consisting of two engines with pushing screws, characterized in that the wing of the aircraft, consisting of a center section and consoles, located above the fuselage, curved in the root part and attached to the fuselage at an angle, while in the plane of the bend of the wing propellers are installed on it with drives enclosed in rigid bodies having a streamlined shape, and the engines themselves are placed inside the fuselage, while the drive from the engines to the screws is carried out using transmission gears located in the central part of the wing, containing shafts and gears, with one end of each transmission shaft mechanically attached to the gearbox of the corresponding engine, and the other (external) end of the transmission shaft connected with a screw drive mechanism, equipped with a half shaft mounted on bearings, on which the propeller is mounted, and the transmission shafts between the gearboxes of the motors are interconnected by omezhutochnym shaft consisting of two parts, and controlled clutch, by which the two halves of the intermediate shaft are connected to each other in case of stopping of the engine of the aircraft in flight, whereby the work is turned the propeller stopped engine.  2. Amphibious aircraft according to claim 1, characterized in that the sag of the front part of the center section is made in the form of an easily removable caisson structure and at the same time are fuel tanks equipped with fillers and pipelines for overflowing fuel into other tanks.  3. An amphibious aircraft according to claim 1, characterized in that the ends of the consoles are tilted upward from the plane of the wing cord by a positive angle.  4. Amphibious aircraft according to claim 1, characterized in that the exhaust system of the main landing gear of the landing gear is switched on the mode of incomplete release (cleaning) of the main landing gear to a level below the bottom to a height equal to the compression of the wheels.  5. An amphibious aircraft according to claim 1, characterized in that its entrance door consists of two parts: the upper (main) opening up and the lower opening downward, equipped with a retractable step, while the lower part of the door when boarding (disembarking) passengers on the water does not open.  6. Amphibious aircraft according to claim 1, characterized in that for the use of aircraft support in the winter and in the North, an amphibious aircraft is mounted on skis.  7. Amphibious aircraft according to claim 1, characterized in that it is made with the possibility of converting into twin-engine snowmobiles or into a snowmobile-towing vehicle for towing a sled or sleigh instead of reindeer teams.

Images