RU2038028C1 - Method for preparation of fodder for calves - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: feed ration of calves is enriched with a mineral premix, using for this purpose 304.5 g of dicalciumphiosphate, 75.5 g of magnesium oxide, 304.5 g of table salt, 304.5 g of natural zeolites, 1.70 g of copper sulfate, 4.40 g of zinc sulfate, 4.81 g of manganese sulfate, 0.07 g of carbonate of basic cobalt, and 0.02 of calcium iodide per 1 kg of mixture, and introduced into the formula feed in the amount of 3.5-4 wt. -% EFFECT: higher efficiency. 5 tbl

Description

 The invention relates to the feeding of farm animals, in particular calves 1-6 months of age, and can be used in the feed industry and directly in farms.

 It is known that calves in the first months of life, when they drink whole milk or its substitutes, skim milk, and also when feeding with concentrates, hay, are deficient in vitamins A, D, E, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, copper, iodine, which negatively affects their growth and resistance to disease. In this regard, various recipes for premixes for calves up to 6 months of age have been proposed (Petrukhin I.V. Feed and feed additives. Handbook. M. 1989, p. 479; Combined feed, feed additives and milk replacer for animals. Reference book. M. 1990 , pp. 63-65), but their effectiveness in the prevention of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is small.

 It is known that in feeding calves 10-90 days of age a mineral premix consisting of 376 g of monocalcium phosphate, 376 g of sodium bicarbonate, 37.5 g of magnesium oxide, 188 g of sodium chloride, 11.2 g of ferrous sulfate, 5.5 g of sulfate manganese, 3.75 zinc sulfate, 1.88 g of copper sulfate, 0.15 cobalt chloride, 0.02 g of potassium iodide in 1 kg of mixture (Mineral feed for animals. Memo to the breeder. Borovsk, 1983, p. 6-7) . This premix contributes to an increase in the live weight of calves by 10-15% and a decrease in the incidence of their non-communicable diseases, however it is intended only for calves up to 3 months of age, contains insufficient amounts of calcium and nutritional supplements (sodium bicarbonate, soda), non-technological iron compounds and cobalt (hygroscopic, clumping, aggressive); Potassium iodide in the premix has to be additionally stabilized with citric acid or sodium thiosulfate. In addition, the effectiveness of premix in the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases is low.

 At present, natural zeolites are widely used in various areas of the national economy. Due to the strictly defined pore and internal cavity sizes, they are good adsorbents for many inorganic and organic substances. Zeolites can absorb toxic elements, water, gases. The positive effect of zeolites on the body of animals is based on their unique sorption and ion-exchange properties, as well as the possible replenishment of the diet with mineral elements, of which there are more than 40. The property of zeolites to remove heavy metals, fluorine, radionuclides from the body, reduce the incidence of tympanum, prevent and heal individual disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (Use of zeolites of Siberia and the Far East in agriculture. Novosibirsk, 1988; Prospects for the use of zeolite-containing tuffs Transbaikalia. Chita, 1990). Natural zeolites have the ability to stabilize iodides as part of premixes (ed. St. USSR N 1697696, 1991). Natural zeolites are recommended for use in feeding calves at a dose of 1-5% of the diet weight (Grabovensky I.I. and Kalachnyuk G.I. Zeolites and bentonites in animal husbandry. Uzhgorod, 1984, pp. 67-71). However, when using natural zeolites in feeding animals, it is necessary to take into account the physicochemical properties of both zeolites and feed, as well as methods for introducing zeolites into the diet.

 The purpose of the invention is to increase the intensity of growth, hematopoiesis, iodine supply of the body, reduce the incidence of digestive and respiratory organs in calves in the first six months of their life.

PRI me R 1. For the preparation of feed mixed wheat, corn, soybean meal, barley, vitamin premix RCC-2 (1.5 million IE of vitamin A, 200 thousand IE of vitamin D ₃ , 1.0 g of vitamin E in 1 kg premix) and experimental mineral premix N 1 with the ratio of components given in table 1. A distinctive feature is that an experimental mineral premix N 1 is used as a mineral additive in the preparation of feed and it is introduced into the diet in the amount of 3, 4 and 5% of the feed mass with a corresponding decrease in the proportion of barley in it.

 The experimental mineral premix N 1 (Table 2) has the following composition, g / kg premix: dicalcium phosphate or precipitate (GOST 23999-80, TU 113-08-416-87) 304.5; magnesium oxide MgO (TU 6-47-05-89, GOST 4526-75) 75.5; sodium chloride (GOST 13830-84) 304.5; natural zeolites (TU 10 RSFSR 359-90) 304.5; sulfate 5-hydrous copper (GOST 4165-78, GOST 19347-84) 1.70; 7-hydrous zinc sulfate (GOST 4174-77) 4.40; 5-aqueous manganese sulfate (GOST 435-77, TU 6-22-45-81) 4.81; carbon dioxide basic cobalt (GOST 5407-78, TU 6-09-5352-89) 0.07; potassium iodide KI (GOST 4232-74) 0.02.

Natural zeolites (Shivyrtuiskoe deposit of the Chita region) had the following chemical composition, wt. silicon oxide 62.6; titanium oxide 0.38; alumina 13.3; iron oxide 2.0; magnesium oxide 1.07; calcium oxide 3.0; sodium oxide 1.24; potassium oxide 2.6; water 12.4. Clinoptilolite (the main mineral) contained 55-60% of the concomitant component of montmorillonite 22% ion exchange capacity 1.64 mg ˙ eq NH ₄ / g, particle size 0.1-1.0 mm. The total content of mineral elements was, mg / 100 g: sodium 775; potassium 1240; calcium 2313; magnesium 465; iron 1710; manganese 291; copper 0.58; zinc 4.1; cobalt 2.2; lead 5.6; chromium 6.3; nickel 3.3; cadmium 0.13. The level of toxic elements and radionuclides in zeolites did not exceed acceptable values. Iodine was not detected in zeolites.

 When tested in feeding calves feed prepared according to the proposed method, the best results were obtained using composition 2, in which the experimental mineral premix was introduced into the feed in the amount of 4 wt.

 PRI me R 2. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, we conducted an experiment at the farm TSHA "Mikhailovskoye" in the Moscow region on calves 1-6 months of age of black-motley breed. The experiment lasted 153 for (from April 24 to September 25, 1991). 5 groups of 10 animals were formed (4 bulls and 6 heifers each) taking into account live weight, gender, age and growth rate (Table 3.4). Animals of all groups received the same basic diet according to the feeding scheme adopted on the farm, but without mineral additives (table salt, calcium phosphates). The main diet consisted of whole milk, skim milk, animal feed, hay, and hay. In the summer, instead of haylage and hay, green mass was obtained from the oat-oat mixture. For calves was prepared a batch of feed of the following composition, wt. corn 18; wheat 14; soybean meal 18; barley 49; vitamin premix RCC-2 1.0. Mineral premixes were introduced into the feed composition.

 Group I calves (Table 2.3) received the main diet and experimental mineral premix N1 with zeolites, Group II (control) the main diet and basic mineral premix without zeolites, which is widely used in cattle breeding, Group IV the main diet and experimental mineral premix N2 with zeolites. On calves of group III, the efficiency of enrichment of the main diet with zeolites was studied, and on animals of group V the standard vitamin-mineral premix PKR-2, which is currently used on industrial type farms, was studied. Mineral premixes were given to animals of groups I, II, and IV daily according to the following scheme: the first two weeks of the experiment of the second month of life of calves 7 g each, the next two weeks 14 g each, the third month life 21 g each, the fourth month 28 g each, the fifth month 35 g and the sixth month of 42 g 2 times a day. This amount of premixes was 3.5-4.0% of the mass of feed. Group III calves received equal amounts of dicalcium phosphate, sodium chloride and zeolites with group I, and group V animals the same amount of dicalcium phosphate and sodium chloride with groups I and III (Table 2).

 The calf growth rate depended significantly on the method of preparation of the feed (Table 4). The live weight of calves at the end of the experiment was the highest in group I with the same feed intake. The weight gain in calves of group I was higher compared with animals of group II by 14.4% (P <0.01), group III by 11.4% (P <0.05), IV by 6.3% ( P> 0.05) and group V by 1.7% (P>> 0.05). In the groups without additives of zeolites (II and V), the growth rate of animals was the lowest. The inclusion in the diet of some zeolites without trace elements (group III) had a rather effective effect on the growth of animals, and the effectiveness of zeolites against the background of the experimental mineral premix N2 (group IV) was significantly lower even compared to group III.

 Almost the same pattern was found in the incidence of experimental animals (Table 4). Calves were least affected when they included mineral premixes N1 and 2. Adding zeolites alone without trace elements to the feed was less effective compared to groups I and IV. On diets without zeolites (group II and V), multiple cases of respiratory and digestive diseases (catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, bronchitis, dyspepsia, enteritis, tympanum, etc.) were noted.

 The intensity of hemoglobin synthesis in young farm animals is directly dependent on the availability of iron, as well as some other elements (copper, cobalt). The experimental mineral premixes N1 and 2 did not contain iron sulfate additives, however, their positive effect on the amount of hemoglobin and the hematocrit (erythrocyte volume in the blood) was significantly stronger compared to the basic and standard premixes (groups II and V) enriched with iron. Supplements of zeolites alone also had a stimulating effect on erythro- and hematopoiesis, however, they were less significant in comparison with additions of zeolites and microelements (Table 5).

 The iodine content in the blood plasma also depended on the method of preparation of the feed (Table 5). In calves of groups I and IV, the concentration of iodine in the blood, as well as hemoglobin, was the highest and essentially the same. Animals of groups I and II consumed an equal amount of iodine, however, the addition of this element against the background of an experimental mineral premix was used more efficiently in the body. Calves of groups III and V received diets without iodine supplements, however, against this background, zeolites helped to maintain a higher level of total and protein-bound iodine in the blood compared with RCC-2 premix.

 Thus, the proposed mineral premix, consisting of dicalcium phosphate, magnesium oxide, sodium chloride, natural zeolites, sulfate salts of copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt carbon dioxide and potassium iodide, increases the calf live weight gain by 14.4%, reducing the incidence of digestive organs in 12 times and the respiratory system 7 times, increases the blood levels of hemoglobin and total iodine by 20 and 16% compared with the base mineral premix. In addition, the proposed experienced mineral premix N1 is more economical than the prototype.

Claims (1)

 METHOD FOR PREPARING FOOD FOR CALVES, which involves introducing a mineral premix into the diet, characterized in that 304.5 g of dicalcium phosphate, 75.5 g of magnesium oxide, 304.5 g of common salt, 304.5 g of natural zeolites are used as mineral premix 70 g of copper sulphate, 4.40 g of zinc sulphate, 4.81 g of manganese sulphate, 0.07 g of basic cobalt carbon dioxide and 0.02 g of potassium iodide per 1 kg of the mixture and it is introduced into the feed in the amount of 3.5 4, 0 wt.

Images