RU2032299C1 - Mulching cover formation method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method provides for application on surface of object of bond, made of preliminary comminuted organic materials of natural origin with addition of mineral additions. In the case, band of mulch is laid on surface of soil with simultaneous planting in it of cultivating objects. Organic material is uniformly stirred with mineral additions and subjected to thermal disinfection by application of high pressure with following pressing. Surface of band, that faces soil, is made corrugated. EFFECT: mulching cover formation method is used in agriculture.

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture and forestry and can be used when performing mulching coatings for growing agricultural, ornamental and forest plants.

 The aim of the invention is to increase the effectiveness of the protective effect of mulch by increasing the resistance of the coating to adverse environmental conditions, increasing the duration of the period of action for the complete suppression of weeds.

 This goal is achieved by the fact that as a mulching material, a tape of pressed natural organic components with possible inclusions is used. Pressed tape is made from one or more naturally occurring organic materials with a low degree of decomposition. Inclusions can be different, depending on the functions they perform. Some are introduced into the composition of the tape with the aim of directed influence on the processes occurring in the soil and plants (mineral micro and macro fertilizers, pesticides, microbiological preparations, etc.). Others are introduced to impart certain technological parameters to the mulch coating.

 The formation and laying of tapes of pressed organic matter on the soil surface is carried out directly in the field with a special device, which is a complex unit. At the same time, they plant (sow) plants along the stacked tape. Such an aggregate has a special hopper in which the initial components of the mulching coating are uniformly mixed in the direction of travel, subject to preliminary treatment, if necessary (mechanical grinding, thermal, any radiation, etc.). Passing through the pressing device, the initial components, being subjected to high pressure, are pressed into a tape having a high density with holes for planting cut at the time of manufacture. The unit in the direction of travel forms the necessary soil profile (ridges, ridges, etc.) and lays on its surface a mulching tape of the required width, thickness, density with the hole size necessary for the crop and the layout of their location on the tape, with the necessary composition of inclusions, provided by technology. The outer surface of the tape is flat, and facing the soil for better drainage it may have a wavy surface, also depending on the technology of growing plants. All tape parameters are adjustable by the unit.

 The technique of laying a ribbon of pressed organic material on the soil surface is similar to mulching with polymer films. When laying thin, light tapes, their edges are embedded in the soil, if the tape has a weight that provides stability in the wind, then it is laid without sealing the edges in the soil. The tape is laid dry. After moistening the bottom surface from the soil and the edges embedded in the soil, it becomes even more stable.

 Planting material (seeds, seedlings, seedlings, cuttings, tubers, etc.) are planted by the unit at the time of laying the tape on the soil surface with a device whose pitch coincides with the pitch of the holes in the tape.

 The dense surface of the pressed organics ribbon is unfavorable for the development of weeds on it for as long as it retains the original density specified in the manufacture. Weed seeds do not germinate on its outer surface, and germinating dies. It does not allow germinating under it due to the dense structure and lack of light. To date, effective methods of weed control have not been found directly in the rows of cultivated plants, except for chemical using herbicides and a method of growing plants using polymer coatings, which are problematic due to the aggravated environmental situation and high cost. In the aisles, weeds are easily destroyed by mechanized tillage, but they pose the greatest danger to plant growth directly in the rows. Young plants have a low competitive ability compared to weeds. To do this, for them to develop sufficient vegetative mass and become competitive, a certain time is needed during which the weeds must be oppressed or destroyed. Elimination of the influence of weeds in the initial period of development of cultivated plants, the creation of conditions for "starting growth" is the main problem solved by this method.

 As a mulching material of polymer films, this method is environmentally friendly. As in the manufacturing process of the mulching material, and in the process of use. Having ensured a “start-up” development for the planted plants, the ribbon of pressed organics loses its strength over time, decomposes and is embedded in the soil, like a regular organic fertilizer. In fact, when mulching with such tapes, a uniform, local application of organic fertilizers to the soil surface is achieved with various preparations pressed into the mulch coating, which, after the breakdown of tapes and incorporation into the soil, increase its fertility and yield of marketable products due to the directed influence on the processes occurring in the soil and in the plants themselves. Polymer films are technologically inert and environmentally unsafe.

 Mulching tape from extruded organic components is much cheaper than polymer films, since it does not require large expenses for the production of initial organic components. Therefore, it can be used in the cultivation of most crops in agriculture and forestry.

 Pressed organics has greater resistance to adverse environmental conditions, primarily to the action of high and low temperatures, greater mechanical strength at the time of effective functioning (from laying to loss of initial density), greater stability in wind due to wetting of the lower surface or embedded in the soil edges, resulting in increased weight.

 When mulching with pressed organics, the conditions for growing plants are significantly improved due to special processing of the starting components in the hopper of the unit and the tape itself. To extend the preservation of sterility, a small amount of granular pesticides is included in the tape, which, due to the high density of the material, do not decompose and wash out as quickly as during normal application to the soil or processing of plants. At the same time, the effectiveness of pesticides does not decrease, and the environmental hazard decreases. When mulching with polymer films, treatment with pesticides, if necessary, is possible only for plants, since the film, even with holes, poorly passes solutions of chemical preparations through itself, which reduces the effectiveness of the treatments.

 Pressed organics practically does not violate the processes of gas, water, and heat transfer between the soil and the environment. The course of these processes can be controlled by changing the configuration of the bottom surface of the tape.

 Pressed organics helps protect the root system of plants from low temperatures in the winter.

 When eliminating the stands, mulched with a pressed organic tape, there is no difficulty, since there is no need to remove the mulching material and the entire planting together with the mulching tape is simply smelled into the soil.

 A method of growing plants, based on the simultaneous laying of a mulching tape of natural organic substances with possible additional inclusions and planting plants on it, has high technological mobility. When forming and laying the mulching tape with a special device, during the work, such parameters of the tape as width, thickness, density are regulated; size and layout of holes for plants on the tape; composition and dosage in the plane of the tape of various inclusions provided for by the technology of growing plants; special treatment mode of the initial components of the tape and the tape itself.

 This method of coating is implemented as follows.

 Peat blocks are made of high peat of low decomposition and are pressed porous slabs, separated by grooves with a depth of 25 mm into cells measuring 50x50 mm, united by a common base. The thickness of the plates is 4-5 cm.

 In the middle of each cell there is a hole for seeds. In the process of manufacturing peat blocks, peat is subjected to heat treatment, so the pressed plates are sterile. Peat blocks are intended for growing seedlings of vegetable crops in a protected ground and constant moisture. When saturated with water, the peat substrate increases significantly in volume, but as soon as it dries out a little, it seeks to accept the initial volume set for it during manufacture. As a result, internal tension is created, the roots of plants grown on the substrate are compressed, their functioning and growth are impeded, plant growth ceases. With further drying, depression and death occur. Thus, pressed peat without creating special conditions is of little use as a substrate for plants. In addition to knowing the main disadvantages of substrate peat blocks, another feature was noted that served as the basis for the invention: in open ground conditions, peat blocks retain their shape and dense structure for a long time and do not overgrow with weeds. And as a mulching material, no one has ever used them, as well as other pressed organic substances.

 In the spring of 1989, experience was laid with the use of substrate peat blocks as a mulching coating. 30 cm wide ribbons were made up of parts of peat blocks. Every third pot in the middle of the ribbon was cut out and seedlings of two varieties were planted in the cut holes: Festivalnaya and Yuniya Smayds. Each variety was laid in separate three-row blocks. The length of the rows is 1.5 m, the distance between the rows is 0.7 m, respectively, the distance between the strips of the mulching coating is 40 cm, the length of the strips is 1.7 m. In total, 20 plants were planted in the block. In triplicate of each grade. For the initial testing of pressed peat, the same blocks in the same quantity served as a mulching coating, only mulched when planted with ordinary peat in a layer of 5 cm. In both cases, 240 plants were planted, the total length of each mulching coating was 30.6 m. of this, two two-row blocks 2.1 m long were laid, with the same row spacing, 10 plants in each row of the Junia Smaids variety. One row in the block was mulched by pressed peat, and the second by ordinary loose (control).

 Observations during the growing season showed that pressed peat is an effective mulching material. Weeds did not appear on the surface of the tape, with the exception of individual shoots that appeared at the end of the growing season in grooves dividing peat blocks into separate pots and in seed wells, but since the actual mulching tape must be solid and have a smooth outer surface, this fact does not is significant. Separate weeds also appeared in holes intended for cultivated plants, but the growing strawberry bushes eventually drowned them.

 Substrate peat blocks are thick for mulching such stunted plants as strawberries, and have insufficient density for laying perennial plants, i.e. as they are being produced now, they are not quite suitable for use as a mulch coating. The actual mulching tape made from pressed natural organic components for a crop like strawberries should be thinner. The parameters of the tape for each culture must be different (or for groups of culture), adjustable, which is provided in the feed method.

 When mulching strawberries with pressed peat, another positive feature of the mulching coating was noted, namely that the strawberry mustache is bad, and in the initial period it does not root at all on the surface of the tape. As a result, they rush into the aisles, where they can be easily removed mechanically by putting knife-cutters along the edges of the tapes. When growing strawberries for annual fruit bearing production, this is of great importance, since it facilitates the removal of unnecessary seedlings that absorb large amounts of nutrients from the soil. This is even more important when growing strawberries, as a perennial crop. The whiskers not only deplete the planted plants, but, and, taking root in their ranks, they compete with them for the habitat. The same small number of outlets that root at the end of the growing season on the mulch coating, at first poorly developed, consume little nutrients, and subsequently, after losing high density and decomposition of the tape, they grow rapidly and extend the life of the plantings.

 On strawberry plants mulched with pressed peat, less damage to the berries by gray rot was noted in comparison with the control.

Claims (1)

 METHOD FOR PERFORMING A MULCHING COATING, including applying to the surface of the protected object a tape of pre-ground organic materials of natural origin with the addition of mineral inclusions, characterized in that, in order to increase the effectiveness of the protective effect of mulch by increasing the resistance of the coating to adverse environmental conditions, increasing the duration of the action period to completely suppress weeds, a tape of mulch is laid on the surface of the soil while planting in its objects grown, the organic material is uniformly mixed with mineral inclusions, subjected to thermal disinfection by exposure to high pressure and pressed, and the belt surface facing towards the ground, a corrugated operate.