RU2059110C1 - Method of extraction of energy stored in liquid and gas and converting it into mechanical work - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: hydraulic power engineering, heat power engineering for revovery of heat of liquid media. SUBSTANCE: gas compresed in compressor is delivered under floats-buckets submerged into liquid delivered from outgoing water channel of thermal power station or river bypass channel. Floats-buckets with gas float up to surface under action of Archimedes force, and liquid conveys its heat to expanding gas. Movement of floats-buckets is converted by transmission into rotation of electric generator shaft. Gas compressor is cooled by flow of liquid passing through reservoir of bucket pneumohydraulic motor between its upper and lower parts. EFFECT: enhanced reliability. 4 cl, 4 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to energy and can be used to convert into mechanical and electrical energy potential pressure energy and thermal energy stored in water and in air.

A known method of converting the potential energy of water in hydroelectric power plants into the energy of rotation of various types of hydraulic turbines located at the lower level of the reservoir and connected to the reservoir [1]
However, this method allows you to use only the potential hydraulic energy of the water and does not allow the use of thermal energy stored in the volume of water of the reservoir.

There is also known a method of converting liquid and gas energy into mechanical energy by supplying compressed gas under bucket floats immersed in a liquid filling a bucket pneumatic hydraulic motor tank, moving bucket floats with gas in a tank upward under the action of buoyancy force of Archimedes with gas expansion as it emerges [2 ]
The disadvantages of this method are reduced torque and power and increased hydraulic losses due to the movement of bucket floats along a circular path with reduced shoulders of the Archimedes forces relative to the axis of rotation and premature turning and emptying of bucket floats, as well as the fact that the conversion of thermal energy is not provided fluid into useful work.

The closest to the proposed invention in terms of technical nature and the achieved result is a method of converting liquid and gas energy into mechanical and electrical energy by compressing gas with a compressor and feeding it under bucket floats immersed in a liquid filling a bucket pneumatic hydraulic motor tank, moving bucket floats with gas in a tank upwards under the action of buoyancy of Archimedes with gas expansion as it ascends until the bucket floats are completely filled with gas and with heat transfer from the liquid expanding gas, bucket floats moving an infinite vertical transmission connected with it, rotation of the electric energy generator rotor transmission and bucket bucket flooding when gas is turned over [3]
The disadvantages of the prototype method are its low efficiency, due to the non-isothermal process of gas compression in the compressor and insufficient regeneration of the heat generated during this compression, the conversion of heat accumulated in water, and the fact that it is not intended to convert the liquid pressure energy into useful work. The lack of a formula of the average effective air volume does not allow to determine the optimal parameters of the air hydraulic motor, which also reduces the efficiency.

 The aim of the invention is to increase the efficiency and expand the functionality of the method by utilizing the heat of gas compression and additional use to obtain useful work of the potential energy of the pressure of the liquid and heat stored in the reservoir and in the waters of cooling systems of thermal and nuclear power plants, as well as geothermal sources.

1+0,5P

1+

где V_д действующий объем газа;
U_o объем сжатого газа при абсолютном давлении;
Р коэффициент давления, зависящий от высоты столба воды;
t температура воды;
t₁ температура воздуха.To do this, when converting the energy of liquid and gas into mechanical and electrical energy by compressing the gas with a compressor and feeding it under bucket floats immersed in the liquid filling the bucket of a bucket pneumatic motor, moving bucket floats with gas in the tank upward under the action of buoyancy of Archimedes with expansion gas as it ascends until the bucket floats are completely filled with gas and with heat transfer from the liquid to the expanding gas, bucket floats are displaced by an infinite vertical transm associated with them SMAI, transmission of rotation of the rotor of the generator of electrical energy and the release of the gas-floats buckets during their turning, compression of the gas compressor is cooled stream of liquid passing through the bucket pnevmogidrodvigatelya capacitance between its lower and upper portions, and the calculation of the current air volume are according to the formula
V _d = V

1 + 0.5P

1+

where V _{d is the} effective volume of gas;
U _{o the} volume of compressed gas at absolute pressure;
P is a pressure coefficient depending on the height of the water column;
t water temperature;
t ₁ air temperature.

 The liquid in the capacity of the bucket air hydraulic motor is supplied from the outlet water channel of the thermal power station or the river bypass channel, and the bucket floats are released from the gas below the liquid level in the vessel.

 Liquid is supplied to the lower part of the bucket pneumatic hydraulic motor tank from the reservoir using a pipeline passing through the dam of the newly built hydroelectric power stations or a siphon to the reconstructed hydroelectric power stations, and water is supplied to the hydraulic turbine through the transfer pipe from the upper part of the pneumatic hydraulic motor tank located at the water level in the reservoir.

 In FIG. 1 shows a pneumatic air hydraulic motor; in FIG. 2 the same, a cross section along the axis of the upper wheel; in FIG. 3 diagram of the installation of pneumatic motors using heat from water effluents of thermal power plants, nuclear power plants and thermal waters; in FIG. 4 installation of pneumatic hydraulic motors at the hydroelectric dam for the use of hydraulic and thermal energy of water in the reservoir.

 The possibility of obtaining a significant amount of energy by the proposed method is confirmed by the following conclusions and calculations.

 The properties of chemical elements and their compounds are used (a mixture of gases that make up the air, and a compound of hydrogen and oxygen that make up the water), which determine both the initial and acquired nonequilibrium, a necessary condition for creating a constantly operating machine.

 Archimedes' Law is considered as a consequence of the Energy Conservation Law, when a buoyant force at equal temperatures of a liquid and a body is considered as a result of the difference in the energy expenditure for creating or a phase transition from one state to another with a change in the density of the body with an unchanged fluid density, which determines the positive buoyancy when the buoyancy force is greater than the retraction force, zero when the buoyancy force and the retraction force are equal, and negative when the buoyancy force is less than the forces s retraction. The formula of the Law of Archimedes is proposed in the next edition.

 A body immersed in a liquid is affected by a force determined by the difference in the energy expenditures for creating a liquid and a body or in a transition to another aggregate state, accompanied by a change in densities (if the liquid is not water), as well as the amount of energy accumulated by the liquid and the body within the temperature of formation or transition to another state (melting, solidification, gas formation).

 The buoyant force acting on the initial volume of gas brought under a column of water or other liquid having positive buoyancy is greater than the force necessary to overcome the pressure of the liquid column above the pressure port of the compressed gas source by the amount of force providing positive buoyancy.

 The buoyant force acting on a volume of gas with a positive buoyancy, supplied under a column of water at equal temperatures of water and gas, increases as it ascends and decreases pressure with increasing gas volume by the value of the initial volume every 10 m of ascent (1 at.).

The buoyant force increases practically unchanged when the density of water at the temperature range from 0 ^to 100 ° C, while the gas increases its volume in 1/273 the original volume for each degree increase in temperature, ie. E. Density changes depending on the amount of consumed energy intensive water , violating the equilibrium of the energy potentials of water and air, and is observed when the temperature difference of the liquid and gas.

The buoyant force increases as the air supply occurs in practically isolated water system with its low thermal conductivity (an adiabatic process), when the pressure drop occurs at 1 at decrease of temperature ^of approximately 24.

This allows the transfer of heat from water to air, to extract energy at equal temperatures of water and air and close to 0 ^about C.

1+0,5P

1+

при этом ( 1 + 0,5 P) отражает изначальную не- равновесность, а

1+

приобре- тенную, где V_д действующий объем газа;
V_o объем сжатого газа при абсолютном давлении;
P коэффициент давления, зависящий от высоты столба воды;
t температура воды;
t₁ температура воздуха.Useful work is done by the average effective volume of air, which when interacting with water is determined from the ratio
V _d = V

1 + 0.5P

1+

in this case (1 + 0.5 P) reflects the initial imbalance, and

1+

acquired, where V _{d is the} effective volume of gas;
V _{o the} volume of compressed gas at absolute pressure;
P is a pressure coefficient depending on the height of the water column;
t water temperature;
t ₁ air temperature.

 It is known that all chemical elements in the Periodic system are arranged according to the principle of nonequilibrium. It is impossible to deny that different amounts of energy were spent on their creation by nature and this difference determined their place in the system, their density, heat capacity and thermal conductivity were also determined. This series contains hydrogen, iron and mercury. Both hydrogen and iron float in the mercury, but the amount of work done in doing so will be greater with the rise of hydrogen than that of iron. But they do not stand nearby in the system and have different densities, heat capacities, thermal conductivities, etc. This is one example of when work is done at the expense of the original disequilibrium.

 When the volume of air brought under a column of water increases not only due to a decrease in pressure above it during ascent, but also due to an increase in temperature, then in this case the work is performed both due to the initial nonequilibrium and acquired.

It is known that 1 g of melted ice, taken at ^0, 80 must be expended calories. At 1 T the melted ice, taken at ⁰ ° C, is required to spend 93 kWh, the water will be at a temperature close to ⁰ ° (the point of transition from solid to liquid state). This means that in 1 t of water at a temperature close to 0 ° ^C sakkumulirovano least 93 kWh energy.

Water is one of the states of water as a substance (liquid), but water also melts ice and ice floats in it. But in its melt both lead and iron float (an experiment was conducted with lead), i.e. the solid state of a substance floats in its melt. Energy was spent on the preparation of the lead melt, which creates a difference in the energies of the liquid and solid state of the substance. If the preparation of a lead melt consumes artificially generated energy and produces a buoyancy force that provides positive buoyancy, then nature has prepared the melt of ice (water) and ice itself, which maintains the necessary energy regime in which water is in a liquid state and the amount of energy is accumulated 1 m ³ of water at a temperature close to ⁰ ° C, comparable with the amount of energy released by the combustion of 1 ^m3 wood.

1+

t

где t разность температур воды и воздуха;
V_o первичный объем воздуха.We will tie a load to the neck of the bottle so that the bottle in the water floats and occupies a semi-submerged vertical position. We will let out part of the air, replacing it with water, and we will achieve a situation where the bottle just starts to sink and plug the cork under the water, turning it into a sealed float. Changing the water to hot, lower the bottle into the water. The temperature of cold water ⁰ ° C, 45 ° ^C hot bottle as in cold water sink. At the same time, the air volume, amount of substance and density remained unchanged, but the internal energy of the air changed. We take out the cork under water, turning the bottle into a bell float. The bottle will pop up and protrude about 10 mm above the water. Before lowering the bottle into the water with a rubber ring, we note the water level in the bottle. We plug the cork under hot water and remove the bottle from the water. Under the influence of internal energy, an expanded volume of air displaced water from the bottle. Knowing the initial volume of air in the bottle, the obtained volume and temperature of cold and hot water, when calculating we get that the increase in the primary air volume was 1/273 for every degree of increase in air temperature, and this is the formula of the Gay-Lussac Law, which is as follows
Vv

1+

t

where t is the temperature difference between water and air;
V _{o is the} primary volume of air.

When we adjusted the bottle at the beginning of the moment of immersion, creating conditions for the bottle to occupy an indifferent position, we thus equalized the two forces of attraction and the force of pushing, i.e. brought these conditions closer to zero gravity. So adjusted bottle or container with open bottom omit the morning in cold water natural reservoir (water for night time to cool down and the temperature differences, for example in plains Kazakhstan 25-30 ^{° C,} which can be increased by connecting a solar collector). The bottle or container will sink. As the reservoir warms up by the Sun, and the solar radiation power is on average 1 kW / m ² , the air in the bottle or container at the same time as the reservoir’s water will start to warm up and, due to the different coefficient of volume expansion associated with the heat capacity, will begin to increase in volume faster than water driving her out of the bottle. A bottle or container pops up and depending on the size of the bottle or container, the temperature difference will do the job. In the evening, the water will begin to cool and by morning the bottle or container will not just sink, but will be drawn into the water, and if the temperature difference is equal, then an equal amount of work will be done, as when pushing out. As the reservoir begins to warm up, the sun will begin to ascend and the cycle will repeat. We have obtained a rather effective permanent solar installation, such as a working perpetual motion machine of the second kind, in which the difference in energy costs for creating two nonequilibrium media contributes to the extraction of solar energy, which created the acquired nonequilibrium of interacting substances and media. When we adjusted the bottle in cold water at the beginning of the moment of immersion, replacing part of the air with water, we thus removed part of the buoyancy force that provides ascent (positive buoyancy), at the same time equalizing the amount of substance displaced by the bottle of water and the bottle itself with the cargo attached to it and its contents (water, air), i.e. the weight of a bottle of water, cargo and air in it is equal to the weight of the displaced water, i.e. buoyancy is zero. To achieve this situation, we removed not part of the attractive force, but part of the buoyant force, which means that if gravity were present in this case, then for a body with positive buoyancy it would still be less than the buoyant force, i.e. . in this case, it does not exist and it cannot occur while the bottle adjusted for zero buoyancy is in water, and the energy potential difference in equal amounts of substances is zero, since the buoyancy force acting on the unchanged body volume does not depend on the depth of immersion, more, when instead of a solid, a gas with its positive buoyancy and the ability to increase in volume as it ascends and changes in temperature is used.

 Thus, a body under zero buoyancy is affected by two oppositely directed and equal forces, the buoyancy force directed upward and the suction force directed downward, while the buoyancy force increases with an increase in the positive energy potential difference between water and air in the absence of gravity, and retraction force with its negative difference. We trace the conclusions made on the formulas.

On the surface of the earth, the force of gravity is
F = m q. where m is body weight;
q acceleration of gravity equal to 9.81 m / s ² ;
On the surface of the earth, the buoyancy force is
F = V · D · q where V is the volume of the body;
D is the density of the liquid (in this case, water);
q acceleration of gravity equal to 9.81 m / s ² .

But V · D is equal to m. Thus, a buoyant force equal to the force of attraction acts at any volume of liquid in the column of this liquid at any depth, and this is the same indifferent position of the body in the liquid, as in our case with a bottle. This is the case if we pumped under a column water and returning the displaced water through a turbine having an efficiency of 1 would receive an amount of energy equal to the spent, but we do not pump water under the water, but air that has positive buoyancy. If we consider water as a body, then when a unit volume of water is immersed or introduced into the water, the buoyancy force should be equal to the weight of the same amount of water displaced by this volume of water, i.e. equal to unity, but we proved that this is not so, although the energy spent on its supply and in this case there is a simple pumping of energy to the supply and displacement of an equal amount of substance, which means that if we pump a unit of air substance under water, then energy costs will be equal to the costs of supplying the same amount of water substance (not to be confused with the volume). Archimedes' law states that the buoyant force acting on a body immersed in a liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by this body. We calculate it for 1 m ^{3 of} water. The density of water is 10,000 kg / m ³ .

F = V · D · q, F = m ³ · t / m ³ 9.81 = 9.81 Tc = 981 kgC.

But 1000 l should be displaced, the buoyancy must be 1000 kgS. Where did the 19 kg go?
Let us follow this case with an example of air supply.

The density of air is 1.293 kg / m ³ and the supply of this amount of substance requires the same amount of energy as the supply of 1.293 kg of water, but if this amount of air occupies a volume of 1 m ³ and displaces water as much, the buoyancy force is 1000 kg 1.293 kg = 998.707 kgC, and the amount of water displaced 998.707 kg + 1.293 kg = 1000 kg. The loss of buoyancy at 19 kgC can be explained by the fact that 9.81 m / s ^{2 is} not acceleration, but the distribution coefficient of energy (its density), which cannot be the same for all zones of the Earth, as well as space. An error of almost 2%, especially in the energy sector, entails huge losses. Again, it comes down to the difference in energy costs.

 Let us consider in more detail the corollary arising from the Law of Archimedes. A floating body is immersed in some part of it in a liquid: the immersed part displaces as much liquid by weight as the whole body weighs.

 Thus, we can say that a buoyant force equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed part acts on the floating body, and we make a mistake. After all, the air above the surface of the water, which also has positive buoyancy, can be mistaken for a floating body. However, with a constant amount of air (drawn in) dissolved in water, there is no immersion of air in water, but compared with the body partially immersed in the liquid, it is pushed out of it without residue, i.e. with greater force, although the column of air above this body may exceed the weight of the body. But now, if we plunge a floating body and a column of air above this body to some depth, then we will spend much more energy on plunging a column of air than on plunging a body. In both cases, we would have to overcome the power of buoyancy.

 And we were convinced that the buoyancy force at the ascent stage at equal temperatures of water and air is greater than the attractive force, as was the case with the bottle: in order to bring the bottle system and the environment to an equilibrium state (zero buoyancy), we removed part of the buoyancy force rather than attractive forces, and the buoyant force acting in this case can be explained only by the initial nonequilibrium of the interacting media and substances, the creation of which nature spent a different amount of energy. Nonequilibrium is a necessary condition for creating a periodically operating machine, which does not contradict either the Energy Conservation Law or the Second Law of Thermodynamics. But if we cannot bring a solid body under a column of liquid without overcoming the force of buoyancy (immersion must be done from the surface of the reservoir), then we can supply air, bypassing the energy costs of overcoming buoyancy. This is another proof of why less energy is required to supply the air volume under the water column than to overcome the water pressure above the pressure port of the compressed air source, which is clearly seen in FIG. 1. And since the initial supplied air volume has positive buoyancy, it is clear that when we ascend, we get a gain in energy due to the heat selected from the water and the difference in the energy expenditures for creating a fluid and a body.

 Take a funnel, turn it upside down and lower it into the water so that the lower expanded part does not reach the bottom of the vessel, the upper one is at the water level or slightly higher. We’ll bring air under the funnel with a tube. We will make sure that the water displaced from the funnel is not simply poured from the nipple, but gushes to a considerable height, i.e., the almost unexpanded volume of air due to the buoyancy force creates a buoyant one, which is not observed when the same volume of water is supplied, when at efficiency 1 we could get an equal amount of energy. But we spend less energy on air supply than on water supply, nevertheless we get a gain in energy. This is not the principle on which the action of the injector or ejector is based, but the phenomenon due to the difference in the energy expenditures for the creation of water and air (initial nonequilibrium), which determines their properties.

×

P где V_o объем воздуха первичного заполнения на глубине Н при одинаковых температурах воды и воздуха;
Н высота столба воды;
Р коэффициент давления, зависящий от высоты столба воды, т.е. Нм/10 м=Р на уровне нижнего поплавка-колокола, тогда
V_д= V_o+

•P

+

V_o(1+0,5P)
Данное уравнение позволяет вести расчет получения энергии за счет изначальной неравновесности при равных температурах воды и воздуха, рассчитать оптимальные параметры установок, что позволит исключить потери воздуха и повысить КПД, а Закон Гей-Люссака расчет получения дополнительной энергии за счет приобретенной неравновесности, когда температуры воды и воздуха не равны.It is known that the volume of air when the pressure drops by 1 atm increases by the value of the initial volume, but the average effective volume of air (see Fig. 1), which is expressed by the equation
V _d = V _o +

×

P where V _{o is the} volume of primary filling air at a depth of H at the same temperatures of water and air;
H is the height of the water column;
P is a pressure coefficient depending on the height of the water column, i.e. Nm / 10 m = P at the level of the lower float-bell, then
V _d = V _o +

• P

+

V _o (1 + 0.5P)
This equation allows us to calculate the energy production due to the initial nonequilibrium at equal temperatures of water and air, to calculate the optimal parameters of the plants, which will eliminate air loss and increase efficiency, and the Gay-Lussak Law calculates the production of additional energy due to the acquired nonequilibrium when the water temperature and air are not equal.

 The device comprises a compressor 1 connected by a pipe 2 with a capacity 3 of a bucket pneumatic hydraulic motor 4 at the location of its lower bucket float 5. The latter is pivotally mounted on an axis 6, the ends of which are fixed on chains or ropes of an endless vertical transmission 7 carrying rollers 8 included in the nests wheels 9, while the chains or cables of the transmission are placed in the grooves 10 of the wheels 9. The latter are mounted on axles 11 mounted for rotation in bearings 12 mounted in the walls of the tank 3, which is a tower or shaft, filled with liquid. Inside the tank 3, vertical guides 13 for bucket floats 5 are installed. The axles 11 are connected by a transmission 14 to an electric generator 15, and the compressor 1 cooling system is connected by a highway 16 to the upper and lower parts of the tank 3.

 To use the heat of water effluents from thermal power plants and thermal waters, a mine 17 is arranged, divided by a vertical partition 18 into two parts, communication between the bottom of the mine 17 and the channel of the channel 19 above, filled with warm water effluents or geothermal waters. The upper part of the partition 18 protrudes above the water level in the channel 19. On both sides of the partition 18 in the shaft 17 are placed pneumatic motors 4.

 A device for increasing the capacity of a hydroelectric power station (see Fig. 4) contains a pipe 21 located in the downstream end of the dam 20, in communication with the reservoir 22 and with a capacity 3 of a pneumatic hydraulic motor 4. The upper part of the tank 3 is connected by a transfer pipe 23 with a hydraulic turbine 24. For existing hydroelectric power plants, instead of the pipeline 21 uses siphon 25.

 The method is as follows.

 Compressed gas 1 is supplied by compressor 1 through a pipe 2 to bucket floats 5 immersed in a liquid filling the tank 3 of the air hydraulic motor 4. After filling the bucket floats 5 with gas, they float under the action of the increasing buoyancy force of Archimedes, while the gas filling them expands as reducing hydrostatic pressure and heating the gas with the surrounding liquid, filling an additional volume. Floating, bucket floats 5 move the associated transmission 7 and rotate the wheels 9 and, by means of transmission 14, the electric generator 15. After the bucket floats are completely filled with gas and float to the level of the upper wheel 9, they turn over and are freed from gas below the liquid level in the tank 3. As filling with gas and emptying subsequent bucket floats 5, the work cycle repeats. In this case, the compressor 1 is cooled by a fluid flow passing through the tank 3 of the bucket pneumatic motor 4 between its lower and upper parts.

 To convert the heat of water effluents and geothermal waters (see Fig. 3) into a useful work, the liquid is fed into the tank 3 of the pneumatic hydraulic motor 4, made in the form of a shaft 17, from the outlet water channel 19 of the TPP or the bypass channel of the rivers.

 For additional beneficial use of the potential hydraulic energy of the liquid, the latter is supplied to the lower part of the tank 3 (see Fig. 4) from the reservoir 22 through a pipe 21 passing through the dam 20 of the newly constructed hydroelectric power stations, or via a siphon 25 above the dam 20 for the reconstructed hydroelectric power stations. From the upper part of the tank 3, the liquid is supplied to the hydraulic turbine 24 through the transfer pipe 23, and the disposable hydraulic pressure on the hydraulic turbine 24 is activated.

 It is possible to place floating power plants with simplified pneumatic hydraulic motors in the upper pool of the hydroelectric power station reservoir.

 Thus, it provides a more complete than in the prototype method, the use of thermal energy and pressure energy stored in liquids and gases.

Claims (4)

1. METHOD FOR REMOVING ENERGY STORED IN A LIQUID AND GAS AND CONVERTING IT TO MECHANICAL OPERATION by compressing the gas with a compressor and feeding it under bucket floats immersed in a liquid filling the bucket of a bucket air hydromotor, moving bucket floats upward with the float as they ascend until the bucket floats are completely filled with gas with heat transfer from the liquid to the expanding gas, the bucket floats move the infinite transmission associated with them, the rotation of the trans mission of the rotor of the generator of electric energy and the release of bucket floats from gas when they are turned over, characterized in that the effective volume of compressed gas is changed in accordance with the ratio

where V _{d is the} effective volume of compressed gas;
V _{about the} volume of compressed gas at absolute pressure;
P is the coefficient of pressure increase depending on the height of the liquid column;
t fluid temperature, ^o C;
t ₁ gas temperature, ^o C.  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the gas compression compressor is cooled by a fluid flow passing through the capacity of the bucket pneumohydraulic engine between its lower and upper parts.  3. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the liquid in the tank of the bucket pneumatic motor is supplied from the outlet channel of the thermal power station or the bypass channel of the rivers, and the bucket floats are released from the gas below the liquid level in the tank.  4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the liquid is supplied to the lower part of the bucket of the hydraulic bucket from the reservoir of the hydroelectric power station by a pipeline passing through the dam of the newly built hydroelectric power station or to the reconstructed hydroelectric power stations, and from the upper part of the capacity of the hydraulic hydrodynamic engine located at the water level in the reservoir, water is fed to the turbine through the transfer line.

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