KR920004600B1 - α, ω-디인의 중합 방법 - Google Patents
α, ω-디인의 중합 방법 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR920004600B1 KR920004600B1 KR1019900701278A KR900701278A KR920004600B1 KR 920004600 B1 KR920004600 B1 KR 920004600B1 KR 1019900701278 A KR1019900701278 A KR 1019900701278A KR 900701278 A KR900701278 A KR 900701278A KR 920004600 B1 KR920004600 B1 KR 920004600B1
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- dyne
- niobium
- tin
- catalyst
- group
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 13
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 22
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 niobium halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- JAHGJHDJXUHMLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-[2-(7-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1(8),2,4,6-tetraenyl)ethyl]bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1(8),2,4,6-tetraene Chemical group C1=CC=C2C(CCC=3C4=CC=CC=C4C=3)=CC2=C1 JAHGJHDJXUHMLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004665 trialkylsilyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004820 halides Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003481 tantalum Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003606 tin compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1 YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- 125000001047 cyclobutenyl group Chemical group C1(=CCC1)* 0.000 claims 3
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000003849 aromatic solvent Substances 0.000 claims 2
- PRBHEGAFLDMLAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,5-Hexadiene Natural products CC=CCC=C PRBHEGAFLDMLAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical class [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical class [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Chemical class BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052794 bromium Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- PYGSKMBEVAICCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexa-1,5-diene Chemical group C=CCCC=C PYGSKMBEVAICCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002821 niobium Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007363 ring formation reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 33
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 5
- YFIBSNDOVCWPBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexa-1,5-diyne Chemical compound C#CCCC#C YFIBSNDOVCWPBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- DSOJWVLXZNRKCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N octa-1,7-diyne Chemical compound C#CCCCCC#C DSOJWVLXZNRKCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YHBDIEWMOMLKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-I pentachloroniobium Chemical compound Cl[Nb](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl YHBDIEWMOMLKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 4
- CRHIAMBJMSSNNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphenylstannane Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1[Sn](C=1C=CC=CC=1)(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 CRHIAMBJMSSNNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- OISFPCIBPOZHNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(4-naphthalen-1-ylbutyl)naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(CCCCC=3C4=CC=CC=C4C=CC=3)=CC=CC2=C1 OISFPCIBPOZHNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ZNRKKSGNBIJSRT-UHFFFAOYSA-L dibromotantalum Chemical compound Br[Ta]Br ZNRKKSGNBIJSRT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- DSYRJFDOOSKABR-UHFFFAOYSA-I niobium(v) bromide Chemical compound [Br-].[Br-].[Br-].[Br-].[Br-].[Nb+5] DSYRJFDOOSKABR-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013638 trimer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- MVLGANVFCMOJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-diethynylbenzene Chemical compound C#CC1=CC=C(C#C)C=C1 MVLGANVFCMOJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150041109 Snph gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003426 co-catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004807 desolvation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MWVFCEVNXHTDNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanedione Natural products CCCC(=O)C(C)=O MWVFCEVNXHTDNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- OEIMLTQPLAGXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-I tantalum(v) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Ta](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl OEIMLTQPLAGXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 1
- QPBYLOWPSRZOFX-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) iodide Chemical class I[Sn](I)(I)I QPBYLOWPSRZOFX-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZBZJXHCVGLJWFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloromethyl(.) Chemical compound Cl[C](Cl)Cl ZBZJXHCVGLJWFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CWMFRHBXRUITQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylsilylacetylene Chemical group C[Si](C)(C)C#C CWMFRHBXRUITQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005292 vacuum distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C15/00—Cyclic hydrocarbons containing only six-membered aromatic rings as cyclic parts
- C07C15/40—Cyclic hydrocarbons containing only six-membered aromatic rings as cyclic parts substituted by unsaturated carbon radicals
- C07C15/50—Cyclic hydrocarbons containing only six-membered aromatic rings as cyclic parts substituted by unsaturated carbon radicals polycyclic non-condensed
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
- C07C2/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons
- C07C2/42—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons homo- or co-oligomerisation with ring formation, not being a Diels-Alder conversion
- C07C2/48—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons homo- or co-oligomerisation with ring formation, not being a Diels-Alder conversion of only hydrocarbons containing a carbon-to-carbon triple bond
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2527/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- C07C2527/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
- C07C2527/133—Compounds comprising a halogen and vanadium, niobium, tantalium, antimonium or bismuth
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2527/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- C07C2527/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
- C07C2527/135—Compounds comprising a halogen and titanum, zirconium, hafnium, germanium, tin or lead
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2531/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- C07C2531/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- C07C2531/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
- Polymerization Catalysts (AREA)
- Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (14)
- 용매중에서 α,ω-디인을 니오븀 촉매와 접촉시켜 α,ω-디인의 폐환반응을 수행함을 특징으로 하여, α,ω-디인을 중합시켜 적어도 하나의 아릴 사이클로부텐 그룹을 지닌 화합물을 제조하는 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 니오븀 촉매가 니오븀 할라이드 및 주석 아릴 또는 알킬 또는 사이클로알킬 화합물과 반응시킨 니오븀 할라이드 그룹중에서 선택되고, 중합온도가 약 주위온도 내지 80℃인 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 종결제를 첨가하여 반응을 종결시키고 침전물을 제거하여 세척한후, 용매중에서 결정화시켜 α,ω-디인이 없는 중합체를 생성시키는 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, α,ω-디인이 1,5-헥사디엔인 방법.
- 제 4 항에 있어서, 생성물이 1,2-비스(벤조사이클로부테닐)에탄인 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, α,ω-디인이 6 내지 약 14개의 탄소원자를 함유하는 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 중합체가 탄소수 2 이상의 알킬 래디칼과 연결된 말단 아릴 사이클로부텐 그룹을 함유하는 방법.
- 일반식 N-C≡(CH2)n≡C-H(여기서, n은 0 이상의 정수이다)의 α,ω-디인을 약 10℃ 내지 α,ω-디인의 비점이 온도에서 탄탈륨염 또는 니오븀염, 또는 주석염 또는 유기 주석화합물의 보조촉매를 지닌 상기 염을 포함하는 촉매와 접촉시킴을 특징으로 하여, 상기 일반식의 α,ω-디인을 중합시켜 적어도 하나 이상의 아릴 사이클로부텐 그륩을 지닌 화합물을 제조하는 방법.
- 제 8 항에 있어서, 탄탈륨 및 니오븀이 할로겐인 염소 및 브롬의 염으로 존재하고 보조촉매가 주석 또는 테트라아릴 주석의 할라이드인 방법.
- 제 8 항에 있어서, 적어도 α,ω-디인의 일부를 트리알킬 실릴 아세틸렌과 반응시켜 적어도 하나 이상의 트리알킬 실릴 그룹을 지닌 생성물을 수득하는 방법.
- 제 8 항에 있어서, α,ω-디인의 일부를 일반식 H-C=CR(여기서, R은 수소, 트리알킬 Si-알킬 할라이드 및 트리-아릴 래디칼이다)의 아세틸렌과 중합시키는 방법.
- 제 11 항에 있어서 R이 트리메틸 Si래디칼인 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 중합이 벤젠, 톨루엔 및 에틸벤젠으로 이루어진 그룹중에서 선택된 방향족 용매의 존재하에서 수행되는 방법.
- 제 8 항에 있어서, 중합이 벤젠, 톨루엔 및 에틸벤젠으로 이루어진 그룹중에서 선택된 방향족 용매의 존재하에서 수행되는 방법.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/258,791 US4877917A (en) | 1988-10-17 | 1988-10-17 | Method of polymerizing α,ω-diynes |
| US258.791 | 1988-10-17 | ||
| PCT/US1989/004560 WO1990004578A1 (en) | 1988-10-17 | 1989-10-11 | A method of polymerizing alpha-omega diynes |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| KR900701703A KR900701703A (ko) | 1990-12-04 |
| KR920004600B1 true KR920004600B1 (ko) | 1992-06-11 |
Family
ID=22982143
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1019900701278A Expired KR920004600B1 (ko) | 1988-10-17 | 1989-10-11 | α, ω-디인의 중합 방법 |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4877917A (ko) |
| EP (1) | EP0368025A1 (ko) |
| KR (1) | KR920004600B1 (ko) |
| AU (1) | AU4503389A (ko) |
| CA (1) | CA2000806A1 (ko) |
| PT (1) | PT91996A (ko) |
| WO (1) | WO1990004578A1 (ko) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5232970A (en) * | 1990-08-31 | 1993-08-03 | The Dow Chemical Company | Ceramic-filled thermally-conductive-composites containing fusible semi-crystalline polyamide and/or polybenzocyclobutenes for use in microelectronic applications |
| US6716947B1 (en) * | 2002-10-15 | 2004-04-06 | Korea Institute Of Science And Technology | Method for preparing dimethyl dipropargylmalonate polymer containing six-membered ring structure |
| CN103319520B (zh) * | 2013-06-18 | 2016-01-20 | 复旦大学 | 多苯并环丁烯官能化硅烷及其树脂的制备方法 |
| CN115386029B (zh) * | 2022-09-30 | 2023-10-27 | 浙江大学 | 一种聚双取代乙炔及其制备方法和应用 |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB802510A (en) * | 1955-11-08 | 1958-10-08 | Ici Ltd | Improvements in and relating to the polymerisation of acetylenic compounds |
| US2998463A (en) * | 1959-04-01 | 1961-08-29 | American Cyanamid Co | Polymers and copolymers of diacetylenes |
| JPS5594323A (en) * | 1979-01-08 | 1980-07-17 | Toshinobu Higashimura | Preparation of 1,2,4-trisubstituted benzene |
-
1988
- 1988-10-17 US US07/258,791 patent/US4877917A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1989
- 1989-10-11 WO PCT/US1989/004560 patent/WO1990004578A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-10-11 KR KR1019900701278A patent/KR920004600B1/ko not_active Expired
- 1989-10-11 AU AU45033/89A patent/AU4503389A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1989-10-13 EP EP89119018A patent/EP0368025A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1989-10-13 PT PT91996A patent/PT91996A/pt unknown
- 1989-10-16 CA CA002000806A patent/CA2000806A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU4503389A (en) | 1990-05-14 |
| KR900701703A (ko) | 1990-12-04 |
| CA2000806A1 (en) | 1990-04-17 |
| US4877917A (en) | 1989-10-31 |
| EP0368025A1 (en) | 1990-05-16 |
| PT91996A (pt) | 1990-04-30 |
| WO1990004578A1 (en) | 1990-05-03 |
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