KR800000698B1 - Water Purification System by Distillation - Google Patents

Abstract

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Description

Water Purification System by Distillation

1 is a cross-sectional view of a first aspect of the apparatus structure of the present invention.

2 is a cross-sectional view of a second aspect of the apparatus structure of the present invention.

3 is a partial cutaway perspective view of the first aspect of the fan structure.

4 is a partial cutaway perspective view of a second aspect of the fan structure.

An object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for purifying water by distillation using solar energy directly.

Desalination of seawater has been practiced for a long time by the apparatus using solar energy. Nevertheless, various known distillation apparatuses using solar energy have not been generally used because of the high production cost of water by this type of apparatus because of the high relative cost of capital investment and treatment.

All the devices used so far employ a physics known as the "conservatory effect", which occurs when the water warms up and the action of the sun's rays through a plastic material or glass transparent carver. Water evaporates. Since there is a temperature difference between the inside and outside of this greenhouse, part of the water vapor is concentrated on the carver and traps the demineralized water thus produced.

Experience has shown that the device of the type described above is inherently expensive and its assembly cost is directly proportional to the surface area, which is naturally proportional to the amount of water obtained. Some of these devices have a structure with a pan completely covered with a transparent roof, which operates as a thickening unit, a unit for sealing the pan and a reservoir for proper removal. The transparent roof structure and high sealing of the roof on the fan are two of the costly features of this device, and the components of these devices are corrosion-resistant and chemically inert to the sun to ensure mechanical stability that can withstand strong winds. It is necessary to satisfy this condition.

It is an object of the present invention to drastically reduce the cost of operation in various known methods and to purify water by distillation, in particular to desalination of sea water or to obtain drinking water from contaminated water.

Therefore, the method of the present invention keeps the water to be treated on the surface having the property of absorbing the sun's rays by accumulating external energy in the form of sheet, and the sun's rays are permeable to the sheet-like water and cannot be mixed with water, Covering with a layer of a liquid substance having a vapor pressure lower than water, irradiating it with the sun's rays, removing a small amount of this heated water, evaporating a portion of the removed water and concentrating at least a portion of the formed water vapor to recover it into the liquid phase. It is characterized by.

The component which ensures heating by solar energy is separated from the component which performs distillation operation as mentioned above. By this separation, it becomes possible to make a fan for heating by solar rays in a very economical form and moreover, the fan is not only expensive to maintain, but also sensitive to the influence of weather factors such as wind, sand and dust. It is not in the form. By separating solar heating and distillation, it is possible to further condense water vapor by using a coolant other than the atmosphere, so that the surface area of each concentrating unit can be significantly reduced and the quantity can be greatly increased. In addition to this, the overall manufacturing cost of the processing unit having a constant production capacity can be lowered.

It is an object of the present invention to conduct heat treatment of water by solar energy in a zone having a large surface area while avoiding unnecessary simultaneous cooling by evaporation, in which subsequent evaporation of the heated water is carried out in a zone distinct from the first zone, This is achieved by easily obtaining the collection of distillate.

Liquid materials which are solar-transmissive, do not mix with water and have a vapor pressure lower than water, are transparent or translucent oils at the heating temperature of water on the sheet, for example mineral oils, vegetable oils or animal oils having a high molecular weight and moderate melting point. This is preferably used. This oil is preferably colorless, but may be slightly colored. The material has a lower density than water, is not photochemically affected by the sun's rays, is stable against air, and it is selected from water to be purified, for example chemically stable in contact with seawater.

It is advantageous for this liquid material to have a high viscosity, a melting point of at least 0 ° C. and a refractive index similar to that of water (about 1.33).

In addition, it is advantageous that this material does not transmit infrared heat rays, that is, electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength of 5 microns or more, and thus it is advantageous to avoid heat loss in the water layer due to infrared ray radiation.

For example, a sun-transparent liquid material, paraffin oil (density engler) having a density of 0.904 and a viscosity of 33 ° E at 20 ° C (manufactured by Shell Company known under the trademark Nassa oil 79), density of 0.905 and a viscosity of 75 ° E at 20 ° C Paraffin oil (trade name Nassa oil 89), or paraffin oil (trade name Vitrex oil 71) at 20 ° C. with a density of 0.892 and viscosity 15 ° E, or paraffin oil at 0.8 ° C. with a density of 0.88. Oil may be used.

These liquid substances can be used as mixtures of agents, antifoaming agents and substances which lower the solidification temperature of the oil, which inhibit the reaction of the oil with the oxidation inhibitors and / or salts dissolved in water.

As for the thickness of the liquid layer which cannot be mixed with water, 0.1-3 cm is preferable.

It is preferable that the thickness of the sheet-like water is about 20 cm at maximum, and it can raise temperature of water continuously by this. The optimum value of this thickness depends on the separation conditions and the desired operational arrangement. In practice, this value is between 1 and 10 cm, in particular between 2 and 6 cm. For the thickness of water on sheets less than 20 cm, it is important to note that the temperature of the water on the sheets is time-dependent during the day, and this variation is dependent on seasonal and climatic conditions.

The thickness of the sheet-like water can be made 20 cm or more when the fluctuation range of the temperature is not smaller than that of rapidly heating and heating the sheet-like water. In solar energy accumulation, it is preferable to use a shallow depth flat fan whose bottom has at least a dark color as a surface having the property of absorbing sun rays. By absorbing the sunlight from this surface, at least most of the water can be heated at the bottom of the sheet at the time of its light irradiation.

In order to increase the heating effect of water, particles or pigments of dark inert substances such as carbon having a property of accumulating thermal energy to absorb solar rays and then transferring them to water may be dispersed in water.

At least one screen that transfers at least some of the thermal energy of the sun's rays to at least a portion of the layer of foreign matter to facilitate heat exchange by convection between the layer of water and immiscible material covering the surface of the sheet and the atmosphere The air layer between this screen and this material layer can be isolated by installing Furthermore, a plurality of hollow bodies, for example spherical bodies, made of a material such as glass that transmits at least a part of sunlight can be placed on a part of the sheet surface.

In order to reduce the risk of peeling off the surface layer of the liquid material which is incompatible with the water on the sheet and the covered water, this layer is immersed in the sheet by immersing a network of wall members. Can be separated. At least a part of the wall means of the network is preferably covered with a material which transmits at least part of the sun's rays. Alternatively, this separation can be accomplished by placing frame members on water. In order to increase the intensity of the light received by the sheet under certain conditions, it is possible to use at least one reflector, for example a reflecting surface having one flat or concave surface or a plurality of reflecting surfaces arranged so that the light beams are reflected on the sheet surface. have.

It is advantageous to use at least one adjustable reflector, preferably having a reflecting surface half facing south, so that the angle of reflection of the ray is best adjusted according to the angle of incidence of the sun's rays.

In order to reduce the heat loss due to convection of the atmosphere and the heat loss due to infrared radiation from the surface of the material layer which cannot be mixed with water, infrared rays are reflected or transmitted through the sun rays arranged to form a honeycomb structure. It is possible to use a device of its own known type consisting of a plurality of absorbing wall members, in which at least a portion of the infrared rays emitted from the surface of the above-mentioned layer in the bottom of the fan or in the sheet are mounted on these wall members. Arrange or suspend a series of ten hops.

In order to remove the water to be evaporated from the heated sheet, the water may be removed by a suitable method such as gravity, pumping or thermal siphoning, but it is preferable to use a double thermal siphoning method.

Suitable devices known in the art may be used to evaporate the water removed from the heated sheet, but in particular single or multiple stage single or multiple effect evaporators.

It is preferable to perform an evaporation process under the pressure below atmospheric pressure.

Concentrated recovery of water vapor may use any suitable known apparatus using a suitable fluid as the coolant, in particular one or a plurality of heat exchangers.

It is preferable to use the water to be purified itself, for example seawater, as a coolant, by flowing this water into a heat exchanger to heat it up in this heat exchanger to send the water to be purified, and the heat exchanger is used for the sheet to be radiated. In this way, when concentrating the purified water, a part of the lost heat energy can be recovered and the water to be purified can be raised to increase the yield by this method.

In order to concentrate the water vapor, a chamber with an appropriate cooling device can optionally be used under atmospheric pressure.

A further object of the present invention relates to a purifying apparatus by the evaporation action for solving the above-described method.

The device consists of the following structural components: That is, it contains a salt on the sheet and / or contaminated water at least partly covered in a layer of liquid material which is sun-transmissive and not miscible with water and has a vapor pressure lower than water and at least a portion of the inner surface of the bottom thereof is At least one fan exposed to sunlight having a property of absorbing sunlight by thermal energy accumulation; An evaporator arranged to evaporate the heated water inside the fan without the aid of solar energy other than absorbed by the water in the fan; And-an apparatus for recovering the evaporated water obtained by concentrating at least a portion of the water vapor produced in this evaporator into a liquid phase.

The evaporator is preferably comprised of at least one or more single stage evaporators and / or at least one or more multistage and / or multiple effect evaporators.

In addition, it is preferable that the above-mentioned evaporator can be operated under pressure lower than atmospheric pressure.

It is preferred that at least a portion of the inner surface of the fan bottom is dark.

In order to reduce the heat loss due to heat conduction at the bottom and side walls of the fan, it is advantageous to coat them with a coating having a high thermal insulation effect such as concrete, sponge or pumice. It is also possible to use the aforementioned thermal insulation coatings as other materials such as rock fibers, palm trees, dried seaweeds and the like. In addition, when the device is installed in a place where the soil itself has a good thermal insulation, such as dry sand, the pan and the inner wall may be coated with a coating which does not permeate water, so that the pan can be inserted into the community in the soil without the thermal insulation coating.

The device also has at least one screen that transmits at least some of the thermal energy of the sunlight, which is positioned over at least a portion of the material covering the surface of the sheet, thus providing a stationary air layer on at least a portion of the material layer. To be separated.

The device can install at least one body suspended above the surface of the water layer or held at the bottom of the pan by at least one suitable support, which body is preferably made of a transparent plastic material or a material such as glass. At least a portion of the thermal energy of the sun's rays is arranged to divide the layer of liquid material covering the water on the sheet.

The device is made of a material such as glass, in particular, and it is possible to install a plurality of hollow bodies such as spherical bodies that transmit at least some of the heat energy of sunlight, and these hollow bodies are formed of water on the sheet. Place it on top of it.

The apparatus may be provided with at least one reflector, for example an oriented reflecting surface having a planar or concave surface, or a plurality of these reflecting surfaces, which are arranged to reflect sunlight on the water surface on the sheet in the fan.

Finally, the device can be equipped with a plurality of wall members that reflect or transmit sunlight and absorb infrared rays, which are arranged to form a honeycomb structure when placed at the bottom of the fan, or the sheet At least a portion of the infrared rays generated on the surface of the layer of material covering the water of the phase are suspended or floated in the water on the sheet phase arranged to receive a series of heat absorption on these wall members.

It should be noted that the above described devices can be in a variety of different arrangements. In particular, a fan for heating the water can be supported by a suitable support such that the fan is floating in sea water or the feet of the support stand on the sea floor.

It is possible to obtain a heating fan having a large surface area by economical construction technology. Around this pan, one or several distillation units can be arranged, which can be prefabricated in the factory, which in some cases can easily solve the technical challenges imposed on the structure. In addition, the distillation unit may be made of a non-transparent material such as a metal or plastic material that is resistant to corrosiveness, has high mechanical strength and is readily available.

The accompanying drawings show two examples of the apparatus structure according to the present invention and two examples of the fan structure used for heating water by solar heat.

The apparatus of FIG. 1 consists of the fan 1 which has a flat bottom part of about 30 cm in depth of 10,000 m <2>, for example, when a hole is made in soil.

The wall and bottom of the fan 1 are preferably made of one or several plastic materials that absorb at least part of the sun's rays, for example polyethylene or butyl rubber or tared paper, colored with a dark pigment. In addition, it is advantageous to place these walls and bottoms in holes in the soil, and seal them. It is advantageous to make the bottom of the fan 1 and possibly the wall black, so that the heat absorption effect is significant.

The fan 1 has a sheet 2 of water to be purified, for example seawater. The thickness of this sheet is 3 cm, for example. The surface of the water is covered with a transparent or translucent oil layer 3 which is colorless or slightly colored, with a lower atmospheric pressure than water. The thickness of this oil layer is suitably between 0.1 and 3 cm.

Under the action of the sun's rays, the sheet of water 2 is heated, and if the separation conditions are good, the layer 3 can raise its temperature to 50 ° C. == 100 ° C. because the evaporation of water in the sheet 2 This is because of the effect of the layer (3) in promoting.

A portion of the fan 1 is removed by the conduit 4 to supply water to the evaporator 5, and the conduit 4 is maintained at a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure by using a vacuum pump 6. Evaporator 5 may be, for example, a plate evaporator or other suitable known form of evaporator. Some 2% of the water introduced into the evaporator 5 is evaporated here, which lowers the temperature of the non-evaporated water to about 10 ° C. The conduit 7 and the liquid pump 8 recycle the water in the non-evaporated portion into the fan 1. The temperature of the water is then about 60 ° C. in conduit 4 and about 50 ° C. in conduit 7.

The steam pipe 9 supplies water vapor generated in the evaporator 5 to the cooler 10, which is a horizontal tube cooler, for example.

Cooling water, for example 30 ° C seawater, is supplied to the pipe 13 of the cooler 10 by the conduit 11 using the pump 12 and heated to, for example, 40 ° C by the conduit 14 , Underwater. Water vapor generated by the evaporator 5 is concentrated on the outer wall of the tube 13, and the demineralized water thus obtained is disposed on the bottom of the inner chamber of the cooler 10, for example, a small water reservoir installed for this purpose. Collected in (15), it is removed by the conduit 16 and the pump (17).

It should be noted that the vacuum pump 6 removes the gases (oxygen and nitrogen) introduced continuously by mixing with the circulating water in the parts of the device having the evaporation and concentration functions. If this gas is not removed, the correct functioning of the device will be adversely affected. The oil layer covering the surface of the sheet-like water in the pan 1 keeps the concentration of dissolved gas in the water low by blocking the water from the atmosphere, thereby limiting the amount of gas in the evaporator 5.

As a result of passing through the tube 13 of the cooler 10, a small amount of preheated water is removed in the conduit 14 by the supply tube 18 and fed to the fan 1 through the conduit 7. In addition, a small amount of water contained in the fan 1 is continuously removed by the conduit 19 and discharged into the sea to avoid a significant increase in the concentration of salt in the fan 1 produced by evaporation in the evaporator 5. Can be.

The energy required to operate the pump of this unit is considerably less than the cost of demineralized water that can be obtained.

The above apparatus provided with the fan 1 having a surface area of 10,000 m 2 can easily obtain a purified water of 40-60 m 3 of Ilsan.

Other parts of the device can be made using materials readily available and the assembly of the device is simple.

Although the case of using a one-stage distillation unit has been described in the above-described apparatus, at least one or more multistage distillation units having a single or multiple effects can be used.

The apparatus shown in FIG. 2 has the same fan 1 as in FIG. The pan likewise has a sheet 2 of water to be purified which is covered with a translucent oil layer 3.

In four evaporation chambers 22a, 22b, 22c and 22d in which water to be purified, for example, seawater having a temperature of 25 ° C. at the inlet of the heat exchanger 21a, is arranged in series, In addition, supplying to the fan 1 through the four heat exchangers (for example, a tubular heat exchanger) 21a, 21b, 21c, and 21d disposed thereon is performed by the conduit 21. For this purpose, a conduit 23 between the heat exchanger 21d and the fan 1 is used.

After the inside of the fan 1 is heated, the water to be purified is supplied to the evaporation chamber 22d by the conduit 24.

The temperature of the water to be purified is, for example, about 60 ° C. at the inlet of the chamber 22d and the total pressure in this chamber is about 0.14 kg / cm 2.

Vertical baffles 25d disposed opposite the outlet of conduit 24 in chamber 22 cause a partial evaporation after agitating and dividing the water entering the chamber.

The steam thus formed is concentrated on the wall of the exchanger 21a and the purified water obtained is collected in a dish 26d which is connected to the purified water remover conduit 17 by a conduit not shown here. It is.

Some of the water to be purified that has not evaporated in the chamber 22d is moved to the next chamber 22c, but the total pressure of the chamber 22c is less than the total pressure of the chamber 22d. The chamber 22 is arranged in the same manner as the baffle 25d, and a baffle 25c having the same function is provided. The same evaporation and concentration process as in the chamber 22c is performed in the next chambers 22b and 22a where the total pressure value is reduced to 0.057 kg / cm 2 in total pressure in the chamber 22a.

In the chambers 22b and 22a, baffles 25b and 25a having the same arrangement and function as the current transformer 25d are provided in the same manner.

Purified water obtained by concentration in chambers 22c to 22a was recovered by dishes 26c to 26a and transferred to conduit 27.

Conduit 34 is used to evacuate unconcentrated gas in chambers 22a-22d.

The water that has not evaporated leaves the apparatus at a concentration of salt higher than the initial concentration of water to be purified by conduit 28.

The conduit 20 supplies the seawater at a rate of 1,000 m 3 daily at a temperature of 25 ° C. to the above-described apparatus, and when heated to 60 ° C. in the fan 1, 40 m 3 of pure water can be obtained daily.

The structure of the fan shown in FIG. 3 is the reflective side facing the fan in the orientation indicated by the arrow 30 indicating the direction of the four basic orientations with respect to the device shown in FIG. A plurality of planar reflecting elements 29 having a cover). These reflectors can be pivoted around the fan 1 by hinges and pivoted to these reflectors in the direction indicated by the arrow 31, which holds these elements from the horizontal, depending on the season. Install a device that can adjust its position to the highest height of the sun.

The structure of the fan shown in FIG. 4 is a reflective wall 32 having a honeycomb structure on the sheet 2 supported by the bottom of the sheet 2 fan 1 using a series of supports 33. . As for ratio H / D of the dimensions H and D shown in FIG. 4, about 2 is preferable. This wall makes it possible to reduce heat loss due to infrared radiation by water 2 on the sheet.

In the structure of the two types of fans shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 respectively, the preferred thickness of the sheet 2 is about 3 cm and the preferred thickness of the oil layer 3 is 2.5 cm.

Claims (1)

Contains at least a portion of the surface on which the salt and / or contaminated water on the sheet, at least partly covered in a layer of liquid material which is sun-transmissive and not miscible with water, has a vapor pressure lower than water, At least one fan having a material absorbing sunlight by its heat energy accumulation and exposed to sunlight; Evaporation means arranged to evaporate the heated water in the fan without adding solar energy other than that absorbed by the water in the fan; And means for condensing at least a portion of the water vapor generated in the evaporation means into a liquid phase and recovering the thus-obtained distilled water.

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