KR20180040328A - Method and Apparatus for Applying QoS in Radio Access Network - Google Patents

Abstract

A method and apparatus for applying QoS in a wireless access network are disclosed.
According to an aspect of the present invention, in accordance with a receiving process of receiving a determination result as to whether a TCP / IP packet is generated for a predetermined application and an EPS process for transmitting the TCP / IP packet according to the determination result, And determining whether to change the Quality of Service (QoS) of the Evolved Packet System bearer.

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for applying QoS in a wireless access network,

This embodiment relates to a method and apparatus for applying different QoS according to an application used by a terminal in a wireless access network.

The contents described in this section merely provide background information on the present embodiment and do not constitute the prior art.

Various services or applications such as voice call (VoLTE) and wireless Internet service are provided on an LTE (Long Term Evolution) network.

In order for a user entity (UE) to upload an IP flow to an external PDN (Upload Data Link), the terminal receives an IP flow from a service (or an application) to use. By filtering the received IP flow using Traffic Folw Templates (TFT), the UE determines which Quality of Service (QoS) applied EPS Bearer (Evolved Packet System Bearer) is formed.

Conversely, in order for the external PDN to provide the IP flow to the terminal (Download Link), the PDN forwards the IP flow to the P-GW (PDN Gateway). The P-GW filters the received IP flows using Service Data Flow (SDF) Templates to determine which QoS bearer the SDF is to be transmitted via the EPS bearer.

The EPS bearer is classified into a bearer having a non-GBR (Guaranteed Bit Rate) type characteristic and a bearer having a GBR type characteristic. In case of non-GBR-type bearer, the network resource is not fixedly allocated, while the bearer having the GBR-type bearer is fixedly allocated to guarantee GBR value in bearer setting. The EPS bearer always has a default bearer having non-GBR type characteristics, and a dedicated bearer capable of selectively having characteristics of GBR type and non-GBR type. Generally, when a service to be used is a general wireless Internet service, a terminal forms a default bearer having a Non-GBR (Guaranteed Bit Rate) type property. In the case of a service used for a special purpose such as a voice call service, And a non-GBR type characteristic is selectively formed.

When using a general wireless Internet service, a sufficient quality service can be provided even if a Default bearer is used. However, in the case of a radio access network (RAN) having a relatively large variation in resource utilization relative to a core network, a problem may arise in that adequate resources can not be guaranteed due to insufficient resources.

In particular, in the case of emergency application such as disaster report and emergency report, most of them have been treated as voice calls in the past, so that no major problems have occurred. Recently, however, as the development of smart devices has increased the number of applications to cope with or deal with emergencies, the use of wireless Internet is increasing. As described above, when an application using the wireless Internet is used in a special situation such as reporting an emergency situation, since a default bearer is formed as described above, sufficient network resources can not be guaranteed and appropriate processing can not be performed May occur.

It is an object of the present embodiment to provide a method and apparatus for identifying a service or an application when the terminal uses a preset service or an application so that a QoS suitable for the service or the application is applied.

According to an aspect of the present invention, in accordance with a receiving process of receiving a determination result as to whether a TCP / IP packet is generated for a predetermined application and an EPS process for transmitting the TCP / IP packet according to the determination result, And determining whether to change the Quality of Service (QoS) of the Evolved Packet System bearer.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a communication system including a communication unit for receiving a determination result as to whether a TCP / IP packet is generated for a predetermined application, and a communication unit for transmitting a TCP / And a controller for determining whether or not to change QoS (Quality of Service) of an Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearer.

As described above, according to the embodiment of the present invention, a service or an application used by a terminal can be identified and a QoS suitable for the service or application is applied according to the identified service or application. Therefore, It is advantageous to provide high-quality service even in the access network side.

1 is a diagram illustrating a network system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
2 is a flowchart illustrating a process in which a network system according to an embodiment of the present invention identifies IP packets.
3 is a diagram showing a TCP / IP packet.
4 is a flowchart illustrating a process of changing QoS of an EPS bearer according to an embodiment of the present invention.
5 is a flowchart illustrating a process of re-changing QoS of an EPS bearer according to an embodiment of the present invention.
6 is a flowchart illustrating a method of identifying an IP packet by a P-GW according to an embodiment of the present invention.
7 is a flowchart illustrating a method of applying a QoS of an EPS bearer by a QoS management node according to an embodiment of the present invention.
8 is a configuration diagram of a QoS management node according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Hereinafter, some embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to exemplary drawings. It should be noted that, in adding reference numerals to the constituent elements of the drawings, the same constituent elements are denoted by the same reference symbols as possible even if they are shown in different drawings. In the following description of the present invention, a detailed description of known functions and configurations incorporated herein will be omitted when it may make the subject matter of the present invention rather unclear.

In describing the components of the present invention, terms such as first, second, A, B, (a), and (b) may be used. These terms are intended to distinguish the constituent elements from other constituent elements, and the terms do not limit the nature, order or order of the constituent elements. Throughout the specification, when an element is referred to as being "comprising" or "comprising", it means that it can include other elements as well, without excluding other elements unless specifically stated otherwise . In addition, '... Quot ;, " module ", and " module " refer to a unit that processes at least one function or operation, and may be implemented by hardware or software or a combination of hardware and software.

1 is a diagram illustrating a network system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

1, a network system 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a terminal 110, a base station (eNodeB) 120, a Serving Gateway (S-GW) 130, A P-GW, a Policy and Charging Rule Function (PCRF) 150, a QoS management node 160, a Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) A packet data network (PDN) 170, and a mobility management entity (MME) 180.

The UE 110 generates a session with the PDN 170 and generates an Evolved Packet System Bearer to transmit a TCP / IP packet to the PDN 170 or to use the generated EPS bearer It is a device that receives TCP / IP packets. The terminal 110 can use various services such as voice call, wireless Internet service, or the like, or various applications provided using the wireless Internet service. The terminal uses various services or applications and transmits TCP / IP packets to the PDN 170 or TCP / IP packets from the PDN 170. The terminal 110 may be a tablet PC, a laptop, a personal computer (PC), a portable multimedia player (PMP), a wireless communication terminal, a smart phone SmartPhone) and a mobile communication terminal device (mobile communication terminal).

A base station (eNodeB) 120 is a node constituting an access network for processing a call of a terminal 110 as a radio access network (RAN) node. The base station 120 receives the TCP / IP packet from the terminal 110 and transmits it to the S-GW 130 using the S1 interface. The base station 120 allocates dynamic resources by applying a scheduler, and manages radio resources between cells. In particular, the base station 120 may change the QoS of the EPS bearer by applying any one of a plurality of schedulers.

The S-GW 130 is a node operating as a boundary point between the RAN and the core network and maintaining the data path between the base station 120 and the P-GW 140. The S-GW 130 receives the TCP / IP packet from the base station 120 using the S1 interface and delivers the received TCP / IP packet to the P-GW 140 using the S5 interface.

The P-GW 140 corresponds to the termination point of the data interface toward the packet data network. The P-GW 140 may include policy enforcement features, packet filtering, charging support, legalful interception, UE IP allocation, packet screening, Screening), and so on. In particular, the P-GW 140 determines whether the TCP / IP packet received from the S-GW 130 is a TCP / IP packet for a predetermined service or application using the S5 interface, And provides the PCRF 150 with the determination result.

The PCRF 150 is a node for defining policies and charging rules for each terminal 110. The PCRF 150 provides the QoS management node 160 with the determination result received from the P-GW 140.

The QoS management node 160 receives the determination result from the PCRF 150 and determines whether to change the QoS of the EPS bearer for transmitting the TCP / IP packet according to the determination result. The QoS management node 160 determines whether to change the QoS of the EPS bearer and requests the base station 120 to change the QoS of the EPS bearer according to the determination result. When receiving the QoS change request of the EPS bearer from the QoS management node 160, the base station 120 changes the QoS of the EPS bearer by applying a scheduler different from the scheduler of the existing EPS bearer.

The MME 180 is a node that performs signaling and control functions to support access, network resource allocation, tracking, paging, roaming, and handover related to the network connection of the terminal.

2 is a flowchart illustrating a process in which a network system according to an embodiment of the present invention identifies IP packets.

The terminal 110 generates a TCP / IP packet to be uploaded (S210). When the terminal 110 uses various services or applications and needs to upload a TCP / IP packet, the terminal 110 generates a TCP / IP packet for uploading to the PDN. Generally, the TCP / IP packet shown in FIG. 3 is generated.

3 is a diagram showing a TCP / IP packet.

The TCP / IP packet 300 is divided into a packet header and a TCP data portion. Various information is included in the header of the TCP / IP packet 300, and in particular 5 Tuple information is also included. 5 Tuple information includes an IP address 320 of a source, an IP address 330 of a destination, a protocol type 310, a port 340 of a source, and a port 350 of a destination. According to 5 Tuple information, the TCP / IP packet 300 determines which protocol is used and from which node to which node it is transmitted, and which EPS bearer is used to determine whether to be transmitted.

Meanwhile, the terminal 110 may use an application that can be used for a predetermined purpose, such as an application for coping with an emergency situation, an application for reporting a disaster, an application for telemedicine, among various applications. However, the current TCP / IP packet can not distinguish a TCP / IP packet for an application, and only the above-described 5-Tuple information can be judged. The terminal 110 generates a TCP / IP packet so that it can confirm whether the packet is a TCP / IP packet for a predetermined application, and transmits the TCP / IP packet to a separate application Add an Identification field. The terminal 110 may assign a separate identifier to each application. The terminal 110 may group the predetermined applications into a group, assign the same identifier, group applications into a different group, and assign the same identifier . The application identification field contains the identifier of the application and can be used to identify whether the P-GW 140 receiving the TCP / IP packet in the future is a packet for a predetermined application. When using the predetermined application, the terminal 110 generates a TCP / IP packet including an identifier of a predetermined application in the application identification field of the TCP / IP packet.

The terminal 110 determines a bearer type by filtering the TCP / IP packet (S220). When the terminal 110 generates a TCP / IP packet, it must form an EPS bearer to transmit (upload) a TCP / IP packet. The terminal 110 determines which bearer is used to transmit the TCP / IP packet by filtering the generated TCP / IP packet (TFT: Traffic Folw Templates). At this time, in filtering the TCP / IP packet, the terminal 110 does not specifically determine which application the corresponding TCP / IP packet is used for, but it is based on the 5 Tuple included in the header of the TCP / IP packet Determine the type of bearer. Therefore, the type of application is not considered, and the kind of the bearer is determined by judging the protocol type included in the 5 Tuple information. Accordingly, a Dedicated bearer is formed when a default bearer is a TCP / IP packet for a wireless Internet and a service is used for a special purpose such as a voice call service.

The terminal 110 forms the determined EPS bearer and transmits an IP packet (S230). The terminal 110 forms an EPS bearer determined to transmit the TCP / IP packet to the P-GW 140. The terminal 110 transmits the TCP / IP packet to the base station 120.

The base station 120 applies QoS to the formed EPS bearer (S240). The base station 120 applies a scheduler to apply appropriate QoS to the formed EPS bearer. When an application is used, a default bearer is formed because the wireless Internet service is used. When a default bearer is formed, the base station 120 applies QoS as much as possible according to resource conditions in a base station without guaranteeing a separate bit rate.

The base station 120 transmits the TCP / IP packet using the EPS bearer to which the QoS is applied to the P-GW 140 via the S-GW 130 (S250).

The P-GW 140 analyzes the TCP / IP packet to determine whether it is a TCP / IP packet for a predetermined service or application (S260). When receiving the TCP / IP packet, the P-GW 140 checks which application identifier is included in the application identification field included in the header of the TCP / IP packet. If the P-GW 140 includes an identifier for a predetermined application in the application identification field or an identifier for a predetermined group of applications, the P-GW 140 determines that the corresponding TCP / IP packet is a packet for a predetermined service or application It can be judged. On the other hand, if the application identification field does not contain an identifier for a predetermined application or a predetermined group of applications, the P-GW 140 determines that the corresponding TCP / IP packet is not a packet for a predetermined service or application do.

Through the above-described process, the P-GW 140 can easily distinguish whether it is a packet for a predetermined application without using a separate node.

4 is a flowchart illustrating a process of changing QoS of an EPS bearer according to an embodiment of the present invention.

The P-GW 140 determines whether the TCP / IP packet received from the terminal 110 is a TCP / IP packet for a predetermined application (S410). As described with reference to FIG. 2, the P-GW 140 checks which identifier is included in the application identification field included in the header of the TCP / IP packet, and determines whether the corresponding TCP / It is determined whether the packet is a packet.

The P-GW 140 transmits the determination result to the QoS management node 160 via the PCRF 150 (S420). The P-GW 140 transmits the determination result to the QoS management node 160 via the PCRF 150 so that the QoS management node 160 can determine whether to change the QoS of the EPS bearer. The P-GW 140 transmits an identifier of the TCP / IP packet or an identifier of the terminal to the QoS management node 160 together with the determination result so that the EPS bearer whose QoS is to be changed can be identified.

The QoS management node 160 determines whether it is a TCP / IP packet for a predetermined application (S430). The QoS management node 160 determines whether the determination result received from the P-GW 140 is a TCP / IP packet for a predetermined application.

If the TCP / IP packet is a TCP / IP packet for a predetermined application, the QoS management node 160 requests the base station 120 to change the QoS of the EPS bearer for transmitting the TCP / IP packet (S440). Since the corresponding TCP / IP packet is a TCP / IP packet for an application, a default bearer is formed to transmit the corresponding TCP / IP packet. However, if the packet is a TCP / IP packet for a predetermined application, it is necessary to guarantee a constant bit rate for the corresponding TCP / IP packet. There is a need to change the QoS of the EPS bearer for transmitting the corresponding TCP / IP packet. Therefore, the QoS management node 160 requests the base station 120 to change the QoS of the EPS bearer for transmitting the TCP / IP packet. The QoS management node 160 requests the base station 120 to change the QoS of the EPS bearer and transmits the identifier of the TCP / IP packet or the identifier of the terminal to the base station 120 so that the base station 120 can identify the EPS bearer to change the QoS. 120).

The base station 120 changes the QoS of the EPS bearer so that the different QoS is applied (S450). When receiving a QoS change request of the EPS bearer from the QoS management node 160, the base station 120 changes the QoS of the EPS bearer to be different from that of the established EPS bearer. The BS 120 changes the QoS by applying a scheduler different from the scheduler applied to the EPS bearer. The base station 120 applies a different scheduler to the EPS bearer formed as a default bearer by a specific scheduler, thereby forming a Dedicated bearer. By changing the QoS of the pre-formed EPS bearer, a constant bit rate is guaranteed for IP packets for a predetermined application.

By performing the above-described process, the EPS bearer for transmitting the TCP / IP packet for the predetermined application is changed from the default bearer to the Dedicated bearer so that sufficient resources are secured for use of the predetermined application, and a high quality service is provided .

5 is a flowchart illustrating a process of re-changing QoS of an EPS bearer according to an embodiment of the present invention.

The P-GW 140 determines whether the flow of the TCP / IP packet for the preset service is stopped (S510). The P-GW 140 determines whether the TCP / IP packet for a predetermined application is continuously flowing or stopped using the EPS bearer whose QoS has been changed by the base station 120. For example, when the terminal 110 is continuously using the predetermined application, a TCP / IP packet for a predetermined application will be continuously input to the P-GW 140 using the EPS bearer. However, if the terminal 110 stops using the predetermined application, the TCP / IP packet for the predetermined application will be stopped from entering the P-GW 140.

The P-GW 140 transmits the determination result to the QoS management node 160 via the PCRF 150 in operation S520.

The QoS management node 160 requests to change the QoS of the EPS bearer for transmitting the TCP / IP packet (S530). When the flow of TCP / IP packets for a predetermined service is interrupted, it is no longer necessary for the EPS bearer to maintain the changed QoS. That is, there is no need for the base station 120 to further maintain the QoS of the EPS bearer changed to the dedicated bearer by applying the scheduler. Therefore, the QoS management node 160 requests the base station 120 to change the QoS of the EPS bearer for transmitting the TCP / IP packet again.

The base station 120 re-modifies the QoS of the EPS bearer (S540). When receiving the QoS re-change request of the EPS bearer from the QoS management node 160, the base station 120 changes the QoS of the EPS bearer from the dedicated bearer to the default bearer. There is no need to maintain a dedicated bearer that guarantees a bit rate because the TCP / IP packet for the predetermined service has stopped flowing. Therefore, the QoS management node 160 requests the base station 120 to re-change the QoS of the EPS bearer, and the base station 120 re-changes the QoS of the EPS bearer.

As described above, when the transmission of the TCP / IP packet for the predetermined application is interrupted by the above-mentioned procedure, the QoS of the changed EPS bearer is changed again so that unnecessary resources can be prevented from being allocated Thereby providing other services or applications of higher quality.

6 is a flowchart illustrating a method of identifying an IP packet by a P-GW according to an embodiment of the present invention.

The P-GW 140 receives the TCP / IP packet through the EPS bearer (S610). The TCP / IP packet received by the P-GW 140 may be a packet initially transmitted by the terminal 110 for uploading, or may be a packet continuously received using an EPS bearer already formed.

The P-GW 140 determines whether the received TCP / IP packet is a packet for a predetermined service (S620). The P-GW 140 uses the application identifier included in the application identification field added to the header of the TCP / IP packet to determine whether the received TCP / IP packet is a packet for a predetermined service. In the case of a packet for a predetermined service, the received TCP / IP packet is the first packet transmitted for the terminal 110 to upload. On the other hand, if the packet is not a packet for a predetermined service, the received TCP / IP packet may be a packet that is initially transmitted by the terminal 110 for uploading, or may be a packet have.

If the received TCP / IP packet is a packet for a predetermined service, the P-GW 140 transmits the determination result to the QoS management node 160 via the PCRF 150 (S630). The P-GW 140 transmits the determination result to the QoS management node 160 via the PCRF 150 so that the QoS management node 160 determines to change the QoS of the EPS bearer for transmitting the packet.

If the received TCP / IP packet is not a packet for a predetermined application, the P-GW 140 determines whether the TCP / IP packet has been received for the predetermined application (S640). From this process, the P-GW 140 can determine whether the received TCP / IP packet is a packet irrelevant to the predetermined application or the reception of the TCP / IP packet for the predetermined application is interrupted. If the TCP / IP packet for the preset service has been received, the P-GW 140 determines that the reception of the TCP / IP packet for the predetermined application is stopped. On the other hand, if the TCP / IP packet for the predetermined service has not been received, the P-GW 140 determines that the received TCP / IP packet is not related to the predetermined application. In this case, the P-GW 140 delivers the packet to the PDN 170.

If the P-GW 140 has received the TCP / IP packet for the predetermined application, the P-GW 140 notifies the QoS management node 160 via the PCRF 150 that the TCP / IP packet for the predetermined application has been stopped (S650). When the flow of the TCP / IP packet for the predetermined application is interrupted, it is no longer necessary to maintain the QoS of the EPS bearer in a changed state. Therefore, the QoS management node 160 transmits a determination result to the QoS management node 160 so that the QoS management node 160 can change the QoS of the EPS bearer for transmitting the packet.

7 is a flowchart illustrating a method of applying a QoS of an EPS bearer by a QoS management node according to an embodiment of the present invention.

The QoS management node 160 receives the determination result as to whether the TCP / IP packet received by the P-GW through the EPS bearer is a packet for a predetermined application (S710).

The QoS management node 160 confirms whether the TCP / IP packet is a packet for a predetermined application (S720). The QoS management node 160 checks the received determination result to determine whether the TCP / IP packet is a packet for a predetermined service. If the TCP / IP packet is a packet for a predetermined service, the QoS management node 160 may determine that the TCP / IP packet for the predetermined application is received for the first time. In contrast, when the TCP / IP packet is not a packet for a predetermined service, the QoS management node 160 may determine that the reception of the TCP / IP packet for the predetermined service is interrupted.

If the TCP / IP packet is a packet for a predetermined service, the QoS management node 160 requests to change the QoS of the EPS bearer for transmitting the TCP / IP packet (S730). The QoS management node 160 requests the base station 120 to change the QoS of the EPS bearer so that the base station 120 changes the QoS of the EPS bearer for transmitting the corresponding TCP / IP packet by applying a different scheduler.

If the TCP / IP packet is not a packet for a predetermined service, the QoS management node 160 requests to change the QoS of the EPS bearer for transmitting the TCP / IP packet (S740). The QoS management node 160 requests the base station 120 to re-change the QoS of the EPS bearer so that the base station 120 changes the QoS for the EPS bearer that has no need to guarantee the bit rate.

In FIGS. 6 and 7, it is described that each process is sequentially executed, but this is merely illustrative of the technical idea of an embodiment of the present invention. In other words, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the essential characteristics of one embodiment of the present invention, And FIG. 7 are not limited to the time-series order because they can be variously modified and modified by being executed in parallel.

6 and 7 can be implemented as computer-readable codes on a computer-readable recording medium. A computer-readable recording medium includes all kinds of recording apparatuses in which data that can be read by a computer system is stored. That is, a computer-readable recording medium includes a magnetic storage medium (e.g., ROM, floppy disk, hard disk, etc.), an optical reading medium (e.g., CD ROM, And the like). The computer-readable recording medium may also be distributed over a networked computer system so that computer readable code can be stored and executed in a distributed manner.

8 is a configuration diagram of a QoS management node according to an embodiment of the present invention.

8, a QoS management node 160 according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a communication unit 810 and a control unit 820. Since the description of each configuration has been described above with reference to Figs. 1 to 7, detailed description will be omitted.

The communication unit 810 receives from the PCRF 150 a result of the determination whether the TCP / IP packet received by the P-GW through the PS bearer determined by the P-GW 140 is a packet for a predetermined service.

The communication unit 810 transmits to the base station 120 whether the QoS of the EPS bearer for transmitting the TCP / IP packet determined by the controller 820 is changed or re-changed.

The control unit 820 determines whether to change or re-change the QoS of the EPS bearer for transmitting the TCP / IP packet based on the determination result of whether or not the TCP / IP packet is a packet for a predetermined service.

The foregoing description is merely illustrative of the technical idea of the present embodiment, and various modifications and changes may be made to those skilled in the art without departing from the essential characteristics of the embodiments. Therefore, the present embodiments are to be construed as illustrative rather than restrictive, and the scope of the technical idea of the present embodiment is not limited by these embodiments. The scope of protection of the present embodiment should be construed according to the following claims, and all technical ideas within the scope of equivalents thereof should be construed as being included in the scope of the present invention.

100: network system 110: terminal
120: base station 130: S-GW
140: P-GW 150: PCRF
160: QoS management node 170: PDN
180: MME 300: TCP / IP packet
310: Protocol type 320: IP address of the source
330: IP address of the destination 340: Port of the source
350: Destination Port 810: Communication
820:

Claims (10)

Receiving a result of the determination as to whether the packet is a TCP / IP packet generated for a predetermined application; And
Determining whether to change QoS (Quality of Service) of an Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearer for transmitting the TCP / IP packet according to the determination result;
Gt; QoS < / RTI > The method according to claim 1,
The receiving process includes:
And receiving an identifier of the TCP / IP packet or an identifier of the terminal together with the determination result. The method according to claim 1,
In the determination process,
And determines to change the QoS of the EPS bearer if it is determined that the TCP / IP packet is generated for a predetermined application. The method of claim 3,
In the determination process,
Wherein the QoS of the EPS bearer is changed by changing the EPS bearer from a default bearer to a dedicated bearer. The method of claim 3,
In the determination process,
And determines to re-change the QoS of the EPS bearer when it is determined that the TCP / IP packet is not generated for a predetermined application. 6. The method of claim 5,
In the determination process,
Wherein the QoS of the EPS bearer is changed by changing the EPS bearer from the Dedicated bearer to the Default bearer. The method according to claim 1,
And requesting the base station to change QoS of the EPS bearer according to the determination result in the determining step. 8. The method of claim 7,
The requesting process includes:
Wherein if the QoS of the EPS bearer is determined to be changed, the base station requests to apply a different scheduler to the scheduler applied to the EPS bearer. 8. The method according to claim 2 or 7,
The requesting process includes:
And transmits an identifier of the TCP / IP packet or an identifier of the UE to the BS together with a QoS change request of the EPS bearer. A communication unit for receiving a result of the determination as to whether the packet is a TCP / IP packet generated for a predetermined application; And
According to a result of the determination, a controller for determining whether to change QoS (Quality of Service) of an Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearer for transmitting the TCP /
Wherein the QoS application apparatus comprises:

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