KR102801056B1 - Flexible Substrate and Display Device including the same - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention provides a display device including a display panel, a flexible substrate, and an adhesive. The display panel displays an image. The flexible substrate is attached to a rear surface of the display panel and has driving voltage lines for transmitting a driving voltage to the display panel. The adhesive is positioned between the rear surface of the display panel and the rear surface of the flexible substrate and includes an adhesive that attaches the display panel and the flexible substrate. The flexible substrate includes an adhesive spreading prevention structure positioned adjacent to an adhesive forming region where the adhesive is formed.

Description

Flexible substrate and display device including the same {Flexible Substrate and Display Device including the same}

The present invention relates to a flexible substrate and a display device including the same.

As information technology develops, the market for display devices, which are the connecting medium between users and information, is growing. Accordingly, the use of display devices such as Organic Light Emitting Displays (OLED), Quantum Dot Displays (QDD), Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD), and Plasma Display Panels (PDP) is increasing.

Some of the display devices described above, for example, a liquid crystal display device or an organic light emitting display device, include a display panel including a plurality of sub-pixels arranged in a matrix form, a driving unit that outputs a driving signal for driving the display panel, and a power supply unit that generates power to be supplied to the display panel or the driving unit. The driving unit includes a scan driving unit that supplies a scan signal (or gate signal) to the display panel, and a data driving unit that supplies a data signal to the display panel.

A display device such as the above can display an image by having selected sub-pixels transmit light or directly emit light when driving signals, such as scan signals and data signals, are supplied to sub-pixels formed on a display panel.

The present invention prevents or inhibits problems of corrosion or burnt defects in a flexible substrate after the attachment process between a display panel and a flexible substrate, thereby improving the operating reliability and stability of a device as well as its quality and lifespan.

As a means for solving the above-described problem, the present invention provides a display device including a display panel, a flexible substrate, and an adhesive. The display panel displays an image. The flexible substrate is attached to a rear surface of the display panel and has driving voltage lines for transmitting a driving voltage to the display panel. The adhesive is positioned between the rear surface of the display panel and the rear surface of the flexible substrate and includes an adhesive that attaches the display panel and the flexible substrate. The flexible substrate includes an adhesive spreading prevention structure positioned adjacent to an adhesive forming region where the adhesive is formed.

The adhesive spreading prevention structure may include a first metal layer positioned on the back surface of the flexible substrate and a second insulating layer covering the first metal layer.

The adhesive spreading prevention structure may include a dummy pattern formed of a first metal layer and a groove formed in a second insulating layer and provided between the dummy patterns.

Dummy patterns may include a mesh or honeycomb structure.

The flexible substrate may include a pad portion positioned at one end and electrically connected to the display panel, and driving voltage lines connected to the pad portion and arranged at left and right ends of the flexible substrate, respectively.

The driving voltage lines are respectively located on the front and back of the flexible board, and may have a decalcomania shape with the same wiring at the left and right ends based on the center line of the flexible board.

An adhesive spreading prevention structure can be located between the driving voltage lines and the adhesive forming region where the adhesive is formed.

The adhesive spreading prevention structure may have a long bar shape extending vertically along the wiring direction of the driving voltage lines.

The adhesive spreading prevention structure may have a D-shape that is long in the vertical direction along the wiring direction of the driving voltage lines and can block a portion of the horizontal direction of the adhesive.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a flexible substrate including a substrate layer, a first metal layer positioned on a first surface of the substrate layer, a second insulating layer covering the first metal layer, driving voltage lines formed of the first metal layer, a dummy pattern formed of the first metal layer but electrically disconnected from the driving voltage lines, and an adhesive spreading prevention structure formed on the second insulating layer and including a groove provided between the dummy patterns.

The present invention prevents or inhibits problems in which corrosion or burnt defects occur in a flexible substrate due to spreading of an adhesive during an attachment process between a display panel and a flexible substrate and a metal corrosion-inducing substance included in a layer attached to the back of the flexible substrate, thereby improving the operating reliability and stability of a device as well as its quality and lifespan.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematically showing an organic light emitting display device, FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram schematically showing the subpixels shown in FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional configuration diagram of the display panel shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a drawing showing the configuration of a display module including a power supply unit, a panel driver unit, and a display panel, FIGS. 5 and 6 are drawings showing the front and back of the display module, and FIG. 7 is a planar example drawing showing one side of a flexible printed circuit board used to implement the display module.
FIGS. 8 to 10 are drawings for explaining the structure of the front, back, and cross-section of a flexible substrate according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 11 is a drawing for explaining the structure of a portion of the back of the flexible substrate.
FIG. 12 is a drawing showing a part of a display module including a flexible substrate according to an embodiment, FIG. 13 is a drawing showing a part of a display module including a flexible substrate according to an experimental example, and FIGS. 14 to 16 are drawings for explaining problems occurring in the experimental example.
Fig. 17 is an example of an adhesive spreading prevention structure of a flexible substrate according to an embodiment.

Hereinafter, specific details for implementing the present invention will be described with reference to the attached drawings.

As information technology develops, the market for display devices, which are the connecting medium between users and information, is growing. Accordingly, the use of display devices such as quantum dot displays (QDD), liquid crystal displays (LCDs), organic light emitting diode displays (OLEDs), and plasma display panels (PDPs) is increasing.

The present invention described below is described as an organic light-emitting display device including an organic light-emitting diode, but is also applicable to other display devices such as an inorganic light-emitting display device including an inorganic light-emitting diode.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematically showing an organic light emitting display device, FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram schematically showing the subpixels shown in FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional configuration diagram of the display panel shown in FIG. 1.

As illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3, the organic light emitting display device includes an image supply unit (110), a timing control unit (120), a scan driver unit (130), a data driver unit (140), a display panel (150), and a power supply unit (180).

The image supply unit (110) outputs various driving signals along with image data signals supplied from the outside or stored in internal memory. The image supply unit (110) supplies data signals and various driving signals to the timing control unit (120).

The timing control unit (120) outputs a gate timing control signal (GDC) for controlling the operation timing of the scan driver (130), a data timing control signal (DDC) for controlling the operation timing of the data driver (140), and various synchronization signals (Vsync, which is a vertical synchronization signal, Hsync, which is a horizontal synchronization signal). The timing control unit (120) supplies a data signal (DATA) supplied from the image processing unit (110) together with the data timing control signal (DDC) to the data driver (140).

The scan driver (130) outputs a scan signal (or gate signal) in response to a gate timing control signal (GDC) supplied from the timing control unit (120). The scan driver (130) supplies a scan signal to sub-pixels included in the display panel (150) through gate lines (GL1 to GLm). The scan driver (130) is formed in the form of an IC (Integrated Circuit) or is formed directly on the liquid crystal panel (150) in a gate-in-panel manner.

The data driving unit (140) samples and latches a data signal (DATA) in response to a data timing control signal (DDC) supplied from the timing control unit (120), converts it into a data voltage in the form of an analog signal corresponding to the gamma reference voltage, and outputs it.

The data driving unit (140) supplies data voltage to sub-pixels included in the liquid crystal panel (150) through data lines (DL1 to DLn). The data driving unit (140) may be formed in the form of an IC (Integrated Circuit) and mounted on the display panel (150) or on a printed circuit board, but is not limited thereto.

The power supply unit (180) generates and outputs a high-potential first driving voltage (VDDEL) and a low-potential second driving voltage (VSSEL) based on an external input voltage supplied from the outside. The power supply unit (180) can generate and output not only the first and second driving voltages (VDDEL, VSSEL), but also a voltage required for driving the scan driving unit (130) or a voltage required for driving the data driving unit (140).

The display panel (150) displays an image in response to a driving signal including a scan signal and a data voltage output from a driving unit including a scan driving unit (130) and a data driving unit (140), and a first driving voltage and a second driving voltage (VDDEL, VSSEL) output from a power supply unit (180). The sub-pixels of the display panel (150) directly emit light.

For example, one sub-pixel (SP) includes a pixel circuit (PC) that includes a switching transistor (SW), a driving transistor, a storage capacitor, an organic light-emitting diode, etc. The sub-pixel (SP) used in an organic light-emitting display device directly emits light, so its circuit configuration is more complex than that of a liquid crystal display device.

In addition, the compensation circuits that compensate for the deterioration of not only the organic light-emitting diode that emits light but also the driving transistor that supplies the driving current to the organic light-emitting diode are complex and diverse. Therefore, refer to the block diagram of the pixel circuit (PC) included in the sub-pixel (SP).

The display panel (150) may include a first substrate (150a), a second substrate (150b), and a display portion (140) therebetween. At least one of the first substrate (150a) and the second substrate (150b) may be flexible. In addition, depending on the purpose of the device, the second substrate (150b) protecting the display portion (140) may be omitted and replaced with a multilayer protective layer. In addition, the display portion (140) may include a plurality of sub-pixels (SP) and wires that transmit signals or voltages to them.

Meanwhile, in the case of the organic light emitting display device described above, depending on the size, resolution, application, etc. of the display panel (150), the configuration of the device may be further divided and separated, or at least one or more may be integrated into one device.

For example, the timing control unit (120) and the data driving unit (140) may be integrated into a single IC, such as the panel driving unit (160). In the following invention, a panel driving unit (160) in which the timing control unit (120) and the data driving unit (140) are integrated into a single IC is described as an example, but this is only an example and the invention is not limited thereto.

FIG. 4 is a drawing showing the configuration of a display module including a power supply unit, a panel driver unit, and a display panel, FIGS. 5 and 6 are drawings showing the front and back of the display module, and FIG. 7 is a planar example drawing showing one side of a flexible printed circuit board used to implement the display module.

As illustrated in FIG. 4, the organic light emitting display device described above is assembled so that devices including a power supply unit (180), a panel driver unit (160), and a display panel (150) are electrically/mechanically connected, which is commonly referred to as a display module. The display panel (150) may include a scan driver unit (130) implemented in a gate-in-panel manner.

The power supply unit (180) may be mounted on a flexible substrate (170) or may be mounted on a printed circuit board connected to the flexible substrate (170). A voltage line may be provided so that the first driving voltage (VDDEL) and the low-potential second driving voltage (VSSEL) output from the power supply unit (180) are directly applied to the display panel (150). A voltage line may be provided so that the third driving voltage (DDVDH) output from the power supply unit (180) is directly applied to the panel driving unit (160).

The panel driver (160) may be mounted on a flexible substrate (170). The flexible substrate (170) on which the panel driver (160) is mounted is also called a chip on film (COF). The panel driver (160) may receive various driving signals as well as an image data signal through an interface (MIPI_4Lane) connected to an external device (e.g., an image supply unit). In addition, the panel driver (160) may receive driving voltages (VPP, VCI, VDD, DVDD) required for driving the device from a power supply unit (180) or an external device.

As shown in Fig. 5, the display module can be modularized into a device such as a smart phone. When modularized, a flexible substrate (170) or the like can be connected to a pad portion of the display panel (150) through a conductive adhesive such as an anisotropic conductive film.

As shown in Fig. 6, the flexible substrate (170) attached to the display panel (150) can be attached to the back of the display panel (150) after being connected as shown in Fig. 5. To this end, a bending process and an attachment process are performed in which the flexible substrate (170) is bent to the back of the display panel (150) and then attached.

As illustrated in FIG. 7, the flexible substrate (170) attached to the display panel (150) may have different shapes of structures located on the front (FIG. 7 (a)) and the back (FIG. 7 (b)). That is, the flexible substrate (170) used in an organic light emitting display device, etc. may vary depending on the manufacturer. Therefore, the structure of the flexible substrate described below should be interpreted as an example for explaining the embodiment.

FIGS. 8 to 10 are drawings for explaining the structure of the front, back, and cross-section of a flexible substrate according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 11 is a drawing for explaining the structure of a portion of the back of the flexible substrate.

As illustrated in FIG. 8, on the front surface of the flexible substrate (170) according to the embodiment, a first driving voltage line (VDDEL), a second driving voltage line (VSSEL), and a third driving voltage line (VRS) connected to the pad portions (PAD) are positioned together with pad portions (PAD).

In addition, a panel driving unit (160) may be mounted on the front surface of the flexible substrate (170) according to the embodiment. The panel driving unit (160) may be located in the central region of the flexible substrate (170), but is not limited thereto. In addition, signal lines, etc. that electrically connect the panel driving unit (160) and the pad portion (PAD) are located on the front surface of the flexible substrate (170) according to the embodiment.

The pad portion (PAD) is an area where pads made of electrodes that are connected to the pad portion of the display panel are located. The pad portion (PAD) is located at one end of the flexible substrate (170) and can be arranged lengthwise in the horizontal direction. In addition, although not shown, a configuration similar to the pad portion (PAD) can also be located at the other end.

The first driving voltage line (VDDEL) and the second driving voltage line (VSSEL) are lines that transmit the first driving voltage and the second driving voltage output from the power supply to the display panel. The third driving voltage line (VRS) is a line that transmits the driving voltages required to operate the device.

The first to third driving voltage lines (VDDEL, VSSEL, VRS) may be arranged at the left and right ends of the flexible substrate (170). The first to third driving voltage lines (VDDEL, VSSEL, VRS) may be arranged in the same shape (decalcomania shape) at the left and right ends based on the center line of the flexible substrate (170).

As illustrated in FIG. 9, a first driving voltage line (VDDEL), a second driving voltage line (VSSEL), and a third driving voltage line (VRS) may be positioned on the back surface of the flexible substrate (170) according to the embodiment. In addition, the first to third driving voltage lines (VDDEL, VSSEL, VRS) may be arranged in the same shape (decalcomania shape) at the left and right ends based on the center line of the flexible substrate (170). That is, the first driving voltage line (VDDEL), the second driving voltage line (VSSEL), and the third driving voltage line (VRS) may be arranged in the same shape on both surfaces of the flexible substrate (170).

Meanwhile, 160B is a part that can be seen from the back of the flexible substrate (170) and is an electrode or line connected to the panel driver (160B). And PSAA is an area where adhesive is formed when attaching the flexible substrate (170) to the back of the display panel.

As illustrated in FIG. 10, the flexible substrate (170) according to the embodiment may include a first metal layer (CU1) and a second metal layer (CU2) positioned on one side and the other side of the substrate layer (PI) to form electrodes or lines on both sides. In addition, the flexible substrate (170) according to the embodiment may include a first insulating layer (SR1) and a second insulating layer (SR2) covering the first metal layer (CU1) and the second metal layer (CU2).

The substrate layer (PI) can be made of a material having good ductility, thermal stability, and mechanical superiority, such as polyimide, the first and second metal layers (CU1, CU2) can be made of a metal material having good electrical and thermal conductivity, such as copper, and the first and second insulating layers (SR1, SR2) can be made of a covering material capable of covering and protecting the lower layers (CU1, CU2), such as solar resist.

As illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 11, the flexible substrate (170) according to the embodiment includes a dummy pattern (DMY PTN) and a groove (HM) positioned around an adhesive forming area (PSAA). The dummy pattern (DMY PTN) is positioned between the adhesive forming area (PSAA) and the first to third driving voltage lines (VDDEL, VSSEL, VRS). The dummy pattern (DMY PTN) may be electrically floating (electrically disconnected) without being connected to another electrode or line, or may be connected to a ground line that maintains an electrically stable state.

The dummy pattern (DMY PTN) can be formed by the first metal layer (CU1). The dummy pattern (DMY PTN) can be formed by a plurality of square or polygonal lines (wirings) that can form a mesh structure, a honeycomb structure, etc. The groove (HM) is located between the lines forming the dummy pattern (DMY PTN). The groove (HM) can be formed by the first insulating layer (SR1) (when SR is applied, a groove is formed by forming a step by the dummy pattern).

The dummy pattern (DMY PTN) and the groove (HM) provided on the back of the flexible substrate (170) serve to prevent or inhibit problems that may occur when the adhesive formed in the adhesive forming area (PSAA) spreads through a subsequent pressing process. In other words, the dummy pattern (DMY PTN) and the groove (HM) are structures that prevent or inhibit the spreading of the adhesive. For a description related to this, refer to the following.

FIG. 12 is a drawing showing a part of a display module including a flexible substrate according to an embodiment, FIG. 13 is a drawing showing a part of a display module including a flexible substrate according to an experimental example, and FIGS. 14 to 16 are drawings for explaining problems occurring in the experimental example.

As illustrated in FIG. 12, the flexible substrate (170) according to the embodiment is attached to the display panel (150) and then, through a banding process, is attached to the rear surface of the display panel (150). At this time, an adhesive (PSA) is formed between the rear surface of the flexible substrate (170) and the rear surface of the display panel (150) to help adhesion between the two. In the case of the adhesive (PSA), a pressure-sensitive adhesive may be selected.

As described with reference to FIG. 9, the adhesive (PSA) is formed in an adhesive forming area (PSAA) defined on the back surface of the flexible substrate (170). Structural layers (MPL, GRP) may be further positioned between the back surface of the flexible substrate (170) and the back surface of the display panel (150) to supplement/reinforce mechanical strength.

The structural layers (MPL, GRP) may include a first layer (MPL) and a second layer (GRP), and the first layer (MPL) adjacent to the rear surface of the display panel (150) may include metal or the like, and the second layer (GRP) on the first layer (MPL) may include graphite or the like. Meanwhile, the structural layers (MPL, GRP) may or may not be present depending on the manufacturing method of the display module including the display panel (150). However, the following description will be made as an example of the structural layers (MPL, GRP) being positioned on the rear surface of the display panel (150).

The flexible substrate (170) according to the embodiment includes a structure for preventing or inhibiting the spreading of an adhesive, which is formed of a dummy pattern (DMY PTN) and a groove (HM). As a result, even if a certain level of pressure is applied to form an adhesive (PSA) between the rear surface of the flexible substrate (170) and the rear surface of the display panel (150) and then attach the two, the end of the adhesive (PSA) does not spread to the area where the first to third driving voltage lines (VDDEL, VSSEL, VRS) are located. This is because a portion of the adhesive (PSA) spread by the pressure fills the inside of the groove (HM), thereby reducing the amount of spreading (since the groove prevents the PSA from spreading widely horizontally).

As illustrated in Fig. 13, the flexible substrate (170) according to the experimental example does not include a structure for preventing or inhibiting the spreading of the adhesive, unlike the embodiment. As a result, when an adhesive (PSA) is formed between the rear surface of the flexible substrate (170) and the rear surface of the display panel (150) and a certain level of pressure is applied to attach the two, the end of the adhesive (PSA) may spread to an area where one of the first to third driving voltage lines (VDDEL, VSSEL, VRS) is located. In addition, the phenomenon of the end of the adhesive (PSA) spreading may also occur due to a high-temperature environment during a high-temperature operation test of the display module.

In this way, if the end of the adhesive (PSA) spreads to the area where the voltage lines are located, a problem may occur in which the metal layer included in the flexible substrate (170) is corroded or burned by ions that cause metal corrosion (electrical corrosion). A description of this is provided below.

As shown in FIGS. 14 to 16, when the end of the adhesive (PSA) spreads to the area where the first to third driving voltage lines (VDDEL, VSSEL, VRS) are located, anions such as sulfur (S) and fluorine (F) included in the second layer (GRP) can be transferred to the rear surface of the flexible substrate (170) through the adhesive (PSA).

And, negative ions such as sulfur (S) and fluorine (F) transferred to the rear surface of the flexible substrate (170) can be transferred to the first and third driving voltage lines (VDDEL, VRS), which are positive voltage bias lines, by a strong electric field (E-Field) formed from the first to third driving voltage lines (VSSEL-VRS / VDDEL).

At this time, if anions such as sulfur (S) and fluorine (F), which affect the electrolytic conduction of the metal layer, come into contact with the first driving voltage line (VDDEL), a burnt defect (conductive COF burnt defect) phenomenon may occur in which the flexible substrate (170) burns out. FIG. 16 is a reference drawing showing a state in which a burnt defect issue has occurred in the first and third driving voltage lines (VDDEL, VRS) to the extent that the flexible substrate (170) may burn out.

Fig. 17 is an example of an adhesive spreading prevention structure of a flexible substrate according to an embodiment.

As illustrated in FIG. 17, the flexible substrate (170) according to the embodiment includes an adhesive spreading prevention structure (PTN) formed of a dummy pattern and a groove. The adhesive spreading prevention structure (PTN) may be positioned around the adhesive forming area (PSAA). However, the adhesive spreading prevention structure (PTN) may be positioned only in a part of the flexible substrate (170) in consideration of process conditions such as the degree of adhesive spreading or pressure.

As a first example, the adhesive spreading prevention structure (PTN) can be arranged in a long bar shape in the vertical direction (along the wiring direction of the driving voltage lines) only on the left and right sides of the adhesive forming area (PSAA), as shown in Fig. 17(a). The reason for arranging it only on the left and right sides of the adhesive forming area (PSAA) is that in the case of a problem due to adhesive spreading, it is highly related to the driving voltage lines.

As a second example, the adhesive spreading prevention structure (PTN) may have a D-shaped structure that is arranged only on the left and right sides of the adhesive forming area (PSAA), as shown in Fig. 17(b), but can limit the spreading area (block a part of the horizontal direction of the PSA). The adhesive spreading prevention structure (PTN) may be arranged in various shapes, not only in a D-shaped shape, but also considering the shape, size, pressure, etc. of the adhesive so that the adhesive can be absorbed without spreading.

The present invention prevents or inhibits problems in which corrosion or burnt defects occur in a flexible substrate due to spreading of an adhesive during an attachment process between a display panel and a flexible substrate and a metal corrosion-inducing substance included in a layer attached to the rear surface of the flexible substrate, thereby improving the operating reliability and stability of a device as well as its quality and lifespan.

Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to the attached drawings, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the technical configuration of the present invention described above can be implemented in other specific forms without changing the technical idea or essential features of the present invention. Therefore, it should be understood that the embodiments described above are exemplary in all respects and not restrictive. In addition, the scope of the present invention is indicated by the claims described below rather than the detailed description above. In addition, all changes or modifications derived from the meaning and scope of the claims and their equivalent concepts should be interpreted as being included in the scope of the present invention.

150: Display panel 180: Power supply
170: Flexible board 160: Panel drive unit
VDDEL: 1st driving voltage line VSSEL: 2nd driving voltage line
PSAA: Adhesive forming area PSA: Adhesive
DMY PTN:Dummy Pattern HM:Home

Claims (10)

A display panel that displays images;
A flexible substrate attached to the rear surface of the display panel and having driving voltage lines for transmitting driving voltage to the display panel; and
An adhesive is included, positioned between the rear surface of the display panel and the rear surface of the flexible substrate, and attaches the display panel and the flexible substrate.
The above flexible substrate includes an adhesive spreading prevention structure positioned adjacent to an adhesive forming region where the adhesive is formed,
The above adhesive spreading prevention structure
A dummy pattern formed of a first metal layer located on the rear surface of the above flexible substrate,
It includes a groove formed in a second insulating layer covering the first metal layer and provided between the dummy patterns,
The above adhesive spreading prevention structure
A display device positioned between the above driving voltage lines and the adhesive forming region where the adhesive is formed. delete delete In the first paragraph,
The above dummy pattern is
A display device including a mesh or honeycomb structure. In the first paragraph,
The above flexible substrate
A pad portion located at one end and electrically connected to the display panel,
A display device including the driving voltage lines connected to the above pad portion and arranged at the left and right ends of the flexible substrate, respectively. In paragraph 5,
The above driving voltage lines
A display device having a decalcomania shape, which is positioned on the front and back of the flexible substrate respectively, and is equally wired at the left and right ends based on the center line of the flexible substrate. delete In the first paragraph,
The above adhesive spreading prevention structure
A display device having a long bar shape running vertically along the wiring direction of the above driving voltage lines. In the first paragraph,
The above adhesive spreading prevention structure
A display device having a D-shape that is long in the vertical direction along the wiring direction of the above driving voltage lines and can block a portion of the horizontal direction of the adhesive. substrate layer;
A first metal layer located on the first surface of the above-mentioned substrate layer, and a second insulating layer covering the first metal layer;
Driving voltage lines formed of the first metal layer; and
It includes an adhesive spreading prevention structure including a dummy pattern formed of the first metal layer and electrically disconnected from the driving voltage lines, and a groove formed on the second insulating layer and provided between the dummy patterns.
The above adhesive spreading prevention structure
A flexible substrate positioned between the above driving voltage lines and the adhesive forming region where the adhesive is formed.

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