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JPS5995800A - Joining method of diaphragm for speaker and voice coil bobbin - Google Patents

Joining method of diaphragm for speaker and voice coil bobbin

Info

Publication number
JPS5995800A
JPS5995800A JP20736382A JP20736382A JPS5995800A JP S5995800 A JPS5995800 A JP S5995800A JP 20736382 A JP20736382 A JP 20736382A JP 20736382 A JP20736382 A JP 20736382A JP S5995800 A JPS5995800 A JP S5995800A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
diaphragm
voice coil
coil bobbin
connecting material
speaker
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
JP20736382A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPH037200B2 (en
Inventor
Tetsuo Shimizu
哲雄 清水
Yasushi Miyoshi
三好 靖
Shintaro Hirose
広瀬 新太郎
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sanyo Electric Co Ltd
Sanyo Denki Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Sanyo Electric Co Ltd
Sanyo Denki Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sanyo Electric Co Ltd, Sanyo Denki Co Ltd filed Critical Sanyo Electric Co Ltd
Priority to JP20736382A priority Critical patent/JPS5995800A/en
Publication of JPS5995800A publication Critical patent/JPS5995800A/en
Publication of JPH037200B2 publication Critical patent/JPH037200B2/ja
Granted legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04RLOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R9/00Transducers of moving-coil, moving-strip, or moving-wire type
    • H04R9/02Details
    • H04R9/04Construction, mounting, or centering of coil
    • H04R9/045Mounting

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Audible-Bandwidth Dynamoelectric Transducers Other Than Pickups (AREA)
  • Diaphragms For Electromechanical Transducers (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

PURPOSE:To attain strong joining between a diaphragm and a voice coil bobbin by joining a connecting member welded to the diaphragm made of thermoplastic resin and the voice coil bobbin by an adhesive. CONSTITUTION:The connecting member 6 is welded to the front surface of a bottle neck section 11 being a drive part of the diaphragm 1 made of the thermoplastic resin. Since the connecting member 6 is made of a fibrous, net or foamed member, the molten diaphragm 1 is impregnated partly with the connecting member 6 so as to attain strong joining. Then, the upper end of the voice coil bobbin 3 having a voice coil 2 wound on the low end is penetrated to the opening of the bottle neck section 11 and the adhesives 5 is applied. Thus, the diaphragm 1 and the voice coil bobbin 3 are joined strongly.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 (イ)技術分野 本発明はスピーカ用振動板とボイスコイルボビンとの接
合方法に関する。
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION (a) Technical Field The present invention relates to a method of joining a speaker diaphragm and a voice coil bobbin.

(ロ)従来技術 動電型スピーカを構成する振動板は、通常第1図に示す
如く、振動板(1〉のネック部(11)でボイスコイル
(2)が巻回されたボイスコイルボビン(3)と、また
振動板(1)の周辺部(12)でエツジ(4)とが接合
支持されている。振動板(1)として最も多く用いられ
ているバルブコーンでは、これら三箇所(1’l )、
(12)での接合部は、通常コム系、アクリル系又はウ
レタン系の接着剤(5)により接Sきれており、耐熱性
及び機械的強度を必要とする場合にはエボキン系掛着剤
により接着されていた。またこのパルプコーンからなる
振動板(1)−に限らず金属材才4、無機質材料又は大
半の有機質材料よりなるコーン型及び平面型の振動板(
1)も、通常上記の接着剤で接合きれていた。ところが
、樹脂系の材料からなる振動板り1)のうち、ポリプロ
ピレンやポリエチレンを基材とす議振動板においては、
前記の接着剤をそのまま用いることはいくつかの不都合
を生しる。即ち、ポリプロピレンやポリエチレンはオレ
フィン系樹脂であり、接着性が極めて悪く、前記の接着
剤又はその他の従来から使用されている接着剤では、充
分な接着力を得る事ができず特に振動板(1)のネック
部(11)とボイスコイルホビン(3)との接合箇所に
おいて、〈1)振動板(1)のネック部り11)との接
着力か弱いため、機械振動又は熱膨張等により剥離しや
すい、 (2)接着剤の耐熱性が低いため、接着力が低丁し、振
動板(1ンのネック部<11)からホヒン<3)が脱落
する、 (3ン接着剤の機械的強度か不足するため、振動板(1
)ネック部(11〉か弱くなり、この孝ツク部(11)
での共振によるリード線の断線を生ずる、等の欠点を有
していた。特に大入力時に上記の現象によるスピーカの
破壊が起こるのでスピーカの耐人力く定格入力)を増大
させることは困難であった。
(b) Conventional technology A diaphragm constituting an electrodynamic speaker usually has a voice coil bobbin (3) around which a voice coil (2) is wound around a neck part (11) of the diaphragm (1), as shown in FIG. ) and the edge (4) are jointly supported at the peripheral part (12) of the diaphragm (1).In the valve cone most often used as the diaphragm (1), these three points (1' l),
The joint at (12) is usually bonded with a comb-based, acrylic-based, or urethane-based adhesive (5), but if heat resistance and mechanical strength are required, an Evokin-based adhesive is used. It was glued. In addition to the diaphragm made of pulp cone (1), there are also cone-shaped and flat diaphragms made of metal materials, inorganic materials, or most organic materials (
1) was also normally able to be bonded with the above adhesive. However, among diaphragms made of resin-based materials1), diaphragms based on polypropylene or polyethylene have
Using the above adhesives as is presents several disadvantages. That is, polypropylene and polyethylene are olefin-based resins and have extremely poor adhesive properties, and the above adhesives or other conventionally used adhesives cannot provide sufficient adhesive strength, especially for diaphragms (1 ) At the joint between the neck part (11) of the diaphragm (1) and the voice coil hobbin (3), the adhesion to the neck part 11) of the diaphragm (1) is weak, so it may peel off due to mechanical vibration or thermal expansion. (2) Due to the low heat resistance of the adhesive, the adhesive force is low and the diaphragm (neck part < 3) falls off from the diaphragm (neck part < 11). (3) Mechanical strength of adhesive Due to the lack of diaphragm (1
) Neck part (11) becomes weak, this filial part (11)
This had drawbacks such as lead wire breakage due to resonance. Particularly when a large input is applied, the speaker is destroyed due to the above phenomenon, so it has been difficult to increase the human resistance (rated input) of the speaker.

(ハ)発明の目的 本発明は、以上に述べた問題点に鑑みてなされたもので
あり、通常の接着剤を用いていながら充分な接着強度を
える事のできるスピーカ用振動板とホイスコイルホビン
との接合方法を提供するものである。
(c) Purpose of the Invention The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned problems, and provides a speaker diaphragm and a whirlpool hobbin that can obtain sufficient adhesive strength even though ordinary adhesives are used. This provides a method for joining with.

(ニ)発明の開示 本発明のスピーカ用振動板とボイスコイルボビン七の接
合力法は、上述のポリプロピレン、ポリコーチレンを始
め多くのオレフィン系樹脂が熱可塑li樹脂である点に
着目し、これ等熱可塑性樹脂よりなるスピーカ用振動の
駆動箇所に繊維状、網目状、又は発泡状の連結素材を熱
融着せしめ、この連結素材とボイスコイルボビンとを接
着剤に依って接合するものである。
(D) Disclosure of the Invention The bonding force method for connecting a speaker diaphragm and a voice coil bobbin 7 of the present invention focuses on the fact that many olefin resins, including the above-mentioned polypropylene and polycotyrene, are thermoplastic Li resins. A fiber-like, mesh-like, or foam-like connecting material is heat-sealed to the speaker vibration driving portion made of plastic resin, and the connecting material and the voice coil bobbin are bonded using an adhesive.

(ポ)実施例 第2図に本発明の接合方法にて得られたスピーカの要部
断面図を示し、同図に基いて、本発明方法の一実施例を
述へる。
(P) Example FIG. 2 shows a sectional view of a main part of a speaker obtained by the bonding method of the present invention, and an example of the method of the present invention will be described based on the figure.

先J゛、振動板(1)として、熱可塑性樹脂であるオレ
フィン系のポリプロピ17470重量%〉とマイカ片(
25重1%)と戻素繊維(5重量%)とからなる三元系
複合ンートを真空成形法に依り、円錐型形状に成形した
ものを用意する。
First, as the diaphragm (1), 17470% by weight of olefin polypropylene, which is a thermoplastic resin, and mica pieces (
A ternary composite compound consisting of 25% by weight (1% by weight) and reconstituted fibers (5% by weight) is prepared by molding it into a conical shape using a vacuum forming method.

次に、該振動板(1)の駆動箇所である不ンク部く11
)の′前面側に環状の布からなる連結素材り6)を熱ブ
レス法或いは超音波融着法を用いて融着せしめる。、−
の時、連結素材(6)は繊維質の布て′ある為、溶融状
態となった振動板(1)のポリプロピレンかこの連結素
材(6)の繊維間に一部含浸され、連結素材(6)は非
常に強固に振動板(1)に!!着結合される。
Next, the unmarked part 11 which is the driving part of the diaphragm (1)
A connecting material 6) made of a ring-shaped cloth is fused to the front side of 2) using a heat press method or an ultrasonic welding method. ,−
At this time, since the connecting material (6) is made of fibrous cloth, some of the molten polypropylene of the diaphragm (1) is impregnated between the fibers of this connecting material (6), and the connecting material (6) ) is very firmly attached to the diaphragm (1)! ! It is connected.

その後、斯る振動板(1)のネック部(11)の開口に
、下端ニボイスコイルク2)が巻回祢れたボイスコイル
ボビン(3)の上端部を貫挿した状態で、このボイスコ
イルホビン(3)の上端部と振動板<1)のネ/り部(
11〉に融Hされた連結素材(6)との間に接着剤(5
)を塗布する。尚、上記ボイスコイルボビン(3)自体
は、アルミニウム薄板の筒体表面にクラフト紙を被覆し
たものであり、接着剤(5)としては通常のエポキシ系
のものが用いられる。この時、接着剤(5〉はボイスコ
イルボビン(3)の上端部のクラフト紙並びに振動板(
1)のネック部(11)の連結素材〈6)をなす布との
接着性が良く、特に布の場合にはその繊維間に接着剤が
浸透する事になり、振動板<1〉のネック部(11〉と
ホイスコイルホビン(3)の上端部とは強固に接合され
る。又、振動板(1)の周辺部り12)とエツジ(4〉
との接合に於いては、ホイスコイルホビン(3)の場合
に比べ一〇、さくJと接着強度を必要としない−ので、
従来通り、接着剤に依って、これ等振動板(1ンの周辺
部(12)とユ/ン(4)とを直接接合してもよいが、
心安に応してポーrスフイルボビン(3)の場合と同様
に連結素材を介在セしぬれは、この箇所での接着強度を
高める事ができる。
Thereafter, the upper end of the voice coil bobbin (3) with the lower end voice coil 2) wound and polished is inserted into the opening of the neck part (11) of the diaphragm (1). The upper end of the hobbin (3) and the neck part of the diaphragm <1) (
Adhesive (5) is placed between the connecting material (6) fused to
). The voice coil bobbin (3) itself is made of a thin aluminum plate coated with kraft paper, and the adhesive (5) used is an ordinary epoxy adhesive. At this time, the adhesive (5) is applied to the kraft paper at the upper end of the voice coil bobbin (3) and the diaphragm (
The neck part (11) of 1) has good adhesion to the cloth that forms the connection material <6), and especially in the case of cloth, the adhesive will penetrate between the fibers, and the neck of the diaphragm <1> (11) and the upper end of the whirlpool hobbin (3) are firmly joined.Also, the peripheral part (12) of the diaphragm (1) and the edge (4)
Compared to the case of Whiscoil Hobbin (3), it does not require 10 times more depth and adhesive strength when joining with
As in the past, the peripheral portion (12) of the diaphragm (1) and the unit (4) may be directly bonded using an adhesive.
For peace of mind, wetting by interposing a connecting material as in the case of the porcelain bobbin (3) can increase the adhesive strength at this location.

次に、振動板(1)のネック部(11)と連結素材(6
)との融着方法として、超音波融着法を用いた場合の一
実施例を第3図に示す。同図に於いて、(71)は超音
波発振器であり、これに依って、超音波振動子(72)
か駆動きれる。<73)は該超音波振動子(72)に固
定ホーン(74)を介して連結された工具ホーンであり
、その先端は金型(75)の円錐形凹部(76〉の中央
箇所の傾斜面型状に合致している。
Next, the neck part (11) of the diaphragm (1) and the connecting material (6
FIG. 3 shows an example in which an ultrasonic welding method is used as the welding method for the welding process. In the same figure, (71) is an ultrasonic oscillator, and depending on this, an ultrasonic vibrator (72)
Or it can be driven. <73) is a tool horn connected to the ultrasonic vibrator (72) via a fixed horn (74), the tip of which is connected to the inclined surface at the center of the conical recess (76>) of the mold (75). It matches the shape.

(77)は振動子(72〉、固定ポーンク74)、並び
に工具ホーン(73)を金型(75)側に降下させる為
の降下機構である。
(77) is a lowering mechanism for lowering the vibrator (72>, fixed spoke 74) and tool horn (73) toward the mold (75).

而して、金型(75〉の円錐形凹部(76)に同しく円
錐型の振動板<1)を配置し、この振動板(1)のネッ
ク部(115上に環状の連結素材(6)を重ね合わせて
おき、−上記降下機構<77〉を作動きせて工具ホーン
〈73〉と金型(75)とで重畳きれた振動板(1)の
ネック部(11)と連結素材(6)とを挟着加圧する。
Then, a similarly conical diaphragm <1) is placed in the conical recess (76) of the mold (75>), and an annular connecting material (6) is placed on the neck part (115) of this diaphragm (1). ) are placed one on top of the other, and - the lowering mechanism <77> is operated to separate the neck part (11) of the diaphragm (1) which has been overlapped with the tool horn <73> and the mold (75) into the connecting material ( 6) and pressurize.

そして、この状態で上記超音波発振器(71)を動作き
せて振動子(72〉からの超音波エネルギーを固定ポー
ン(74〉、工具ポーン(73〉を介して振動板(1)
のネック部(11>と連結素材り6)との接合面に伝達
する。斯して振動板<1〉のネック部(11〉に印加さ
れた超音波エネルギーは、この振動板(1)を構成する
ポリプロピレン等の熱可塑性樹脂を溶融し、次いで振動
子<72)の発振を停止せしめる事に依ってその溶融樹
脂を冷却固化して布等からなる連結素材(6)をと・の
振動板(1)のネック部(11)に融着結合する。この
時樹脂を溶融するに要する超音波の融着時間は、通常長
くとも3秒以内であり、まら発振を止めて溶融した樹脂
が冷却固化するのに要する時間も2〜3秒であって、こ
の為の加工時間はヒータを用いる通常の熱プレス法に比
べて極めて短い。更には振動板(1)の不・7り部(1
1〉と連結素材(6)との両波着体の表面に付着してし
)るコ°ミや油等の汚れは、超音波により振り飛はして
しまうので、後の接着剤によるボイスコイルボビンとの
接合の際に必髪な接合面の前処理は不要である。
In this state, the ultrasonic oscillator (71) is operated to transmit ultrasonic energy from the vibrator (72) to the vibration plate (1) via the fixed pawn (74> and the tool pawn (73)).
It is transmitted to the joint surface between the neck part (11> and the connecting material 6). In this way, the ultrasonic energy applied to the neck part (11) of the diaphragm <1> melts the thermoplastic resin such as polypropylene that constitutes the diaphragm (1), and then causes the oscillation of the vibrator <72). By stopping the molten resin, the molten resin is cooled and solidified, and a connecting material (6) made of cloth or the like is fused and bonded to the neck portion (11) of the diaphragm (1). At this time, the ultrasonic fusion time required to melt the resin is usually within 3 seconds at the longest, and the time required for the molten resin to cool and solidify after stopping the round oscillation is also 2 to 3 seconds. The processing time for this is extremely short compared to the normal heat press method using a heater. Furthermore, the uncircumcised portion (1) of the diaphragm (1)
Dirt, oil, and other contaminants that adhere to the surface of the bonded body (1) and the connecting material (6) can be shaken off by ultrasonic waves, so that the voice created by the adhesive will be removed later. There is no need for pre-treatment of the joining surface when joining with the coil bobbin.

更に、工具ホーン(73)を被着体(11)(6)に圧
着した後、発振させる(加圧後発振)ことにより、被着
陸(11)(6)をスしなく精度よく接合でき、しかも
熱プレス法と異なり融着部以外は発熱しないので、製品
の変形・変質がない等の利点を有する。
Furthermore, by oscillating the tool horn (73) after crimping it to the adherends (11) and (6) (oscillation after pressurization), the objects to be landed on (11 and 6) can be joined with high precision without any scratches. Moreover, unlike the hot press method, no heat is generated in areas other than the fused portion, so there are advantages such as no deformation or deterioration of the product.

尚発振周波数は通常15〜25KHzの間を用い工具ホ
ーン(73)の材質としてはアルミニウム、鉄、チタン
等が適している。
The oscillation frequency is usually between 15 and 25 KHz, and the material of the tool horn (73) is preferably aluminum, iron, titanium, etc.

以上の説明に於い工は、オレフィン系のポリプロピレン
からなる熱可塑性樹脂の振動板を例に挙げて説明したが
、オレフィン系以外の熱可塑性樹脂であっても本発明方
法を採用する事に依り、より確実で強固な振動板とボイ
スコイルボビンとの接合が可能となる。
In the above explanation, we used a thermoplastic resin diaphragm made of olefin-based polypropylene as an example. , it becomes possible to connect the diaphragm and voice coil bobbin more reliably and firmly.

また、連結素材としては上述した布以外であっても、溶
融樹脂の含浸が可能な繊維状、網目状、又は発泡状の素
材が用いられる。
Furthermore, as the connecting material, other than the above-mentioned cloth, a fibrous, mesh, or foamed material that can be impregnated with molten resin may be used.

さらに、振動板の形状は円錐型に限られる事なく、その
他のドーム状、平板状の振動板を用いることができ、い
ずれの場合に於いても本発明方法に依る効果は大きい。
Furthermore, the shape of the diaphragm is not limited to the conical shape, and other dome-shaped and flat-plate diaphragms can be used, and in either case, the effect of the method of the present invention is great.

〈へ〉効果 本発明のスピーカ用振動板とボイスコイルボビンとの接
合方法に依れば、以上の説明がら明らがな如く、熱可塑
性樹脂からなる振動板の駆動箇所に予め連結素材を熱融
着せしめておき、この連結素材とボイスコイルボビンと
を接着剤に依って接合するものであるので、通常の接着
剤との接着性か乏しい材質の振動板を用いたとしても、
この通常の接着剤との接着性に秀れた連結素材を用いる
事に依り、振動板とボイスコイルボビンとを強固に接合
する事が可能となり、これ等被接着物の変形及び脱落事
故が防止でき、スピーカの耐久力、即ち定格人力の増大
が望める。
<Effect> According to the method of joining a speaker diaphragm and a voice coil bobbin according to the present invention, as is not clear from the above explanation, a connecting material is heat-fused in advance to the drive portion of the diaphragm made of thermoplastic resin. Since the connecting material and the voice coil bobbin are bonded together using an adhesive, even if a diaphragm is made of a material that does not adhere well to ordinary adhesives,
By using a connecting material that has excellent adhesion with ordinary adhesives, it is possible to firmly join the diaphragm and voice coil bobbin, and it is possible to prevent the deformation and falling off of these objects. , it is possible to expect an increase in the durability of the speaker, that is, the rated manpower.

また、超音波エネルギーを用いて連結素材を振動板に融
着せしめているので、これ等の融着が短時間でしかも正
確に行え、作業能率の向上が図れる。
Furthermore, since the connecting material is fused to the diaphragm using ultrasonic energy, this fusion can be done quickly and accurately, improving work efficiency.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of drawings]

第1図は従来のスピーカの要部断面図、第2図は本発明
の接合方法を用いて得られるスピーカの一実施例の要部
断面図、第3図は本発明方法の一行程を示す断面図であ
る。 (1)  振動板、(3)・・ボイスコイルボビン、<
5)・接着剤、<6)・・連結素材、(71)・・超音
波発振器、 (73)・ 工具ホーン、り75)  ・金型。 第1図 第2図 第8図
Fig. 1 is a sectional view of the main part of a conventional speaker, Fig. 2 is a sectional view of the main part of an embodiment of a speaker obtained using the joining method of the present invention, and Fig. 3 shows one step of the method of the present invention. FIG. (1) Diaphragm, (3) Voice coil bobbin, <
5)・Adhesive, <6)・Connecting material, (71)・Ultrasonic oscillator, (73)・Tool horn, 75)・Mold. Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 8

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】 1)熱可塑性樹脂よりなるスピーカ用振動板とボイスコ
イルボビンとを接合する方法に於いて、該振動板の駆動
箇所に繊維状、網目状、又は発泡状の連結素材を熱融右
上しめ、この振動板に熱融着された連結素材と上記ボイ
スコイルボビンとを接着剤に依って接合する事を特徴と
したスピーカ用振動板とボイスコイルボビンとの接合方
法。 2)」二足スピーカ用振動板と連結素材とに超音波エネ
ルギーを印加しで、これ等を熱融着せしめる事を特徴と
する特許請求の範囲第1項記載のスピーカ用振動板とボ
イスコイルボビンとの接合方法。
[Claims] 1) In a method of joining a speaker diaphragm made of thermoplastic resin and a voice coil bobbin, a fiber-like, mesh-like, or foam-like connecting material is heated at a driving part of the diaphragm. A method for joining a speaker diaphragm and a voice coil bobbin, characterized in that the connecting material heat-sealed to the diaphragm and the voice coil bobbin are joined by adhesive. 2) A speaker diaphragm and a voice coil bobbin according to claim 1, characterized in that the bipedal speaker diaphragm and the connecting material are thermally fused by applying ultrasonic energy to the two-legged speaker diaphragm and the connecting material. How to join with.
JP20736382A 1982-11-25 1982-11-25 Joining method of diaphragm for speaker and voice coil bobbin Granted JPS5995800A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP20736382A JPS5995800A (en) 1982-11-25 1982-11-25 Joining method of diaphragm for speaker and voice coil bobbin

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP20736382A JPS5995800A (en) 1982-11-25 1982-11-25 Joining method of diaphragm for speaker and voice coil bobbin

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS5995800A true JPS5995800A (en) 1984-06-01
JPH037200B2 JPH037200B2 (en) 1991-01-31

Family

ID=16538490

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP20736382A Granted JPS5995800A (en) 1982-11-25 1982-11-25 Joining method of diaphragm for speaker and voice coil bobbin

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS5995800A (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1997007648A1 (en) * 1995-08-12 1997-02-27 Robert Bosch Gmbh Process for securing the centring component of a conical loudspeaker

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1997007648A1 (en) * 1995-08-12 1997-02-27 Robert Bosch Gmbh Process for securing the centring component of a conical loudspeaker

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH037200B2 (en) 1991-01-31

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