JPH08226311A - Ceramic adjusting shims - Google Patents
Ceramic adjusting shimsInfo
- Publication number
- JPH08226311A JPH08226311A JP3179511A JP17951191A JPH08226311A JP H08226311 A JPH08226311 A JP H08226311A JP 3179511 A JP3179511 A JP 3179511A JP 17951191 A JP17951191 A JP 17951191A JP H08226311 A JPH08226311 A JP H08226311A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- adjusting shim
- surface roughness
- valve
- ceramic
- adjusting
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title abstract description 17
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 abstract description 19
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 235000019592 roughness Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/20—Adjusting or compensating clearance
- F01L1/205—Adjusting or compensating clearance by means of shims or the like
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/12—Transmitting gear between valve drive and valve
- F01L1/14—Tappets; Push rods
- F01L1/143—Tappets; Push rods for use with overhead camshafts
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/12—Transmitting gear between valve drive and valve
- F01L1/14—Tappets; Push rods
- F01L1/16—Silencing impact; Reducing wear
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Valve-Gear Or Valve Arrangements (AREA)
- Ceramic Products (AREA)
Abstract
(57)【要約】 （修正有）
【目的】 セラミック・アジャスティングシムであっ
て、これと接触する相手部品、例えばカムやタペットの
摩耗を少なくできるものを提供する。
【構成】 表面粗度が、十点平均粗さ（Ｒｚ）で２．０
μｍ以下であるセラミックス材料からなるアジャスティ
ングシム。
(57) [Summary] (Correction) [Purpose] To provide a ceramic adjusting shim that can reduce wear of a mating component such as a cam or tappet that comes in contact with the ceramic adjusting shim. [Structure] The surface roughness is 2.0 in ten-point average roughness (Rz).
An adjusting shim made of a ceramic material having a size of not more than μm.
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は内燃機関の動弁機構にお
いて用いられるアジャスティングシムに関するものであ
る。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an adjusting shim used in a valve train of an internal combustion engine.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】図３はエンジンの動弁機構の縦断面図で
ある。図３において、１はエンジンのシリンダヘッド、
２はカム、３はバルブリフタ、４はアジャスティングシ
ム、５は吸排気弁、６はバルブシート、７は弁バネであ
る。図３に示されているものにおいては、カム２によっ
てバルブリフタ３を駆動し、カム２の変位を吸排気弁５
に伝えるようにされている。図３から判るように、バル
ブリフタ３とカム２との間にはアジャスティングシム４
が配置されている。図１にアジャスティングシムの縦断
面図を示す。アジャスティングシム４はバルブクリアラ
ンスを調整するためのものである。従来、アジャスティ
ングシム４は通常金属で作られているが、軽量化および
耐摩耗性の向上を目的としてセラミックスで作ったもの
がある。2. Description of the Related Art FIG. 3 is a vertical sectional view of a valve mechanism of an engine. In FIG. 3, 1 is the cylinder head of the engine,
Reference numeral 2 is a cam, 3 is a valve lifter, 4 is an adjusting shim, 5 is an intake / exhaust valve, 6 is a valve seat, and 7 is a valve spring. In the structure shown in FIG. 3, the valve lifter 3 is driven by the cam 2 and the displacement of the cam 2 is changed to the intake / exhaust valve 5.
To tell. As can be seen from FIG. 3, an adjusting shim 4 is provided between the valve lifter 3 and the cam 2.
Is arranged. FIG. 1 shows a vertical sectional view of the adjusting shim. The adjusting shim 4 is for adjusting the valve clearance. Conventionally, the adjusting shim 4 is usually made of metal, but there is one made of ceramics for the purpose of weight reduction and improvement of wear resistance.
【０００３】[0003]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】ところがセラミックス
・アジャスティングシムの軽量化を図る場合、アジャス
ティングシムが動弁系の慣性重量に占める割合が非常に
小さいため、実際の動力損失の改善はほとんど認められ
ないという問題があった。さらにセラミックス・アジャ
スティングシムが接触する相手部品である図３に示され
るカム２およびバルブリフタ３への攻撃性が高まり、両
部品の摩耗が激しいという問題点があった。However, when attempting to reduce the weight of the ceramic adjusting shim, the improvement of the actual power loss is almost recognized because the ratio of the adjusting shim to the inertial weight of the valve train is very small. There was a problem that I could not. Furthermore, there is a problem in that the aggressivity of the cam 2 and the valve lifter 3 shown in FIG. 3, which are the other parts with which the ceramics adjusting shims come into contact, is increased, and both parts are worn out severely.
【０００４】[0004]
【課題を解決するための手段】そこで本発明は前記課題
を解決するため、表面が平滑であるセラミックス製アジ
ャスティングシムを提供するものである。すなわち、本
発明の構成は、特許請求の範囲に記載のことを要旨とす
るアジャスティングシムである。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides a ceramic adjusting shim having a smooth surface. That is, the configuration of the present invention is an adjusting shim having the gist of what is described in the claims.
【０００５】表面が平滑であるセラミックス製アジャス
ティングシムを用いることにより、カムとセラミックス
製アジャスティングシムの間で発生する摩擦損失を低減
することができるため内燃機関としての動力損失を改善
することができるとともに、図３に示されるカム２及び
バルブリフタ３に対するセラミックス製アジャスティン
グシムの攻撃性が低下し、両部品の摩耗を改善すること
ができる。By using the ceramic adjusting shim having a smooth surface, the friction loss generated between the cam and the ceramic adjusting shim can be reduced, so that the power loss of the internal combustion engine can be improved. At the same time, the aggressiveness of the ceramic adjusting shim against the cam 2 and the valve lifter 3 shown in FIG. 3 is reduced, and the wear of both parts can be improved.
【０００６】この場合、セラミックス・アジャスティン
グシムのカムとの接触面（図１の符号８の面）の表面粗
度が最大表面粗さ（Ｒmax）で２．０μｍ以下で損失ト
ルクが従来の金属性アジャスティングシムの場合より低
くなり、最大表面粗さ（Ｒｍａｘ）が０．２μｍまで表
面粗度の低下に従い損失トルクが小さくなる。最大表面
粗さ０．２μｍ未満の領域では最大表面粗さ０．２μｍ
の場合とほぼ同等の損失トルクである。In this case, the surface roughness of the contact surface of the ceramics adjusting shim with the cam (the surface indicated by reference numeral 8 in FIG. 1) is 2.0 μm or less at the maximum surface roughness (R max ) and the loss torque is the same as the conventional one. The torque becomes lower than that of the metallic adjusting shim, and the loss torque becomes smaller as the surface roughness decreases until the maximum surface roughness (Rmax) reaches 0.2 μm. Maximum surface roughness 0.2 μm in the area of maximum surface roughness less than 0.2 μm
The loss torque is almost the same as the case.
【０００７】一方、セラミックス・アジャスティングシ
ムのバルブリフタとの接触面（図１の符号９、１０の
面）の表面粗度が最大表面粗さ０．８μｍ以下の領域で
バルブリフタの摩耗量はセラミックス・アジャスティン
グシムの表面粗度低下にともない急激に低下し、０．２
μｍ未満の領域ではバルブリフタの摩耗量はほぼ一定に
なる。On the other hand, when the surface roughness of the contact surface of the ceramic adjusting shim with the valve lifter (reference numerals 9 and 10 in FIG. 1) is 0.8 μm or less, the wear amount of the valve lifter is The surface roughness of the adjusting shim decreased sharply and decreased to 0.2
The wear amount of the valve lifter becomes almost constant in the region of less than μm.
【０００８】[0008]
【実施例】以下、実施例によって本発明を具体的に説明
する。EXAMPLES The present invention will be specifically described below with reference to examples.
【０００９】実施例１ 相対密度９８％以上の窒化珪素セラミックス焼結体によ
り図１に示すアジャスティングシムを作製した。この
時、アジャスティングのカムとの接触面である図１の符
号８が付されている面をダイヤモンド砥石により種々の
条件で仕上げ加工をして表１に示す表面粗度にした。こ
のようにして作製したアジャスティングシムを直打式Ｏ
ＨＣ動弁機構を再現した図４に示すモータリング装置に
より一定回転数下（機関回転数換算で２０００ＲＰＭ、
４０００ＲＰＭ）でのモータ消費電力により動力損失を
評価した。表１にこれらの結果と比較例として従来の鋼
アジャスティングシムの結果を示す。Example 1 An adjusting shim shown in FIG. 1 was produced from a silicon nitride ceramics sintered body having a relative density of 98% or more. At this time, the surface designated by reference numeral 8 in FIG. 1 which is the contact surface with the adjusting cam was finished with a diamond grindstone under various conditions to obtain the surface roughness shown in Table 1. The adjusting shim produced in this way is directly typed
By the motoring device shown in FIG. 4, which reproduces the HC valve operating mechanism, at a constant rotation speed (2000 RPM in terms of engine rotation speed,
The power loss was evaluated by the motor power consumption at 4000 RPM). Table 1 shows these results and the results of a conventional steel adjusting shim as a comparative example.
【００１０】[0010]
【表１】 [Table 1]
【００１１】実施例２ 各種セラミックス焼結体により作製されたアジャスティ
ングシムを実施例１と同様の方法で評価した結果を表２
に示す。Example 2 The results of evaluating the adjusting shims made of various ceramics sintered bodies by the same method as in Example 1 are shown in Table 2.
Shown in
【００１２】[0012]
【表２】 [Table 2]
【００１３】実施例３ 実施例１と同様の条件により作製したアジャスティング
シムを実施例１で用いたモータリング装置により一定回
転数下（機関回転数換算で６０００ＲＰＭ）で２００時
間の連続運転試験を行い、試験後のバルブリフタの摩耗
量を評価した。バルブリフタの摩耗は図２に符号１１で
示されるアジャスティングシムを装着する内径寸法を試
験前後で測定し、その変化量よりバルブリフタの摩耗を
評価した。評価結果を表３に示す。Example 3 An adjusting shim produced under the same conditions as in Example 1 was subjected to a continuous operation test under a constant rotation speed (6000 RPM in terms of engine rotation speed) for 200 hours by the motoring device used in Example 1. After the test, the amount of wear of the valve lifter was evaluated. The wear of the valve lifter was measured by measuring the inner diameter dimension of the adjusting shim shown by reference numeral 11 in FIG. 2 before and after the test, and the wear of the valve lifter was evaluated from the amount of change. The evaluation results are shown in Table 3.
【００１４】[0014]
【表３】 [Table 3]
【００１５】なお、本発明は前記実施例に限定されるも
のでなく、前記実施例においてはダイヤモンド砥石によ
る加工により表面を平滑にしたが、化学的および物理的
表面処理（エッチング、コーティング）、あるいは焼結
前後の塗薬処理による表面平滑処理によっても同様の効
果が期待できる。また図１の符号８、９、１０の各面粗
さを各々の目的に合わせ、異なる表面粗度にしても同様
の効果が期待できる。The present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiment. In the above-mentioned embodiment, the surface was made smooth by processing with a diamond grindstone, but chemical and physical surface treatment (etching, coating), or The same effect can be expected by surface smoothing treatment by coating treatment before and after sintering. Further, the same effect can be expected even if the surface roughnesses indicated by reference numerals 8, 9, and 10 in FIG.
【００１６】[0016]
【発明の効果】本発明によるアジャスティングシムは動
弁系の動力損失及び耐摩耗性の改善を可能とし、内燃機
関の燃費、性能および耐久性を向上することができる。The adjusting shim according to the present invention makes it possible to improve the power loss and wear resistance of the valve train and improve the fuel economy, performance and durability of the internal combustion engine.
【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief description of drawings]
【図１】アジャスティングシムの縦断面図、FIG. 1 is a vertical sectional view of an adjusting shim,
【図２】アジャスティングシムとバルブリフターの縦断
面図、FIG. 2 is a vertical sectional view of an adjusting shim and a valve lifter,
【図３】エンジンの動弁機構の縦断面図、FIG. 3 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a valve mechanism of an engine,
【図４】本発明の製品の試験装置の縦断面図である。FIG. 4 is a vertical cross-sectional view of the product testing apparatus of the present invention.
１ シリンダヘッド ２ カム ３ バルブリフタ ４ アジャスティングシム ５ バルブ ６ バルブシート ７ 弁バネ 1 Cylinder Head 2 Cam 3 Valve Lifter 4 Adjusting Shim 5 Valve 6 Valve Seat 7 Valve Spring
【手続補正書】[Procedure amendment]
【提出日】平成４年４月１日[Submission date] April 1, 1992
【手続補正１】[Procedure Amendment 1]
【補正対象書類名】明細書[Document name to be amended] Statement
【補正対象項目名】特許請求の範囲[Name of item to be amended] Claims
【補正方法】変更[Correction method] Change
【補正内容】[Correction content]
【特許請求の範囲】[Claims]
【手続補正２】[Procedure Amendment 2]
【補正対象書類名】明細書[Document name to be amended] Statement
【補正対象項目名】０００６[Correction target item name] 0006
【補正方法】変更[Correction method] Change
【補正内容】[Correction content]
【０００６】この場合、セラミックス・アジャスティン
グシムのカムとの接触面（図１の符号８の面）の表面粗
度が十点平均粗さ（Ｒｚ）で２．０μｍ以下で損失トル
クが従来の金属性アジャスティングシムの場合より低く
なり、十点平均粗さ（Ｒｚ）が０．２μｍまで表面粗度
の低下に従い損失トルクが小さくなる。十点平均粗 さ
０．２μｍ未満の領域では十点平均粗さ０．２μｍの場
合とほぼ同等の損失トルクである。In this case, the ceramic adjuster
Surface roughness of the contact surface with the cam of Gusim (the surface of reference numeral 8 in FIG. 1)
Degree10 point average roughness (Rz)Loss of torque below 2.0 μm
Lower than that of conventional metallic adjusting shims
BecomesTen-point average roughness (Rz)Roughness up to 0.2 μm
The loss torque decreases with decreasing.10 point average coarse It
In the area of less than 0.2 μmTen-point average roughness0.2 μm
The loss torque is almost the same as
【手続補正３】[Procedure 3]
【補正対象書類名】明細書[Document name to be amended] Statement
【補正対象項目名】０００７[Correction target item name] 0007
【補正方法】変更[Correction method] Change
【補正内容】[Correction content]
【０００７】一方、セラミックス・アジャスティングシ
ムのバルブリフタとの接触面（図１の符号９、１０の
面）の表面粗度が十点平均粗さ０．８μｍ以下の領域で
バルブリフタの摩耗量はセラミックス・アジャスティン
グシムの表面粗度低下にともない急激に低下し、０．２
μｍ未満の領域ではバルブリフタの摩耗量はほぼ一定に
なる。On the other hand, in the region where the surface roughness of the contact surface of the ceramic adjusting shim with the valve lifter (surfaces denoted by reference numerals 9 and 10 in FIG. 1) has a ten-point average roughness of 0.8 μm or less, the wear amount of the valve lifter is ceramics.・ The surface roughness of the adjusting shim decreases sharply to 0.2
The wear amount of the valve lifter becomes almost constant in the region of less than μm.
【手続補正４】[Procedure amendment 4]
【補正対象書類名】明細書[Document name to be amended] Statement
【補正対象項目名】００１０[Correction target item name] 0010
【補正方法】変更[Correction method] Change
【補正内容】[Correction content]
【００１０】[0010]
【表１】 [Table 1]
【手続補正５】[Procedure Amendment 5]
【補正対象書類名】明細書[Document name to be amended] Statement
【補正対象項目名】００１２[Correction target item name] 0012
【補正方法】変更[Correction method] Change
【補正内容】[Correction content]
【００１２】[0012]
【表２】 [Table 2]
【手続補正６】[Procedure correction 6]
【補正対象書類名】明細書[Document name to be amended] Statement
【補正対象項目名】００１４[Correction target item name] 0014
【補正方法】変更[Correction method] Change
【補正内容】[Correction content]
【００１４】[0014]
【表３】 [Table 3]
Claims (4)
２．０μｍ以下であるセラミックス材料からなることを
特徴とするアジャスティングシム。1. An adjusting shim, which is made of a ceramic material having a maximum surface roughness (R max ) of 2.0 μm or less.
らなることを特徴とする請求項１記載のアジャスティン
グシム。2. The adjusting shim according to claim 1, wherein the ceramic material is mainly composed of silicon nitride.
０．８μｍ以下であることを特徴とする請求項１または
２記載のアジャスティングシム。3. The adjusting shim according to claim 1, wherein the surface roughness has a maximum surface roughness (R max ) of 0.8 μm or less.
０．２μｍ以下であることを特徴とする請求項１乃至３
の何れかに記載のアジャスティングシム。4. The surface roughness according to claim 1, wherein the maximum surface roughness (R max ) is 0.2 μm or less.
The adjusting shim according to any one of 1.
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP3179511A JPH08226311A (en) | 1991-07-19 | 1991-07-19 | Ceramic adjusting shims |
| CA 2073887 CA2073887C (en) | 1991-07-19 | 1992-07-15 | Ceramic adjusting shim |
| EP19920112147 EP0523691B1 (en) | 1991-07-19 | 1992-07-16 | Ceramic adjusting shim |
| DE1992605742 DE69205742T2 (en) | 1991-07-19 | 1992-07-16 | Ceramic game compensation element. |
| US08/174,471 US5372099A (en) | 1991-07-19 | 1993-12-28 | Ceramic adjusting shim |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP3179511A JPH08226311A (en) | 1991-07-19 | 1991-07-19 | Ceramic adjusting shims |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH08226311A true JPH08226311A (en) | 1996-09-03 |
Family
ID=16067078
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP3179511A Pending JPH08226311A (en) | 1991-07-19 | 1991-07-19 | Ceramic adjusting shims |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0523691B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH08226311A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2073887C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69205742T2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6237441B1 (en) | 1998-03-19 | 2001-05-29 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Combination of shim and cam |
| US7773142B2 (en) | 1997-12-26 | 2010-08-10 | Fujifilm Corporation | Electronic camera with print specifying information |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0617198B1 (en) * | 1993-03-26 | 1997-07-30 | Fuji Oozx Inc. | Shim structure in use for valve tappet of internal combustion engine |
| JPH07127402A (en) * | 1993-10-29 | 1995-05-16 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Combination of adjusting shim and cam |
| JPH07269309A (en) * | 1994-03-28 | 1995-10-17 | Fuji Oozx Inc | Shipping for internal combustion engine tappets |
| US5410995A (en) * | 1994-04-15 | 1995-05-02 | Cummins Engine Company, Inc. | Valve crosshead assembly with wear-reducing contact pad |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4366785A (en) * | 1980-09-19 | 1983-01-04 | Caterpillar Tractor Co. | Tappet with wear resisting insert |
| DE3239325A1 (en) * | 1982-10-23 | 1984-04-26 | Feldmühle AG, 4000 Düsseldorf | Valve tappet for an internal combustion engine |
| DE3522403A1 (en) * | 1985-06-22 | 1987-01-02 | Stettner & Co | VALVE ADJUSTING PLATE |
-
1991
- 1991-07-19 JP JP3179511A patent/JPH08226311A/en active Pending
-
1992
- 1992-07-15 CA CA 2073887 patent/CA2073887C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-07-16 EP EP19920112147 patent/EP0523691B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-07-16 DE DE1992605742 patent/DE69205742T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7773142B2 (en) | 1997-12-26 | 2010-08-10 | Fujifilm Corporation | Electronic camera with print specifying information |
| US6237441B1 (en) | 1998-03-19 | 2001-05-29 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Combination of shim and cam |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE69205742D1 (en) | 1995-12-07 |
| CA2073887A1 (en) | 1993-01-20 |
| EP0523691A3 (en) | 1993-03-03 |
| CA2073887C (en) | 1996-11-19 |
| DE69205742T2 (en) | 1996-07-04 |
| EP0523691B1 (en) | 1995-11-02 |
| EP0523691A2 (en) | 1993-01-20 |
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