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JPH07328058A - Orthopedic plaster interior material - Google Patents

Orthopedic plaster interior material

Info

Publication number
JPH07328058A
JPH07328058A JP6127606A JP12760694A JPH07328058A JP H07328058 A JPH07328058 A JP H07328058A JP 6127606 A JP6127606 A JP 6127606A JP 12760694 A JP12760694 A JP 12760694A JP H07328058 A JPH07328058 A JP H07328058A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
layer
fibers
interior material
knitted
nonwoven fabric
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP6127606A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Mayumi Nishiguchi
真由美 西口
Isamu Makihara
勇 牧原
Shizuhito Hidaka
静人 日鷹
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mitsubishi Chemical Corp
Original Assignee
Mitsubishi Rayon Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mitsubishi Rayon Co Ltd filed Critical Mitsubishi Rayon Co Ltd
Priority to JP6127606A priority Critical patent/JPH07328058A/en
Publication of JPH07328058A publication Critical patent/JPH07328058A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Abstract

PURPOSE:To provide an orthopedic cast interior material capable of being fitted in a short time without requiring a skill, quickly releasing sweat, and drowning a malodor by forming a cylindrical and integral structure with a knit inner layer knitted with water-repellent fibers and a nonwoven fabric outer layer mixedly formed with high-water absorbing fibers and deodorant fibers. CONSTITUTION:A cylindrical and integral structure is formed with a knit inner layer knitted with water-repellent fibers and a nonwoven fabric outer layer mixedly formed with high-water absorbing fibers and deodorant fibers for an orthopedic cast interior material. The method for laminating the knitted layer and the nonwoven fabric layer into an integral and cylindrical structure is not limited in particular, however it is important to sew them in the direction not to impair the expansion or shrinkage of the knit layer. This cast interior material is covered on a diseased section with the knit layer set inside, a gypsum layer is formed and solidified on the nonwoven fabric layer, thus the cast interior material can be simply fitted. Since all portions have nearly the same thickness, the cutting depth is easily estimated and the skin is not hurt when the cast interior material is cut and removed after a complete cure.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】Detailed Description of the Invention

【0001】[0001]

【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、整形外科用ギプスと患
部の間に着用する内装材に関するものである。
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an interior material worn between an orthopedic cast and an affected area.

【0002】[0002]

【従来の技術】従来、整形外科用ギプスには、患部に木
綿の筒状の編物を被せ、その上に包帯状不織布を巻き付
け、石膏等で固定している。この包帯状不織布を適度な
圧力で巻き付けることは非常に熟練を要し、しかも長い
時間がかかるものである。
2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, an orthopedic cast is covered with a tubular knitted fabric of cotton on the affected part, and a bandage-shaped nonwoven fabric is wound around it and fixed with plaster or the like. Winding this band-shaped non-woven fabric at an appropriate pressure requires a great deal of skill and takes a long time.

【0003】骨折した患者は、その治療のため長い期間
に渡ってギプスをはめたままでいることを強いられ、そ
の間入浴することはもちろんのこと患部を拭くこともま
まならず、悪臭と痒みに悩まされる。発汗作用が激しい
夏場は特に著しい。
[0003] A patient who suffers from a bone fracture is forced to keep a cast for a long period of time for the treatment, and not only to take a bath during that time but also to wipe the affected part, and suffers from an odor and itching. Especially in the summer when the sweating action is intense.

【0004】従来、上記筒状の編物には、従来未晒しの
木綿を使用しているので、ある程度のはっ水性があり、
汗は編物にあまり吸収されることなくギプスから流れ出
るが、未晒しの木綿に多く含まれる不純物を腐敗させ、
悪臭と痒みを増長する。そこで、不純物をなくすため、
晒した木綿を使用すると、木綿に吸水性が付与され、汗
をギプス内に保持するためベタベタした不快感がある。
Conventionally, since unbleached cotton has been used for the above-mentioned tubular knitted fabric, it has some water repellency,
Sweat flows out of the cast without being absorbed much by the knitted fabric, but it decomposes impurities contained in unexposed cotton,
Increases odor and itching. Therefore, in order to eliminate impurities,
When exposed cotton is used, the cotton absorbs water and retains sweat in the cast, causing a sticky discomfort.

【0005】上記の問題点を解決するため、ポリプロピ
レンやポリエステルといった疎水性繊維でつくられた詰
め物状物、透湿性で水不浸透性とするため布地表層にワ
ックスを付与した疎水性繊維不織布(特表平4−506
913号公報)および銀イオン等を担持するゼオライト
含有繊維不織布からなるギプス下巻き用包帯(特開平5
−154174号公報)等の検討が行われているが、い
ずれも満足いくものではない。
In order to solve the above problems, a filling material made of a hydrophobic fiber such as polypropylene or polyester, or a hydrophobic fibrous non-woven fabric having wax added to the surface layer of the cloth for moisture permeability and water impermeability (special Front flat 4-506
913) and a zeolite-containing fibrous nonwoven fabric carrying silver ions and the like (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 5)
However, none of them is satisfactory.

【0006】[0006]

【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明は、上述した従
来の整形外科用ギプス内装材の欠点を改良した、すなわ
ち、短時間の内に熟練を要さずに着用でき、汗をすばや
く逃がし、悪臭を消す効果のある整形外科用ギプス内装
材を提供することにある。
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The present invention has improved the above-mentioned drawbacks of the conventional orthopedic cast interior materials, that is, it can be worn without skill in a short time, and sweat can be quickly released. An object of the present invention is to provide an orthopedic cast interior material having an effect of eliminating a bad smell.

【0007】[0007]

【課題を解決するための手段】本発明の要旨は、はっ水
性繊維を編成してなる編物内層と、高吸水性繊維および
消臭繊維を混合形成してなる不織布外層とが筒状一体構
造となっている整形外科用ギプス内装材にある。
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The gist of the present invention is that a knitted inner layer formed by knitting water-repellent fibers and a non-woven fabric outer layer formed by mixing superabsorbent fibers and deodorant fibers have a tubular integral structure. It is in an orthopedic cast interior material.

【0008】本発明の整形外科用ギプス内装材は、編物
からなる内層と不織布からなる外層からなる筒状一体構
造であることが必要である。この構造により後述する編
物層および不織布層が有する性能をより効果的に発揮で
きる。上記2層を縫合する繊維を親水性繊維あるいは後
述する高吸水性繊維とするとこの効果はさらに顕著なも
のとなり、さらに、外層の不織布を構成する繊維が内装
の編物目に侵入した構造とすれば、効果はより一層顕著
なものとなる。
The cast internal material for orthopedic surgery according to the present invention is required to have a tubular integral structure composed of an inner layer made of a knitted fabric and an outer layer made of a non-woven fabric. With this structure, the performance of the knitted layer and the nonwoven fabric layer described below can be more effectively exhibited. This effect becomes more prominent when the fibers for stitching the above two layers are hydrophilic fibers or superabsorbent fibers which will be described later. Furthermore, when the fibers constituting the outer layer non-woven fabric penetrate into the interior knitted fabric. , The effect becomes even more remarkable.

【0009】本発明の整形外科用ギプス内装材の編物を
形成する繊維としては、はっ水性繊維を用いることが必
要であり、これにより未晒しの木綿に含まれるような不
純物の腐敗による悪臭は解決され、また、汗は患部に接
する繊維に吸収されることなく、患部から遠ざけること
が可能となり、晒し木綿を使用したときのようなベトベ
トした不快感はなくなる。
It is necessary to use water-repellent fibers as the fibers forming the knitted product of the orthopedic cast interior material, and thereby the bad odor due to the decay of impurities such as those contained in unbleached cotton is not generated. In addition, the sweat can be removed from the affected area without being absorbed by the fibers in contact with the affected area, and the sticky discomfort as when using exposed cotton is eliminated.

【0010】本発明でいうはっ水性繊維としては、JI
SL−1096により測定される吸水速度(バイレック
法)で0.5mm/10min以下のものが好ましく用
いられ、このような繊維としては、ポリオレフィン系繊
維、ポリエステル系繊維がある。
The water-repellent fibers referred to in the present invention include JI
Those having a water absorption rate (by Rec method) measured by SL-1096 of 0.5 mm / 10 min or less are preferably used. Examples of such fibers include polyolefin fibers and polyester fibers.

【0011】上記編物の編み組織は、特に限定しない
が、患部への適度なフィット性からリブ組織の横編みま
たは丸編みが好適である。後述する伸び易さおよび弾性
回復率がそれぞれ150%/5cm・200g荷重以
下、90%以上となるように構成繊維、編み組織を選ぶ
と、本発明を構成する編物として最適なものが得られ
る。
The knitting structure of the above-mentioned knitted material is not particularly limited, but a horizontal knitting or a circular knitting of a rib structure is suitable in terms of appropriate fitting to the affected area. When the constituent fibers and the knitting structure are selected such that the easiness of elongation and the elastic recovery rate described later are 150% / 5 cm · 200 g load or less and 90% or more, the optimum knitted fabric constituting the present invention can be obtained.

【0012】本発明の整形外科用ギプス内装材の不織布
層を形成する繊維としては、高吸水性繊維と消臭繊維を
用いることが必要である。本発明において高吸水性繊維
とは、JIS L−1096に準拠したバイレック法吸
水速度で、10分後の吸水長が5cm以上の繊維であれ
ばよく、特に限定しないが、例えば、特開昭57−16
7411号公報に記載された技術により得られる繊維が
好ましく用いられる。
It is necessary to use superabsorbent fibers and deodorant fibers as the fibers forming the non-woven fabric layer of the orthopedic cast interior material of the present invention. In the present invention, the highly water-absorbent fiber may be a fiber having a water absorption rate of 5 cm or more after 10 minutes at the water absorption speed of Bayrec method according to JIS L-1096, and is not particularly limited, but is, for example, JP-A-57. -16
Fibers obtained by the technique described in Japanese Patent No. 7411 are preferably used.

【0013】また、本発明でいう消臭繊維とは、ギプス
内の有機物が腐敗、分解して生じたアンモニア、アミ
ン、硫化水素、メルカプタン等の悪臭成分を吸着または
化学反応により悪臭成分を分解、中和する能力を有する
繊維であればよく特に限定はしないが、特開平1−64
661号、特開平1−259867号公報、特開平1−
262868号公報、特開平2−41163号公報、特
開平2−41164号公報、特開平2−307970号
公報、特開平3−213562号公報に記載された技術
により得られる繊維等が好ましく用いられる。
The deodorant fiber referred to in the present invention means that the malodorous components such as ammonia, amine, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan produced by the decomposition and decomposition of the organic matter in the cast are adsorbed or decomposed by the chemical reaction. The fiber is not particularly limited as long as it has the ability to neutralize, but it is not disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 1-64
No. 661, JP-A 1-259867, JP-A-1-
Fibers obtained by the techniques described in JP-A-262868, JP-A-2-41163, JP-A-2-41164, JP-A-2-307970, and JP-A-3-213562 are preferably used.

【0014】不織布層の吸水性能、消臭性能は選択する
それぞれの繊維の性能にもよるが、不織布層に高吸水性
繊維が占める割合は、80〜20重量%であることが好
ましい。20重量%未満では、吸汗性能が不十分である
し、80重量%を越えると消臭繊維の構成割合が少なく
なり、消臭性能が十分でない。
Although the water absorption performance and deodorization performance of the non-woven fabric layer depend on the performance of each fiber selected, the proportion of highly water-absorbent fibers in the non-woven fabric layer is preferably 80 to 20% by weight. If it is less than 20% by weight, the sweat absorption performance is insufficient, and if it exceeds 80% by weight, the composition ratio of the deodorant fiber is small and the deodorant performance is not sufficient.

【0015】上記の構成繊維から不織布を製造する方法
としては、公知の方法が用いられるが、弾力性のある不
織布層を得るためには、針本数を10〜20本/cm2
程度でニードルパンチする方法が採用される。
As a method for producing a non-woven fabric from the above-mentioned constituent fibers, a known method is used, but in order to obtain a non-woven fabric layer having elasticity, the number of needles is 10 to 20 / cm 2.
A method of needle punching is adopted depending on the degree.

【0016】本発明において、編物層と不織布層を積層
一体化および筒状にする方法は特に限定しないが、編物
層の伸縮を阻害しない方向に縫い合わせることが重要で
ある。上述のように高吸水性または親水性の糸を用いて
縫合すると本発明の効果はさらに顕著なものとなる。
In the present invention, the method of laminating and knitting the knitted layer and the non-woven layer is not particularly limited, but it is important that the knitted layers are sewn in a direction that does not hinder the expansion and contraction of the knitted layer. The effect of the present invention becomes more remarkable when sutured with a highly water-absorbing or hydrophilic thread as described above.

【0017】編物層と不織布層を積層一体し、筒状に縫
合したギプス用内装材は、編物層を内側となるように患
部に被せ、不織布層の上に石膏層を形成・固化すればよ
い。
In the case of the cast interior material in which the knitted layer and the non-woven fabric layer are integrally laminated and sewn in a tubular shape, the knitted fabric layer may be placed on the affected part so that the plaster layer is formed and solidified on the non-woven fabric layer. .

【0018】本発明のギプス内装材は、どの部分もほぼ
同じ厚みを有するので、完治した後ギプスを切断し取り
外す際には、切断深さの見当が付けやすく、皮膚を傷つ
ける恐れがない。
Since the cast interior material of the present invention has almost the same thickness in all parts, when the cast is cut and removed after being completely cured, it is easy to estimate the cutting depth and there is no risk of damaging the skin.

【0019】[0019]

【実施例】以下実施例により、本発明を更に具体的に説
明する。なお、実施例中の評価は以下の方法により行っ
た。
EXAMPLES The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples. The evaluations in the examples were performed by the following methods.

【0020】・消臭性能 20℃,60%RHの雰囲気下に24時間放置した試料
約1gを精秤し、所定濃度となるように悪臭ガスを分取
した300mlフラスコ(容量370ml)中に投入、
密封した。1時間経過後にフラスコ中に残存した悪臭ガ
スの濃度を北川式検知器で測定した。悪臭ガスとして、
アンモニア800ppm、硫化水素800ppm、メチ
ルメルカプタン120ppmをそれぞれ使用した。
Deodorizing performance About 1 g of a sample left for 24 hours in an atmosphere of 20 ° C. and 60% RH is precisely weighed and put into a 300 ml flask (capacity 370 ml) in which a malodorous gas is fractionated so that a predetermined concentration is obtained. ,
Sealed. The concentration of the malodorous gas remaining in the flask after 1 hour was measured by the Kitagawa detector. As a stench gas,
Ammonia 800 ppm, hydrogen sulfide 800 ppm, and methyl mercaptan 120 ppm were used, respectively.

【0021】・水滴消失時間 JIS L−1096 吸水時間(滴下法)により測定
した。
Water Drop Disappearance Time Measured by JIS L-1096 water absorption time (dropping method).

【0022】・吸水速度 JIS L−1096 吸水速度(バイレック法)によ
り測定した。
Water absorption rate Measured according to JIS L-1096 water absorption rate (Bayrec method).

【0023】・伸び易さ 編物の両耳端から全幅の10分の1ずつ端末から1m以
上を除いた部分から採取した試料を標準状態とし、横方
向に3枚採取し自記記録装置付き定速伸長型引張試験器
を用い、初荷重のもとでつかみ間隔が20cmとなるよ
うに試験片を取り付け、引張速度100%/分で荷重−
伸長曲線を描き、この曲線から200g荷重持の伸長率
(%)を求めた。測定結果は3回の測定の平均値で示し
た。
Ease of stretching A sample taken from a portion excluding 1 m or more from the end of each end of the knitted fabric at one-tenth of the width is set as a standard state, and three samples are taken in the lateral direction to obtain a constant speed with a self-recording device. Using an extension type tensile tester, the test pieces were attached so that the gripping interval was 20 cm under the initial load, and the load was applied at a pulling rate of 100% / min.
An extension curve was drawn, and the extension rate (%) under a load of 200 g was determined from this curve. The measurement results are shown as the average value of three measurements.

【0024】・弾性回復率 伸び易さと同様の試験片の一端を上部クランプに固定
し、他端に初荷重をかけ20cm間隔(=L0 )に印を
付けた。無荷重の状態から200gの荷重をかけ、次に
無荷重に戻す操作を5秒周期で4回繰り返し、5度目に
荷重をかけ無荷重とした後30秒経過したときの上記印
間隔を測定(=L5 )し、次式により弾性回復率を算出
した。測定結果は3回の測定の平均値で示した。 弾性回復率(%)=(L5−L0)/L0×100
Elastic recovery rate One end of a test piece similar to that of elongation was fixed to an upper clamp, and an initial load was applied to the other end to mark at intervals of 20 cm (= L 0 ). The operation of applying a load of 200 g from the unloaded state and then returning to the unloaded state is repeated 4 times in a cycle of 5 seconds, and the mark interval is measured when 30 seconds have passed after applying the load for the fifth time and making it unloaded ( = L 5 ) and the elastic recovery rate was calculated by the following formula. The measurement results are shown as the average value of three measurements. Elastic recovery rate (%) = (L5-L0) / L0 × 100

【0025】(実施例1)編物層 ポリプロピレン繊維(三菱レイヨン(株)性パイレン7
5d/48f×2本揃え)を総ゴム編みで編成(ウェル
20本/インチ、コース52本/インチ)した編地と、
市販の整形外科用ギプス内装材として用いられる木綿編
み地(1/30綿100%×2本揃え、規格ウェル20
本/インチ、コース30本/インチ)を比較例として水
滴消失時間、吸水速度、及び弾性回復(伸び易さ、弾性
回復率)を測定し、表1に示した。
(Example 1) Knit layer Polypropylene fiber (Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. Pyrene 7
5d / 48f x 2 pieces) knitted with full rubber knitting (well 20 pieces / inch, course 52 pieces / inch),
A cotton knitted fabric (100% cotton 100% x 2 pieces, standard well 20)
The water droplet disappearance time, the water absorption speed, and the elastic recovery (ease of elongation, elastic recovery rate) were measured using the number of lines / inch, course of 30 lines / inch) as a comparative example, and the results are shown in Table 1.

【0026】[0026]

【表1】 [Table 1]

【0027】(実施例2)不織布層 表2に示した繊維綿をフラットカードに3回通し、針本
数20本/cm2 でニードルパンチを行い目付120g
/m2 の不織布を得た。これらの不織布に対し、悪臭
(アンモニア、硫化水素、メルカプタン)に対する消臭
性能、吸水速度、水滴消失時間を測定し、不織布の繊維
構成とともに表2に示した。
(Example 2) Nonwoven fabric layer The fiber cotton shown in Table 2 was passed through a flat card three times, and needle punching was performed at 20 needles / cm 2 to give a basis weight of 120 g.
A nonwoven fabric of / m 2 was obtained. With respect to these non-woven fabrics, the deodorizing performance against malodor (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptan), water absorption rate, and water drop disappearing time were measured, and shown in Table 2 together with the fiber composition of the non-woven fabrics.

【0028】[0028]

【表2】 [Table 2]

【0029】(実施例3)実施例1、実施例2で得たポ
リプロピレン編物及びコラックス70%/シリウス30
%混合不織布をミシンを使用して、編物の伸び難い方向
に平行に4cm間隔で縫い合わせた。さらにこの縫合物
を編物が内層となり、伸び難い方向が長手方向となる様
に内径約8cm×長さ40cmの円筒状に縫合した。
(Example 3) Polypropylene knitted fabrics obtained in Examples 1 and 2 and 70% Colax / 30 Sirius
Using a sewing machine, the% mixed non-woven fabric was sewn in parallel with the stretchable direction of the knitted fabric at intervals of 4 cm. Further, this sewn product was sewn into a cylindrical shape having an inner diameter of about 8 cm and a length of 40 cm such that the knitted fabric was the inner layer and the direction in which it was difficult to stretch was the longitudinal direction.

【0030】これを被験者の腕(手首から脇の間)に着
用し、そのうえから石膏を含有した包帯を水でしめらせ
て3回巻き、固定した。10日間着用したが、その間の
かゆみ及び悪臭の発生はなかった。
This was worn on the subject's arm (wrist to armpit), and a bandage containing gypsum was then dipped in water and wrapped three times to be fixed. Although it was worn for 10 days, itching and odor did not occur during that period.

【0031】[0031]

【発明の効果】上述の如く構成された本発明によれば、
着用に熟練を要さず簡単に着用でき、編物層は汗を吸収
することなくすばやく患部から遠ざけ、不織布層で汗を
吸収し、悪臭を消すことができ、かゆみがなく、悪臭の
発生が少なく快適である。又、完治した後、ギプスを切
断し取り外す際には、どの部分もほぼ同じ厚みを有する
ので切断深さの見当が付けやすく、皮膚を傷つける恐れ
がない。
According to the present invention constructed as described above,
It can be easily worn without requiring skill, the knit layer quickly moves away from the affected area without absorbing sweat, and the non-woven layer absorbs sweat to eliminate bad odors, and there is no itching and less bad odors. It is comfortable. In addition, when the cast is cut and removed after being completely cured, since all parts have approximately the same thickness, the cutting depth can be easily estimated and there is no risk of damaging the skin.

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 【請求項1】 はっ水性繊維を編成してなる編物内層
と、高吸水性繊維および消臭繊維を混合形成してなる不
織布外層とが筒状一体構造となっている整形外科用ギプ
ス内装材。
1. An orthopedic cast interior material in which a knitted inner layer formed by knitting water-repellent fibers and a non-woven fabric outer layer formed by mixing superabsorbent fibers and deodorant fibers have a tubular integrated structure. .
JP6127606A 1994-06-09 1994-06-09 Orthopedic plaster interior material Pending JPH07328058A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP6127606A JPH07328058A (en) 1994-06-09 1994-06-09 Orthopedic plaster interior material

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP6127606A JPH07328058A (en) 1994-06-09 1994-06-09 Orthopedic plaster interior material

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPH07328058A true JPH07328058A (en) 1995-12-19

Family

ID=14964254

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP6127606A Pending JPH07328058A (en) 1994-06-09 1994-06-09 Orthopedic plaster interior material

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPH07328058A (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007038547A1 (en) * 2005-09-26 2007-04-05 3M Innovative Properties Company Orthopedic cast system and method
JP2009501564A (en) * 2005-07-14 2009-01-22 ビーエスエヌ メディカル,インク. Water-resistant orthopedic undercast sleeve products
KR20120026033A (en) * 2009-03-11 2012-03-16 온본 오와이 Novel composite materials comprising a thermoplastic matrix polymer and wood particules

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2009501564A (en) * 2005-07-14 2009-01-22 ビーエスエヌ メディカル,インク. Water-resistant orthopedic undercast sleeve products
WO2007038547A1 (en) * 2005-09-26 2007-04-05 3M Innovative Properties Company Orthopedic cast system and method
US7438697B2 (en) 2005-09-26 2008-10-21 3M Innovative Properties Company Orthopedic cast system and method
JP2009509655A (en) * 2005-09-26 2009-03-12 スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー Orthopedic cast system and method
KR20120026033A (en) * 2009-03-11 2012-03-16 온본 오와이 Novel composite materials comprising a thermoplastic matrix polymer and wood particules

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