JPH06296967A - Method and device for producing free chlorine water - Google Patents
Method and device for producing free chlorine waterInfo
- Publication number
- JPH06296967A JPH06296967A JP8584993A JP8584993A JPH06296967A JP H06296967 A JPH06296967 A JP H06296967A JP 8584993 A JP8584993 A JP 8584993A JP 8584993 A JP8584993 A JP 8584993A JP H06296967 A JPH06296967 A JP H06296967A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- water
- electrodes
- free chlorine
- inner tank
- tank
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000008223 sterile water Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000249 desinfective effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001804 chlorine Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【0001】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、食品用,衛生用などに
用いる洗浄・殺菌水としての遊離塩素水の製造方法及び
その装置に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for producing free chlorine water as cleaning / sterilizing water used for food, sanitation and the like.
【0002】[0002]
【従来の技術】従来、次亜塩素系水の殺菌水としては、
工場生産された次亜塩素酸ナトリウム水溶液として容器
に入っているもの、別容器に移し変え、これを水道水で
所定の濃度に希釈して使用する、いわゆる溜め置き式で
使用しているが、次亜塩素酸ナトリウム水溶液は不安定
で長期に保存することができず、また水道水で希釈して
も適正な濃度に管理することが困難である。Conventionally, as sterilizing water of hypochlorous water,
What is contained in a container as an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite produced in the factory, transferred to another container and used by diluting it with tap water to a predetermined concentration, so-called reservoir type, The sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution is unstable and cannot be stored for a long period of time, and it is difficult to control it to an appropriate concentration even when diluted with tap water.
【0003】そこで、本発明者は特願平3−98703
号にて、陽極と陰極を有した電解槽に食塩水を供給し、
両電極に直流電源を印加して遊離塩素水を製造する遊離
塩素製造方法及び装置を提案した。Therefore, the present inventor has filed Japanese Patent Application No. 3-98703.
No., supply saline to an electrolytic cell having an anode and a cathode,
We proposed a method and apparatus for producing free chlorine by applying a DC power supply to both electrodes to produce free chlorine water.
【0004】[0004]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】ところで、この遊離塩
素製造装置の電極は、その電極間隔が数ミリに保持され
その間に、5V,30Aの直流電源が印加されるため、
電解槽が高温となり、電極の消耗が激しく500時間程
度の寿命しかない問題がある。By the way, the electrodes of this free chlorine producing apparatus have an electrode interval of several millimeters and a DC power supply of 5 V and 30 A is applied between them,
There is a problem that the temperature of the electrolytic cell becomes high and the electrodes are heavily consumed, and the service life is only about 500 hours.
【0005】また、電極面や電解槽には、Mg,Caな
どのスケールが付着し、これが電極の溶出や電解槽の破
損や故障の原因となる問題がある。Further, there is a problem that scales such as Mg and Ca adhere to the electrode surface and the electrolytic cell, which causes elution of the electrode and damage or failure of the electrolytic cell.
【0006】そこで、本発明の目的は、上記課題を解決
し、殺菌,無菌水を製造するにおいて、電極の寿命が長
くできると共にスケールを除去できる遊離塩素水製造方
法及びその装置を提供することにある。[0006] Therefore, an object of the present invention is to solve the above problems and to provide a method and apparatus for producing free chlorine water which can extend the life of the electrode and remove scale in sterilizing and producing sterile water. is there.
【0007】[0007]
【課題を解決するための手段】上記目的を達成するため
に本発明は、一対もしくは複数対の電極を有した内槽に
食塩水を供給し、その電極に直流電源を印加して遊離塩
素水を製造すると共に、内槽を包囲する外槽に水道水及
び処理水等の希釈水を供給して内槽を冷却すると共に遊
離塩素水を内槽から外槽内に排出しながら希釈させて外
槽から排出するようにした遊離塩素水製造方法であり、
また一対もしくは複数対の電極に印加する電源の向きを
切換え、かつ内槽に洗浄水を供給して洗浄を行うように
した遊離塩素水製造方法であり、さらに一対もしくは複
数対の電極を有する内槽と、その内槽を包囲するように
設けられた外槽と、その電極に直流電圧を印加する直流
電源装置と、上記内槽に食塩水を供給する食塩水供給手
段と、内外槽を連通する連通手段と、内外槽間に水道水
及び処理水等の希釈水を供給する水供給手段と、内外槽
間で生じた希釈遊離塩素水を排出する希釈遊離塩素水排
出手段とを備えた遊離塩素水製造装置であり、直流電源
装置は、一対もしくは複数対の電極に印加する電圧を正
負に切換えて印加する電流切換器を有し、かつ内槽には
洗浄水供給手段が接続された遊離塩素水製造装置であ
る。In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides free chlorine water by supplying a saline solution to an inner tank having a pair or a plurality of pairs of electrodes and applying a DC power supply to the electrodes. In addition to cooling the inner tank by supplying tap water and diluted water such as treated water to the outer tank surrounding the inner tank, the free chlorine water is diluted from the inner tank to the outer tank to dilute it. It is a method of producing free chlorine water that is discharged from the tank,
Further, it is a method for producing free chlorine water in which the direction of a power source applied to a pair or a plurality of pairs of electrodes is switched, and cleaning water is supplied to the inner tank to perform cleaning. A tank, an outer tank provided so as to surround the inner tank, a DC power supply device for applying a DC voltage to its electrode, a saline solution supply means for supplying saline solution to the inner tank, and a communication between the inner tank and the outer tank. Free water supply means for supplying diluted water such as tap water and treated water between the inner and outer tanks, and diluted free chlorine water discharge means for discharging diluted free chlorine water generated between the inner and outer tanks. This is a chlorine water production device, and the DC power supply device has a current switching device that switches between positive and negative voltages applied to a pair of electrodes or a plurality of pairs of electrodes, and has an internal tank to which washing water supply means is connected. It is a chlorine water production device.
【0008】[0008]
【作用】上記構成によれば、内槽に食塩水を供給し、こ
れを電気分解して遊離塩素水を製造するにおいて、外槽
に水道水等の希釈水を供給することで、電気分解による
温度上昇を抑えると共に希釈が行え、また電極を正負に
切り換えると共に内槽に洗浄水を供給することで電極な
どに付着するスケールを除去できる。これにより電極の
寿命を格段に向上することが可能となる。According to the above construction, when salt water is supplied to the inner tank and electrolyzed to produce free chlorine water, by supplying diluted water such as tap water to the outer tank, electrolysis is performed. The temperature rise can be suppressed and dilution can be performed, and the scale attached to the electrodes can be removed by switching the electrodes to positive or negative and supplying cleaning water to the inner tank. This makes it possible to significantly improve the life of the electrode.
【0009】[0009]
【実施例】以下、本発明の一実施例を添付図面に基づい
て詳述する。An embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
【0010】図1(a),(b)において、1はPE,
PPなどの合成樹脂材料で形成された電解槽で、内槽2
と内槽2を包囲する外槽3とからなり、これら内外槽
2,3の上下に上下端板4,5が設けられて形成され
る。In FIGS. 1A and 1B, 1 is PE,
Inner tank 2 is an electrolytic tank made of synthetic resin material such as PP.
And an outer tub 3 surrounding the inner tub 2, and upper and lower end plates 4 and 5 are provided above and below the inner and outer tubs 2 and 3, respectively.
【0011】内槽2内には、上部端板4に支持された一
対の電極6,7或いは図示していないが複数対の電極
6,7が対向するよう配置され、上部端板4には、各電
極端子8,9が設けられる。この電極6,7は、白金・
イリジュウムを含んだチタン材からなり、電極8,9の
下部が絶縁スペーサ19で連結されてその間隔が数mm
に保つようにされる。またこの上部端板4は、その外周
4aが、外槽3に捩じ込んで取り付けられるようキャッ
プ状に形成され、かつ中央部4bが内槽2に嵌合するよ
うに形成される。In the inner tank 2, a pair of electrodes 6, 7 supported by the upper end plate 4 or a plurality of pairs of electrodes 6, 7 (not shown) are arranged so as to face each other. , Electrode terminals 8 and 9 are provided. These electrodes 6 and 7 are made of platinum
It is made of titanium material containing iridium, and the lower parts of the electrodes 8 and 9 are connected by an insulating spacer 19 and the distance is several mm.
Be kept at. The upper end plate 4 has an outer periphery 4a formed into a cap shape so as to be screwed into and attached to the outer tub 3, and a central portion 4b is formed to fit into the inner tub 2.
【0012】下部端板5には、内槽2内に、食塩水を供
給する食塩水供給手段10が接続される。すなわち食塩
水供給手段10は、食塩水タンクなどから1〜10%程
度の濃度の食塩水が、略50cc/minの流量で内槽
2に供給できるようになっている。The lower end plate 5 is connected to a saline supply means 10 for supplying saline into the inner tank 2. That is, the saline solution supply means 10 can supply the saline solution having a concentration of about 1 to 10% from the saline solution tank or the like to the inner tank 2 at a flow rate of about 50 cc / min.
【0013】内槽2の上部には、内外槽2,3を連通す
る穴からなる連通手段11が設けられる。On the upper part of the inner tank 2, there is provided a communicating means 11 consisting of a hole for communicating the inner and outer tanks 2, 3.
【0014】下部端板5には、内外槽2,3間の流出入
室12に水道水及び処理水等の希釈水を略2〜7l/m
inの流量で供給する水供給手段13が接続されると共
に略180度対向した位置に希釈遊離塩素水排出手段1
4が接続される。In the lower end plate 5, tap water and diluted water such as treated water are introduced into the inflow / outflow chamber 12 between the inner and outer tanks 2 and 3 in an amount of about 2 to 7 l / m.
The diluted free chlorine water discharge means 1 is connected to the water supply means 13 supplied at a flow rate of in
4 is connected.
【0015】また下部端板4には、内槽2内に水道水或
いはスケール除去液等を含んだ洗浄水を供給する洗浄水
供給手段15が接続される。Further, the lower end plate 4 is connected to a cleaning water supply means 15 for supplying the cleaning water containing tap water or scale removing liquid into the inner tank 2.
【0016】電極端子6,7には、直流電源装置15が
接続される。この直流電源装置16は、直流電源17
と、その直流電源17の直流電流を電極6,7に正負に
切換える電流切換器18とからなっている。A DC power supply device 15 is connected to the electrode terminals 6 and 7. This DC power supply device 16 includes a DC power supply 17
And a current switch 18 for switching the DC current of the DC power supply 17 to the electrodes 6 and 7 between positive and negative.
【0017】また希釈遊離塩素水排出手段14は種々の
殺菌水利用系に供給できるようになっている。The diluted free chlorine water discharging means 14 can be supplied to various sterilizing water utilization systems.
【0018】以上において、食塩供給手段水10から内
槽2内に食塩水が供給されると、直流電圧(5V,30
A)が印加された電極6,7間により食塩水が電気分解
されて所望濃度の遊離塩素水が発生する。この塩素水は
連通手段11より内外槽2,3間の流出入室12に流
れ、水供給手段13より流出入室12に供給された水道
水及び処理水等の希釈水で希釈混合され、有効塩素量4
0〜200ppmの希釈遊離塩素水として希釈遊離塩素
水排出手段14から排出され、種々の殺菌水利用系、例
えばおしぼり用の洗浄用殺菌水,食品機械の洗浄殺菌,
食品材料の洗浄殺菌などに使用される。In the above, when the salt solution is supplied from the salt supply means water 10 into the inner tank 2, a DC voltage (5V, 30V) is applied.
The salt solution is electrolyzed between the electrodes 6 and 7 to which A) is applied, and free chlorine water having a desired concentration is generated. This chlorine water flows from the communication means 11 to the inflow / outflow chamber 12 between the inner and outer tanks 2 and 3, and is diluted and mixed with the tap water and the diluted water such as treated water supplied to the inflow / outflow chamber 12 from the water supply means 13 to obtain the effective chlorine amount. Four
It is discharged from the diluted free chlorine water discharge means 14 as 0 to 200 ppm of diluted free chlorine water, and various sterilizing water utilization systems, for example, sterilizing water for cleaning for hand towels, cleaning sterilization of food machinery,
Used for cleaning and sterilizing food materials.
【0019】この遊離塩素水製造中、内槽2内は電気分
解により高温となりやすいが、内槽2は流出入室12に
包囲され、その流出入室12に供給された希釈水で常時
冷却されるため、高温になることがなく、内槽2や電極
6,7を高温から保護できる。この場合、内槽2の外周
に多数のフィンを取り付ければより冷却効果を高めるこ
とができる。During the production of this free chlorine water, the temperature in the inner tank 2 tends to be high due to electrolysis, but the inner tank 2 is surrounded by the inflow / outflow chamber 12 and is constantly cooled by the dilution water supplied to the inflow / outflow chamber 12. The inner tank 2 and the electrodes 6 and 7 can be protected from high temperature without being heated to high temperature. In this case, if many fins are attached to the outer circumference of the inner tank 2, the cooling effect can be further enhanced.
【0020】また遊離塩素水製造中、電極6,7及び内
槽2の内面にはMg,Caなどのスケールが付着する
が、電極6,7に印加する直流電源17を正逆切換器1
8にて、正逆に切り換え、同時に洗浄水供給手段15よ
り洗浄水を供給することで、スケールを除去することが
できる。During production of free chlorine water, scales such as Mg and Ca adhere to the electrodes 6 and 7 and the inner surfaces of the inner tank 2, but the DC power supply 17 applied to the electrodes 6 and 7 is connected to the forward / reverse switching unit 1.
At 8, the scale can be removed by switching to the normal and reverse directions and simultaneously supplying the wash water from the wash water supply means 15.
【0021】またスケールの除去に限らず電極6,7に
印加する電源を定期的に切換えることで電極6,7の損
傷を長時間防止することができる。Further, not only the scale removal but also the power supply applied to the electrodes 6 and 7 is periodically switched, so that the damage to the electrodes 6 and 7 can be prevented for a long time.
【0022】[0022]
【発明の効果】以上要するに本発明によれば、外槽に水
道水及び処理水等の希釈水を供給することで、電気分解
による温度上昇を抑えると共に希釈が行え、また電極を
正負に切り換えると共に内槽に洗浄水を供給することで
電極などに付着するスケールを除去できる。これにより
電極の寿命を2000時間以上と格段に向上することが
可能となる。In summary, according to the present invention, by supplying dilution water such as tap water and treated water to the outer tank, temperature rise due to electrolysis can be suppressed and dilution can be performed, and the electrode can be switched between positive and negative. By supplying cleaning water to the inner tank, the scale attached to the electrodes can be removed. As a result, the life of the electrode can be significantly improved to 2000 hours or more.
【図1】本発明の一実施例を示す概略図である。FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an embodiment of the present invention.
1 電解槽 2 内槽 3 外槽 6,7 電極 10 食塩水供給手段 11 連通手段 13 希釈水供給手段 14 希釈遊離塩素水排出手段 15 洗浄水供給手段 16 直流電源装置 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Electrolyte tank 2 Inner tank 3 Outer tank 6,7 Electrode 10 Saline solution supply means 11 Communication means 13 Diluted water supply means 14 Diluted free chlorine water discharge means 15 Wash water supply means 16 DC power supply device
Claims (4)
槽に食塩水を供給し、その電極に直流電源を印加して遊
離塩素水を製造すると共に、内槽を包囲する外槽に水道
水及び処理水等の希釈水を供給して内槽を冷却すると共
に遊離塩素水を内槽から外槽内に排出しながら希釈させ
て外槽から排出するようにしたことを特徴とする遊離塩
素水製造方法。1. Salt water is supplied to an inner tank having at least one pair of electrodes facing each other, and DC power is applied to the electrodes to produce free chlorine water, while tap water and an external tank surrounding the inner tank are provided. Production of free chlorine water characterized by supplying diluted water such as treated water to cool the inner tank and diluting the free chlorine water from the inner tank to the outer tank while diluting and discharging from the outer tank Method.
源の向きを切換え、かつ内槽に洗浄水を供給して洗浄を
行う請求項1記載の遊離塩素水製造方法。2. The method for producing free chlorine water according to claim 1, wherein the direction of the power source applied to the pair of electrodes or a plurality of pairs of electrodes is switched, and washing water is supplied to the inner tank for washing.
と、その内槽を包囲するように設けられた外槽と、その
電極に直流電圧を印加する直流電源装置と、上記内槽に
食塩水を供給する食塩水供給手段と、内外槽を連通する
連通手段と、内外槽間に水道水及び処理水等の希釈水を
供給する水供給手段と、内外槽間で生じた希釈遊離塩素
水を排出する希釈遊離塩素水排出手段とを備えたことを
特徴とする遊離塩素水製造装置。3. An inner tank having a pair or a plurality of pairs of electrodes, an outer tank provided so as to surround the inner tank, a DC power supply device for applying a DC voltage to the electrodes, and salt in the inner tank. Saline solution supplying means for supplying water, communication means for communicating the inner and outer tanks, water supplying means for supplying diluted water such as tap water and treated water between the inner and outer tanks, and diluted free chlorine water generated between the inner and outer tanks An apparatus for producing free chlorine water, comprising:
電極に印加する電圧を正負に切換えて印加する電流切換
器を有し、かつ内槽には洗浄水供給手段が接続された請
求項3記載の遊離塩素水製造装置。4. The DC power supply device has a current switch for switching between positive and negative voltages applied to a pair or a plurality of pairs of electrodes, and a washing water supply means is connected to the inner tank. The described free chlorine water production device.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP08584993A JP3304492B2 (en) | 1993-04-13 | 1993-04-13 | Method and apparatus for producing free chlorine water |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP08584993A JP3304492B2 (en) | 1993-04-13 | 1993-04-13 | Method and apparatus for producing free chlorine water |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH06296967A true JPH06296967A (en) | 1994-10-25 |
| JP3304492B2 JP3304492B2 (en) | 2002-07-22 |
Family
ID=13870327
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP08584993A Expired - Fee Related JP3304492B2 (en) | 1993-04-13 | 1993-04-13 | Method and apparatus for producing free chlorine water |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3304492B2 (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001191079A (en) * | 2000-01-07 | 2001-07-17 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Electrolyzed water generator |
| KR100325677B1 (en) * | 1999-03-30 | 2002-03-06 | 박찬의 | sterilized water creation equipment |
| KR100453008B1 (en) * | 1997-10-14 | 2004-12-23 | 서순기 | Circulation sterilizing device for water tank |
| JP2006035201A (en) * | 2004-07-28 | 2006-02-09 | Hokuetsu:Kk | Water-cooled vertical electrolytic cell |
| WO2016174783A1 (en) * | 2015-04-28 | 2016-11-03 | シャープ株式会社 | Electrolyzed water generator |
| JP2016209864A (en) * | 2016-04-18 | 2016-12-15 | シャープ株式会社 | Electrolyzed water generator |
-
1993
- 1993-04-13 JP JP08584993A patent/JP3304492B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100453008B1 (en) * | 1997-10-14 | 2004-12-23 | 서순기 | Circulation sterilizing device for water tank |
| KR100325677B1 (en) * | 1999-03-30 | 2002-03-06 | 박찬의 | sterilized water creation equipment |
| JP2001191079A (en) * | 2000-01-07 | 2001-07-17 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Electrolyzed water generator |
| JP2006035201A (en) * | 2004-07-28 | 2006-02-09 | Hokuetsu:Kk | Water-cooled vertical electrolytic cell |
| WO2016174783A1 (en) * | 2015-04-28 | 2016-11-03 | シャープ株式会社 | Electrolyzed water generator |
| JP2016209864A (en) * | 2016-04-18 | 2016-12-15 | シャープ株式会社 | Electrolyzed water generator |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3304492B2 (en) | 2002-07-22 |
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