JPH06179308A - Pneumatic radial tire - Google Patents
Pneumatic radial tireInfo
- Publication number
- JPH06179308A JPH06179308A JP4336335A JP33633592A JPH06179308A JP H06179308 A JPH06179308 A JP H06179308A JP 4336335 A JP4336335 A JP 4336335A JP 33633592 A JP33633592 A JP 33633592A JP H06179308 A JPH06179308 A JP H06179308A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- groove
- tire
- main
- convex portion
- pneumatic radial
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 101100334009 Caenorhabditis elegans rib-2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002542 deteriorative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008094 contradictory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C11/00—Tyre tread bands; Tread patterns; Anti-skid inserts
- B60C11/03—Tread patterns
- B60C11/13—Tread patterns characterised by the groove cross-section, e.g. for buttressing or preventing stone-trapping
- B60C11/1307—Tread patterns characterised by the groove cross-section, e.g. for buttressing or preventing stone-trapping with special features of the groove walls
- B60C11/1323—Tread patterns characterised by the groove cross-section, e.g. for buttressing or preventing stone-trapping with special features of the groove walls asymmetric
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C11/00—Tyre tread bands; Tread patterns; Anti-skid inserts
- B60C11/03—Tread patterns
- B60C2011/0337—Tread patterns characterised by particular design features of the pattern
- B60C2011/0339—Grooves
- B60C2011/0381—Blind or isolated grooves
- B60C2011/0383—Blind or isolated grooves at the centre of the tread
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Tires In General (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、空気入りラジアルタイ
ヤ関し、特にウェット性能を悪化させることなく車外騒
音を低減する乗用車用空気入りラジアルタイヤに関す
る。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a pneumatic radial tire, and more particularly to a pneumatic radial tire for passenger cars which reduces outside noise without deteriorating wet performance.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】近年、環境保全問題に関連して車両の車
外騒音規制が益々厳しくなってきている。一方、車両の
高性能化に対応して、乗用車用の空気入りラジアルタイ
ヤでは偏平化が進み、それに伴ってトレッドが広幅化し
ている。しかし、周知の通りタイヤの広幅化は車外騒音
を悪化させるため、上述した騒音規制に対応することが
非常に難しくなっている。2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, vehicle exterior noise regulations have become more and more strict in connection with environmental protection problems. Meanwhile, pneumatic radial tires for passenger cars are becoming flatter in response to higher performance of vehicles, and the tread is becoming wider accordingly. However, as is well known, widening the tire deteriorates the noise outside the vehicle, and thus it is very difficult to comply with the above noise regulation.
【０００３】ところで、乗用車用の空気入りタイヤに
は、その排水性を良好にするため、トレッド面にタイヤ
周方向に延びる複数本の直線状主溝を設けるようにした
ものがある。このようなトレッドパターンを有する空気
入りタイヤでは、タイヤ回転時に主溝と接地面との間に
閉じ込められた空気が振動して気柱共鳴音を発生するた
め、その気柱共鳴音が車外騒音の主たる要因になってい
る。In some pneumatic tires for passenger cars, a plurality of linear main grooves extending in the tire circumferential direction are provided on the tread surface in order to improve drainage performance. In a pneumatic tire having such a tread pattern, air trapped between the main groove and the ground contact surface vibrates to generate air column resonance sound when the tire rotates, so that the air column resonance sound causes noise outside the vehicle. It is the main factor.
【０００４】このような気柱共鳴音の音圧は、主溝幅を
狭くすれば下げることができるが、主溝幅を狭くする
と、主溝本来の特性である排水性が低下するため、タイ
ヤのウェット性能、特にウェットコーナリング特性の低
下を招くことになる。したがって、このようにタイヤ周
方向に直線状主溝を配置するトレッドパターンを有する
タイヤでは、車外騒音特性とウェット性能との改善は互
いに相反する関係にあり、これらを両立させる方法は見
出されていなかった。The sound pressure of the air column resonance sound can be lowered by narrowing the width of the main groove. However, if the width of the main groove is narrowed, the drainage property which is the original characteristic of the main groove is lowered, so that the tire is tired. However, the wet performance, especially the wet cornering property, is deteriorated. Therefore, in the tire having the tread pattern in which the linear main grooves are arranged in the tire circumferential direction in this manner, the improvement of the exterior noise characteristic and the improvement of the wet performance are in a mutually contradictory relationship, and a method of making them compatible has been found. There wasn't.
【０００５】[0005]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明の目的は、上述
のようにタイヤ周方向に複数本の直線状主溝を配置した
タイヤにおいて、主溝に基づく本来のウェット性能を低
下させることなく、車外騒音を低減可能にする空気入り
ラジアルタイヤを提供することにある。An object of the present invention is to provide a tire having a plurality of linear main grooves arranged in the tire circumferential direction as described above without deteriorating the original wet performance based on the main grooves. An object of the present invention is to provide a pneumatic radial tire that can reduce external noise.
【０００６】[0006]
【課題を解決するための手段】上記目的を達成する本発
明は、トレッド面にタイヤ周方向に延びる複数本の直線
状主溝を配置した空気入りラジアルタイヤにおいて、少
なくとも接地面内に存在する主溝の何れか一つの主溝の
溝壁に、その溝方向に沿って溝壁から突出する凸部を設
け、該凸部を設けた主溝の溝幅Ｗと溝深さＤとの積Ｓに
対する前記凸部の溝底からの高さａと突出幅ｂとの積Ｓ
a を、 ０．１≦Ｓa ／Ｓ≦０．３５ にしたことを特徴とするものである。Means for Solving the Problems The present invention, which achieves the above object, provides a pneumatic radial tire having a plurality of linear main grooves extending in the tire circumferential direction on a tread surface, at least in the main contact surface. A convex portion protruding from the groove wall along the groove direction is provided on the groove wall of any one of the main grooves, and the product S of the groove width W and the groove depth D of the main groove provided with the convex portion is provided. The product S of the height a from the groove bottom of the convex portion and the protrusion width b with respect to
a is set to 0.1 ≦ Sa / S ≦ 0.35.
【０００７】本発明者らは、トレッド面に複数本の直線
状主溝を設けたタイヤが接地回転するときに発生する気
柱共鳴音について詳細に検討した結果、主溝断面積を減
少させれば気柱共鳴音を低減できることを知見した。し
かし、主溝幅の減少や主溝深さの減少により主溝断面積
を減少させた場合、ウェット性能等が悪化してしまう。
従って、さらに主溝形状と気柱共鳴音との関係について
検討した結果、主溝断面形状を工夫することにより気柱
共鳴音を効果的に低減し得ることを知見した。The inventors of the present invention have studied in detail the air column resonance sound generated when a tire having a plurality of linear main grooves on the tread surface rotates on the ground. As a result, the cross-sectional area of the main groove can be reduced. It was found that the air column resonance noise can be reduced. However, when the main groove cross-sectional area is reduced by reducing the width of the main groove or the depth of the main groove, wet performance and the like deteriorate.
Therefore, as a result of further studying the relationship between the main groove shape and the air column resonance sound, it was found that the air column resonance sound can be effectively reduced by devising the main groove cross-sectional shape.
【０００８】本発明は、このような知見に基づき、少な
くとも接地面内に１箇所の主溝内に溝壁から突出する凸
部を設けると共に、その断面積を所定範囲内にすること
により主溝内の通気量を制限することによってタイヤ接
地回転時に主溝の排水性を犠牲にしない範囲で、主溝内
空気の振動を小さくするようにしたのである。以下、本
発明を図面に示す実施例を参照して説明する。Based on such knowledge, the present invention provides a convex portion projecting from the groove wall in at least one main groove in the ground contact surface and keeps the cross-sectional area within a predetermined range. By limiting the amount of ventilation in the inside, the vibration of the air in the main groove is reduced to the extent that the drainage of the main groove is not sacrificed when the tire comes into contact with the ground. The present invention will be described below with reference to the embodiments shown in the drawings.
【０００９】図１は、本発明の実施例を示す空気入りラ
ジアルタイヤのトレッドパターンである。トレッド表面
には、４本の直線状の主溝１がタイヤ周方向に沿って設
けられ、そのトレッド中央部ＣＬには２本の主溝１の間
にセンターリブ２が形成されている。このセンターリブ
２には左右両側にラグ溝５が設けられている。また、左
右両側のショルダー部には、主溝１と副溝３で区分され
たブロック４が形成され、２列のブロック列が形成され
ている。FIG. 1 is a tread pattern of a pneumatic radial tire showing an embodiment of the present invention. Four linear main grooves 1 are provided on the tread surface along the tire circumferential direction, and a center rib 2 is formed between the two main grooves 1 in the center portion CL of the tread. The center rib 2 is provided with lug grooves 5 on both left and right sides. Further, blocks 4 divided by the main groove 1 and the sub-groove 3 are formed in the shoulder portions on both the left and right sides, and two block rows are formed.
【００１０】上記構成のトレッドパターンにおいて、セ
ンターリブ２の片側に隣接する主溝１の溝壁には、その
溝方向に沿って溝壁から突出する凸部２０が設けられて
いる。この凸部２０は、図２に示すように、主溝１の溝
底からの高さａが溝深さＤよりも小さく、かつ突出幅ｂ
が溝幅Ｗよりも小さく形成されている。センターリブ２
には、必要によりラグ溝５を設け、ウェット性能を確保
するようにすることができる。In the tread pattern having the above construction, the groove wall of the main groove 1 adjacent to one side of the center rib 2 is provided with a convex portion 20 protruding from the groove wall along the groove direction. As shown in FIG. 2, the protrusion 20 has a height a from the groove bottom of the main groove 1 smaller than the groove depth D and a protrusion width b.
Are smaller than the groove width W. Center rib 2
If necessary, a lug groove 5 can be provided to ensure wet performance.
【００１１】上記凸部２０は、その溝底からの高さａと
突出幅ｂとの積Ｓa が主溝１の幅Ｗと溝深さＤとの積Ｓ
の０．１倍以上、０．３５倍以下の大きさになるように
設定されている。また、凸部２０の高さａは、主溝１の
溝深さＤに対し、０．３＜ａ／Ｄ＜０．７の範囲にして
ある。このように主溝１の溝幅Ｗや溝深さＤを、従来タ
イヤに使用されている大きさにしながら、溝壁面に対
し、その溝壁から突出する凸部２０をＳa ／Ｓ＝０．１
〜０．３５となるように設けたため、トレッド面の主溝
１の溝幅Ｗを狭めることなく溝内の通気量を制限するこ
とにより、車外騒音の低減に寄与することができる。In the convex portion 20, the product Sa of the height a from the groove bottom and the protruding width b is the product S of the width W of the main groove 1 and the groove depth D.
Is set to be 0.1 times or more and 0.35 times or less. Further, the height a of the convex portion 20 is within the range of 0.3 <a / D <0.7 with respect to the groove depth D of the main groove 1. As described above, while the groove width W and the groove depth D of the main groove 1 are set to the sizes used in the conventional tire, the convex portion 20 protruding from the groove wall is Sa / S = 0. 1
Since the width is set to 0.35, the outside air noise can be reduced by limiting the ventilation amount in the groove without narrowing the groove width W of the main groove 1 on the tread surface.
【００１２】このような凸部２０は、図３，図４に示す
ように、両側の溝壁に沿って設けてもよい。主溝１の両
溝壁に設ける場合は、図３のように、両側の凸部２０の
高さａ1,ａ2 と突出幅ｂ1,ｂ2 を同一にしてもよく、或
いは図４のように、両側の凸部２０の高さａ1,ａ2 又は
突出幅ｂ1,ｂ2 を互いに異ならせるようにしてもよい。
また、凸部２０は、主溝１の長手方向に沿って連続する
ように設けてもよいし、断続するように設けてもよい。
ただし、継続して設ける場合は、接地面内に必ず存在さ
せることが望ましい。上述した本発明は、特に偏平ラジ
アルタイヤに適用する場合に効果が顕著であり、その偏
平比として６５以下のラジアルタイヤに適用するのがよ
い。Such protrusions 20 may be provided along the groove walls on both sides, as shown in FIGS. When it is provided on both groove walls of the main groove 1, the heights a 1 and a 2 of the protrusions 20 on both sides and the protrusion widths b 1 and b 2 may be the same as shown in FIG. As described above, the heights a 1 and a 2 or the protrusion widths b 1 and b 2 of the convex portions 20 on both sides may be different from each other.
Further, the protrusions 20 may be provided continuously along the longitudinal direction of the main groove 1 or may be provided intermittently.
However, if it is provided continuously, it is desirable to make it always exist in the ground plane. The present invention described above is particularly effective when applied to a flat radial tire, and is preferably applied to a radial tire having a flatness ratio of 65 or less.
【００１３】[0013]
【実施例】タイヤサイズを２２５／５５Ｒ１６ ９４
Ｖ、トレッドパターンを図１にし、かつ主溝の溝幅Ｗを
１０ｍｍ、溝深さＤを８ｍｍにする点を互いに同一に
し、その主溝の溝幅Ｗと溝深さＤの積Ｓ＝８０ｍｍ2 に
対する凸部の高さａと突出幅ｂの積Ｓa の比Ｓa ／Ｓ
を、それぞれ０，０．１，０．２，０．３，０．４，
０．５及び０．６となるように変えた７種類の乗用車用
空気入りラジアルタイヤを製作した。なお、Ｓa ／Ｓ＝
０は、凸部を設けない従来タイヤに相当する。Example: Tire size is 225 / 55R16 94
V, the tread pattern is shown in FIG. 1, and the point that the groove width W of the main groove is 10 mm and the groove depth D is 8 mm is the same, and the product of the groove width W of the main groove and the groove depth D is S = 80 mm. The ratio Sa / S of the product Sa of the height a of the convex portion and the protrusion width b to 2
Respectively 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4,
Seven types of pneumatic radial tires for passenger cars, which were changed to 0.5 and 0.6, were manufactured. Note that Sa / S =
0 corresponds to a conventional tire having no convex portion.
【００１４】これら７種類のタイヤについて、下記の測
定方法により車外騒音とウェット性能とを測定したとこ
ろ、図５のグラフに示す結果を得た。この図５からＳa
／Ｓを、０．１〜０．３５の範囲にすることにより、ウ
ェット性能を維持しながら車外騒音を低減することがで
きることが判る。車外騒音 ：ＪＡＳＯ Ｃ−６０６に規定されている方法
に準じて、１６×７・１／２ＪＪのリムにリム組みし、
２２６ｋＰａ（２．３０ｋｇｆ／ｃｍ2 ）の空気圧を充
填したテストタイヤを排気量３０００ｃｃの車両に装着
し、１０ｋｍの区間を６０ｋｍ／ｈの速度で通過する際
の音圧レベル（ｄＢ）を、車両から７．５ｍ、路面から
１．２ｍの高さに配置したマイクにより測定した。測定
結果は、凸部を設けない従来タイヤの音圧レベルの逆数
を基準（１００）とする指数で示した。この指数が大き
いほど車外騒音の低減効果が大きいことを示す。When the outside noise and the wet performance of these seven types of tires were measured by the following measuring methods, the results shown in the graph of FIG. 5 were obtained. From this Figure 5 Sa
It can be seen that the outside noise can be reduced while maintaining the wet performance by setting / S in the range of 0.1 to 0.35. Noise outside the vehicle : In accordance with the method specified in JASO C-606, the rim is assembled to a 16 x 7 1/2 JJ rim,
A test tire filled with air pressure of 226 kPa (2.30 kgf / cm 2 ) was mounted on a vehicle with a displacement of 3000 cc, and the sound pressure level (dB) when passing a section of 10 km at a speed of 60 km / h was measured from the vehicle. It was measured by a microphone arranged at a height of 7.5 m and 1.2 m from the road surface. The measurement results are shown by an index with the reciprocal of the sound pressure level of the conventional tire having no convex portion as a reference (100). The larger this index is, the greater the effect of reducing the noise outside the vehicle is.
【００１５】ウェット性能：車外騒音の試験方法に使用
したタイヤを装着した同一車両を、水深約１ｍｍとなる
ように撒水したアスファルト路面上で操縦安定性試験を
行った時のウェットコーナリング性を５人のテストドラ
イバーによるフィーリングを１０点法により測定し、そ
の平均値をもって評価した。点数が６点以上であれば実
用上合格とされている。 Wet performance : The same vehicle equipped with tires used for the outside noise test method was subjected to a steering stability test on an asphalt road surface sprayed to a water depth of about 1 mm. Of the test driver was measured by a 10-point method, and the average value was evaluated. If the score is 6 or more, it is considered to be practically acceptable.
【００１６】[0016]
【発明の効果】本発明によれば、トレッド面にタイヤ周
方向に延在する複数本の直線状主溝を配置した空気入り
ラジアルタイヤにおいて、少なくとも接地面内にある主
溝の何れか一つの主溝の壁面に一定の大きさの凸部を設
けたので、主溝幅を小さくすることなく溝内の空気移動
量を制約することによってウェット性能を維持しながら
タイヤ接地回転時の気柱共鳴音に起因する車外騒音を低
減することができる。According to the present invention, in a pneumatic radial tire in which a plurality of linear main grooves extending in the tire circumferential direction are arranged on the tread surface, at least one of the main grooves in the ground contact surface is provided. Since the protrusion of a certain size is provided on the wall surface of the main groove, air column resonance during tire ground contact rotation while maintaining wet performance by restricting the amount of air movement in the groove without reducing the width of the main groove It is possible to reduce the noise outside the vehicle due to the sound.
【図１】本発明の実施例を示す空気入りラジアルタイヤ
のトレッドパターンである。FIG. 1 is a tread pattern of a pneumatic radial tire showing an embodiment of the present invention.
【図２】図１のＸ−Ｘ’矢視で示す断面図である。FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line X-X ′ of FIG.
【図３】本発明タイヤの主溝の他の例を示す断面図であ
る。FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing another example of the main groove of the tire of the present invention.
【図４】本発明タイヤの主溝のさらに他の例を示す断面
図である。FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing still another example of the main groove of the tire of the present invention.
【図５】主溝に設けた凸部の高さａと突出幅ｂの積Ｓa
と主溝の溝幅Ｗと溝深さＤとの積Ｓとの比Ｓa ／Ｓと、
車外騒音及びウェット性能との関係を示すグラフであ
る。FIG. 5 is a product Sa of the height a of the convex portion provided in the main groove and the protrusion width b.
And the ratio Sa / S of the product S of the groove width W and the groove depth D of the main groove,
It is a graph which shows the relationship between exterior noise and wet performance.
１ 主溝 ３ 副溝 ２０ 凸部 Ｗ 主溝の溝幅 Ｄ 主溝の溝深さ ａ，ａ1,ａ2 凸部
の高さ ｂ，ｂ1,ｂ2 凸部の突出幅1 Main groove 3 Sub groove 20 Convex portion W Groove width of main groove D Groove depth of main groove a, a 1, a 2 Height of convex portion b, b 1, b 2 Projection width of convex portion
Claims (1)
本の直線状主溝を配置した空気入りラジアルタイヤにお
いて、 少なくとも接地面内に存在する主溝の何れか一つの主溝
の溝壁に、その溝方向に沿って溝壁から突出する凸部を
設け、該凸部を設けた主溝の溝幅Ｗと溝深さＤとの積Ｓ
に対する前記凸部の溝底からの高さａと突出幅ｂとの積
Ｓa を、 ０．１≦Ｓa ／Ｓ≦０．３５ にした空気入りラジアルタイヤ。1. In a pneumatic radial tire having a plurality of linear main grooves extending in the tire circumferential direction on a tread surface, at least one main groove existing in the ground contact surface has a groove wall of at least one of the main grooves. A convex portion protruding from the groove wall is provided along the groove direction, and a product S of the groove width W and the groove depth D of the main groove provided with the convex portion is provided.
The pneumatic radial tire in which the product Sa of the height a from the groove bottom of the convex portion and the protrusion width b is 0.1 ≦ Sa / S ≦ 0.35.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP33633592A JP3262871B2 (en) | 1992-12-16 | 1992-12-16 | Pneumatic radial tire |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP33633592A JP3262871B2 (en) | 1992-12-16 | 1992-12-16 | Pneumatic radial tire |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH06179308A true JPH06179308A (en) | 1994-06-28 |
| JP3262871B2 JP3262871B2 (en) | 2002-03-04 |
Family
ID=18298060
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP33633592A Expired - Fee Related JP3262871B2 (en) | 1992-12-16 | 1992-12-16 | Pneumatic radial tire |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3262871B2 (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2008126931A (en) * | 2006-11-24 | 2008-06-05 | Toyo Tire & Rubber Co Ltd | Pneumatic tire |
| AU2013211447B2 (en) * | 2012-11-20 | 2015-08-27 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd. | Pneumatic tyre |
| CN110403460A (en) * | 2018-04-26 | 2019-11-05 | 广东美的生活电器制造有限公司 | Heating vessel |
| US10960711B2 (en) | 2015-06-15 | 2021-03-30 | Bridgestone Corporation | Pneumatic tire |
-
1992
- 1992-12-16 JP JP33633592A patent/JP3262871B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2008126931A (en) * | 2006-11-24 | 2008-06-05 | Toyo Tire & Rubber Co Ltd | Pneumatic tire |
| AU2013211447B2 (en) * | 2012-11-20 | 2015-08-27 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd. | Pneumatic tyre |
| US10960711B2 (en) | 2015-06-15 | 2021-03-30 | Bridgestone Corporation | Pneumatic tire |
| CN110403460A (en) * | 2018-04-26 | 2019-11-05 | 广东美的生活电器制造有限公司 | Heating vessel |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3262871B2 (en) | 2002-03-04 |
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