JP5324445B2 - 主鎖および側鎖ピリジン基を有する新規なプロトン伝導性芳香族ポリエーテルタイプコポリマー類の開発および特徴づけ - Google Patents
主鎖および側鎖ピリジン基を有する新規なプロトン伝導性芳香族ポリエーテルタイプコポリマー類の開発および特徴づけ Download PDFInfo
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- JP5324445B2 JP5324445B2 JP2009527230A JP2009527230A JP5324445B2 JP 5324445 B2 JP5324445 B2 JP 5324445B2 JP 2009527230 A JP2009527230 A JP 2009527230A JP 2009527230 A JP2009527230 A JP 2009527230A JP 5324445 B2 JP5324445 B2 JP 5324445B2
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8652—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites as mixture
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D213/28—Radicals substituted by singly-bound oxygen or sulphur atoms
- C07D213/30—Oxygen atoms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G65/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from hydroxy compounds or their metallic derivatives
- C08G65/38—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from hydroxy compounds or their metallic derivatives derived from phenols
- C08G65/40—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from hydroxy compounds or their metallic derivatives derived from phenols from phenols (I) and other compounds (II), e.g. OH-Ar-OH + X-Ar-X, where X is halogen atom, i.e. leaving group
- C08G65/4012—Other compound (II) containing a ketone group, e.g. X-Ar-C(=O)-Ar-X for polyetherketones
- C08G65/4031—(I) or (II) containing nitrogen
- C08G65/4037—(I) or (II) containing nitrogen in ring structure, e.g. pyridine group
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G75/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G75/20—Polysulfones
- C08G75/23—Polyethersulfones
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
- C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
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Description
本出願は、2006年9月11日出願の米国仮出願第60/843,879号についての優先権およびこの利益を請求し、この内容全体を参照により本出願中に導入する。
本発明は、主鎖および側鎖極性ピリジン単位を有する新規な芳香族コポリマー類の開発に関する。すべての調製されたポリマー材料の特徴づけを、サイズ排除クロマトグラフィー、熱的および機械的分析を用いて行った。当該コポリマー類は、優れたフィルム形成特性、270℃までの高いガラス転移温度ならびに480℃までの高い熱安定性および酸化安定性を提示する。ポリマー鎖を通じての極性ピリジン基により、高い酸吸収(800重量%)が可能になり、10−2S/cmの伝導率範囲において高いイオン伝導性膜が得られる。前述の特性の組み合わせにより、高温PEM燃料電池における電解質として用いるべき新たに調製された材料の可能性が確認される。
プロトン交換膜燃料電池(PEMFC)は、これらの高いエネルギー効率および低い排出により、自動車、固定物および携帯用電源用の有望な発電機として顕著に注目されている。膜は、改善されたポリマー電解質膜燃料電池の設計における重要な構成要素の1つである。これは、イオン伝導および電極反応のための電解質媒体としての、反応体ガスを分離するための障壁としての、ならびに電極触媒のための担体としての3つの主な機能を有する。適用可能なPEMFC膜は、高いイオン伝導率、低い電子伝導率、良好な化学的安定性、熱安定性および酸化安定性ならびに良好な機械的特性を有しなければならない。現在の技術は、スルホン化された膜、例えばNafionをベースとするが、これは、高温において、または低い相対湿度条件の下では好適でない。また、このメタノール交差および高い費用は尚、商業化のために克服しなければならない。PEMFCに関する現在の研究は、100℃より高い作動温度および極めて低い湿度レベルにて作動するデバイスの最適化に集中している。高温における燃料電池の作動は、白金電解触媒のCO被毒および増大した反応動力学を低減する利点を有する。この点に関して、新規なポリマー材料が、Nafionと交換するために合成された。現在開発されている最も成功した高温ポリマー膜の1つは、リン酸がドープされているポリベンズイミダゾール(PBI)である。高い熱安定性および良好な膜形成特性に加えて、PBIは、強酸、例えばH3PO4およびH2SO4と容易に反応することができる塩基性官能基を含み、アニオン性鎖に沿ってのプロトン移動を可能にする。PBI膜が、高温(>100℃)にて低い相対湿度条件下で高いプロトン伝導性を示し、高いCO許容値を有するとしても、これらは、低い酸化安定性および適度な機械的特性を示す。ポリベンズイミダゾール(PBI)以外には、最近、高温PEMFCにおいて用いるための必要条件を満たす数種の新規なポリマー材料の開発に対して、顕著な研究努力がなされている。ポリ(2,5−ベンズイミダゾール)(ABPBI)は、PBIと同程度に良好な熱安定性および伝導特性を有する、代替のベンズイミダゾールタイプのポリマーである。他方、PBIなどの塩基性基を含む高温芳香族ポリエーテルタイプコポリマー類は、高温PEMFCにおいて用いるために、安定な酸との錯体の形成を可能にし、高い熱安定性、化学的安定性および良好な伝導特性を示す。
以下の定義は、以下の記載に関する便宜的な言及のためであり、限定的な方式で解釈するべきではない。
核磁気共鳴(「NMR」)の用語は、ポリマーの化学的構造および分子構造ならびにコポリマー中のモノマーの比率を同定するために用いる方法または手法を意味するかまたは表すものと理解される。
熱重量分析(「TGA」)の用語は、フェントンの試験の前および後の熱安定性および酸化安定性を研究するために用いる方法または手法を意味するかまたは表すものと理解される。
ポリマー膜電解質
本発明は、主鎖および側鎖ピリジンおよびピリミジン基を有するコポリマー類およびホモポリマー類ならびに種々の芳香族二フッ化物類ならびにこれらのブレンドを含む、新規なポリマー材料(構造1および2)の開発および特徴づけに関する。ポリマー構造を、以下に示す。
電気伝導性基材を、予めTFEをベースとする溶液(DuPont, USA)を用いてウェットプルーフした(wet-proofed)織った炭素布(例えば東レ繊維T−300)または紙(例えば東レTGP−H−120)の組み合わせから、選択する。この炭素基板の典型的な多孔度は、75〜85%である。ウェットプルーフィングを、固定持続期間(30秒〜5分)にわたる浸漬塗布、続いて流動空気中での乾燥の組み合わせを用いて、達成する。このようなウェットプルーフされた基材を、選択されたカーボンブラックおよびPTFE懸濁液を含むガス拡散層で被覆することができる。この層において用いるカーボンブラックの選択は、Ketjenブラックから乱層カーボン(turbostratic carbon)、例えば250〜1000m2/gmの範囲内の典型的な表面積を有するVulcan XC-72 (Cabot Corp, USA)までの範囲にわたる。堆積を、Euclidコーティングシステム(Bay City, MI, USA)からGravure塗工機などの塗布機械を用いて適用することができる。水性懸濁液中のカーボンブラックおよびPTFE(ポリテトラフルオロエチレン)を含むスラリー組成物(例えばDupont TFE-30, Dupont USA)を、カーボン紙または布基材上に、塗布機械の補助により、設定された厚さに塗布する。50〜500ミクロンの典型的な厚さを用いる。孔形成剤を用いて、この拡散層を炭素伝導性紙または布基材上に作成する。炭酸塩および重炭酸塩(例えばアンモニウムおよびナトリウム類似体)の種々の組み合わせからなる孔形成剤の注意深い制御により、反応帯域へのガスの接近の制御が得られる。これを、カーボンブラックおよびPTFE懸濁液を含むスラリー混合物中にこれらの剤を導入することにより、達成する。このようにして提供された典型的な多孔度は、アノードおよびカソード電極とは異なり、10〜90%の範囲内である。ガス拡散層を含む塗布した炭素基材を焼結して、成分の適切な結合を可能にする。これを、PTFEについてのガラス転移点よりも顕著に高い温度、通常100〜350℃の範囲内の温度に5〜30分間熱処理することを用いて、達成することができる。
前述のガス拡散層の表面上に、炭素に担持された触媒、イオン伝導要素(例えばリン酸、ポリリン酸またはパーフルオロスルホン酸類似体)、孔形成剤および結合剤(例えばDupont, USAからのTFE−30分散体を用いたPTFE)を含む追加の層を、噴霧、圧延および/またはスクリーン印刷を含む種々の方法を用いて加える。
膜電極組立部を作成するために、アノード膜とカソード電極とのサンドイッチを、ガスケット材料、典型的にはポリイミドとポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE、Dupont, USA)との組み合わせの適切な配置中に、配置する。これに、液圧プレスまたは他の同様のデバイスを用いるホットプレスが続く。0.1〜10barの範囲内の圧力を、150〜250℃の範囲内の圧盤温度を用いて、典型的には10〜60分の範囲内の時間にわたり加える。作成した膜電極組立部は、75〜250マイクロメートルの範囲内の厚さを有する。これにより、膜電極組立部の最終的な組立部が可能になる。
2,5−ジ(ピリジン−3−イル)ベンゼン−1,4−ジオールの合成
2,5−ジブロモヒドロキノン、テトラヒドロフランおよび3,4−ジヒドロ−2H−ピランを、ガスを除去したフラスコに加える。溶液を、0℃にてアルゴンの下で15分間撹拌する。(+−)−樟脳−10−スルホン酸(b)を加え、溶液を、室温で8時間撹拌する。沈殿した生成物を濾過し、蒸留水で洗浄して、過剰のCSAを除去する。少量の冷ヘキサンを、一層良好に乾燥するために加える。ビス−(2−テトラヒドロ−2H−ピラニル(1)酸)−2,5−ジブロモベンゼンを、真空下で乾燥し、生成物を、90%の収率で得る。
コポリマーdPPy(50)coPPyPESの合成
ビス−(4−フルオロフェニル)スルホン(3,147mmol、0,800g)、2,5−ジ(ピリジン−3−イル)ベンゼン−1,4−ジオール(1,573mmol、0,415g)、2,5−ビス(4−ヒドロキシ−フェニル)ピリジン(1,573mmol、0,414g)、K2CO3(3,650mmol、0,504g)、DMF(10,0ml)およびトルエン(6,5ml)を、Dean-Starkトラップを備えたガスを除去したフラスコに加える。混合物から、Arの下でガスを除去し、150℃にて24時間撹拌し、次に180℃にて48時間撹拌する。得られた粘性の生成物を、DMFで希釈し、MeOHの10倍過剰混合物中で沈殿させ、H2Oおよびヘキサンで洗浄し、80℃にて真空下で乾燥する。2種のジオール類の供給比を変化させることにより同一の手順を繰り返して、コポリマーdPPy(40)coPPyPESを生成する。
コポリマーdPPy(50)coPPyPOの合成
ビス(4−フルオロフェニル)フェニルホスフィンオキシド(2,548mmol、0,800g)、2,5−ジ(ピリジン−3−イル)ベンゼン−1,4−ジオール(1,274mmol、0,336g)、2,5−ビス(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)ピリジン(1,274mmol、0,335g)、K2CO3(2,955mmol、0,408g)、DMF(9,0ml)およびトルエン(5,7ml)を、Dean-Starkトラップを備えたガスを除去したフラスコに加える。混合物から、Arの下でガスを除去し、150℃にて24時間撹拌し、次に180℃にて8時間撹拌する。得られた粘性の生成物を、MeOHの10倍過剰混合物中で沈殿させ、H2Oおよびヘキサンで洗浄し、80℃にて真空下で乾燥する。2種のジオール類の供給比を変化させることにより同一の手順を繰り返して、種々の2,5−ジ(ピリジン−3−イル)ベンゼン−1,4−ジオールモル百分率を有するコポリマーを生成する。
ホモポリマーdPPyPESの合成
ビス−(4−フルオロフェニル)スルホン(2,753mmol、0,700g)、2,5−ジ(ピリジン−3−イル)ベンゼン−1,4−ジオール(2,753mmol、0,727g)、K2CO3(3,194mmol、0,441g)、DMF(8,9ml)およびトルエン(5,7ml)を、Dean-Starkトラップを備えたガスを除去したフラスコに加える。混合物から、Arの下でガスを除去し、150℃にて24時間撹拌し、次に180℃にて4日間撹拌する。得られた生成物を、MeOHの10倍過剰混合物中で沈殿させ、H2Oおよびヘキサンで洗浄し、80℃にて真空下で乾燥する。2種の反応体の供給比を変化させることにより同一の手順を繰り返して、種々の2,5−ジ(ピリジン−3−イル)ベンゼン−1,4−ジオールモル百分率を有するホモポリマーを生成する。
ホモポリマーdPPyPOの合成
ビス(4−フルオロフェニル)フェニルホスフィンオキシド(2,229mmol、0,700g)、2,5−ジ(ピリジン−3−イル)ベンゼン−1,4−ジオール(2,229mmol、0,589g)、K2CO3(2,586mmol、0,357g)、DMF(7,8ml)およびトルエン(5,0ml)を、Dean-Starkトラップを備えたガスを除去したフラスコに加える。混合物から、Arの下でガスを除去し、150℃にて24時間撹拌し、次に180℃にて2日間撹拌する。得られた生成物を、MeOHの10倍過剰混合物中で沈殿させ、H2Oおよびヘキサンで洗浄し、80℃にて真空下で乾燥する。2種の反応体の供給比を変化させることにより同一の手順を繰り返して、種々の2,5−ジ(ピリジン−3−イル)ベンゼン−1,4−ジオールモル百分率を有するホモポリマーを生成する。
膜電極組立部
カーボン紙(東レTGP H−120)を、最初にTFE−30分散体(Dupont, USA)中に浸漬することにより、ウェットプルーフした。このために、0.6〜1.5mg/cm2の典型的な負荷を用いる。ガス拡散層を、250m2/gmの表面積を有するKetjenブラック(Engelhard, USA)、TFE−30分散体(Dupont, USA) 、炭酸アンモニウムをそれぞれ60:30:10%の比率で含むスラリーを用いて設ける。このスラリーを、十分に撹拌した後に、約50〜100マイクロメートルの厚さを提供する圧延機を用いて、ウェットプルーフしたカーボン紙上に圧延する(Euclidコーティングシステム(Bay City, MI, USA)からのGravureコーター)。次に、このようにして得られたガス拡散層を、空気中で十分な排気を伴うマッフル炉を用いて、100〜200℃の範囲内の温度にて10〜15時間焼結する。
Claims (13)
- カップリング反応が、パラジウム(0)錯体により触媒された、アリール−ボロン酸とアリール−ハロゲン化物とのSuzukiクロスカップリング反応である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- ポリマーまたはコポリマーが、ブロックコポリマー、ランダムコポリマー、周期的コポリマーおよび/または交互ポリマーである、請求項4または5に記載のポリマーまたはコポリマー。
- 方法が、芳香族二フッ化物を請求項1に記載の化合物と反応させることを含む、請求項4または5に記載のポリマーまたはコポリマーの製造方法。
- 芳香族二フッ化物が、ビス−(4−フルオロフェニル)スルホン、ビス−(4−フルオロフェニル)フェニルホスフィンオキシド、4,4’−ジフルオロベンゾフェノンまたはデカフルオロビフェニルである、請求項7に記載の方法。
- コポリマーまたはホモポリマーのブレンドであって、ブレンドが、請求項5に記載のポリマーのジメチルアセトアミド溶液と請求項4に記載のコポリマーのジメチルアセトアミド溶液とを所定の比率で混合することにより調製される、前記コポリマーまたはホモポリマーのブレンド。
- 所定の比率が50/50である、請求項9に記載のブレンド。
- 請求項4、5または9に記載のポリマー、コポリマーまたはブレンドのスラリー混合物および極性非プロトン性溶媒を含む、組成物。
- 触媒の製造方法であって、該方法が:
(a)請求項11に記載の組成物の層を疎水性層上に、圧延、スクリーン印刷または噴霧により堆積させること;および
(b)段階(a)において堆積させた層を乾燥し、焼結し、これにより触媒を調製すること
を含む、前記方法。 - 層状膜電極組立部であって:
基材層;
ガス拡散層;
反応層;および
請求項4または5に記載のポリマーまたはコポリマーを含む膜電解質を含む、前記層状膜電極組立部。
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| US84387906P | 2006-09-11 | 2006-09-11 | |
| US60/843,879 | 2006-09-11 | ||
| PCT/IB2007/004485 WO2008090412A2 (en) | 2006-09-11 | 2007-09-10 | Proton conducting aromatic polyether polymers with pyridinyl side chains for fuel cells |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8583877B2 (en) | 1997-05-29 | 2013-11-12 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Fiber channel connection storage controller |
| US8700587B2 (en) | 2000-01-14 | 2014-04-15 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Security method and system for storage subsystem |
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| US7842775B2 (en) * | 2006-09-11 | 2010-11-30 | Advent Technologies Sa | Development and characterization of novel proton conducting aromatic polyether type copolymers bearing main and side chain pyridine groups |
| US7842734B2 (en) | 2006-09-12 | 2010-11-30 | Advent Technologies Sa | Poly(arylene ether) copolymers containing pyridine units as proton exchange membranes |
| CN113166538B (zh) * | 2018-10-20 | 2024-02-06 | 科学与工业研究委员会 | 基于聚(2,5-苯并咪唑)、共聚物和被取代的聚苯并咪唑的聚合物层状中空纤维膜 |
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| DE69528462T2 (de) * | 1995-11-09 | 2003-02-06 | Mississippi Polymer Technologies, Inc. | Polymere mit heterocyclischen Seitengruppen |
| JP3456378B2 (ja) * | 1997-08-21 | 2003-10-14 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 固体電解質型燃料電池 |
| DE10019732A1 (de) * | 2000-04-20 | 2001-10-31 | Univ Stuttgart Lehrstuhl Und I | Säure-Base-Polymermembranen |
| DE10246461A1 (de) * | 2002-10-04 | 2004-04-15 | Celanese Ventures Gmbh | Protonenleitende Polymermembran enthaltend Polyazolblends und deren Anwendung in Brennstoffzellen |
| JP2005108770A (ja) * | 2003-10-01 | 2005-04-21 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 電解質膜電極接合体の製造方法 |
| WO2006075681A1 (ja) * | 2005-01-14 | 2006-07-20 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | 燃料電池用スタック及び燃料電池 |
| US7842733B2 (en) * | 2006-09-11 | 2010-11-30 | Advent Technologies Sa | Aromatic polyether copolymers and polymer blends and fuel cells comprising same |
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- 2007-09-10 WO PCT/IB2007/004485 patent/WO2008090412A2/en not_active Ceased
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8583877B2 (en) | 1997-05-29 | 2013-11-12 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Fiber channel connection storage controller |
| US8700587B2 (en) | 2000-01-14 | 2014-04-15 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Security method and system for storage subsystem |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| CA2662614C (en) | 2015-11-24 |
| JP2010502810A (ja) | 2010-01-28 |
| EP2089377B1 (en) | 2013-04-10 |
| WO2008090412A2 (en) | 2008-07-31 |
| EP2089377A2 (en) | 2009-08-19 |
| WO2008090412A3 (en) | 2009-07-23 |
| CA2662614A1 (en) | 2008-07-31 |
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