JP5324222B2 - ナノ構造およびそれを実施する光起電力セル - Google Patents
ナノ構造およびそれを実施する光起電力セル Download PDFInfo
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- JP5324222B2 JP5324222B2 JP2008540018A JP2008540018A JP5324222B2 JP 5324222 B2 JP5324222 B2 JP 5324222B2 JP 2008540018 A JP2008540018 A JP 2008540018A JP 2008540018 A JP2008540018 A JP 2008540018A JP 5324222 B2 JP5324222 B2 JP 5324222B2
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- 239000002086 nanomaterial Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 80
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- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 68
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 32
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 30
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 19
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 16
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
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- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- KTSFMFGEAAANTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cu].[Se].[Se].[In] Chemical compound [Cu].[Se].[Se].[In] KTSFMFGEAAANTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10F77/143—Shape of semiconductor bodies; Shapes, relative sizes or dispositions of semiconductor regions within semiconductor bodies comprising quantum structures
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- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
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- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
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- H10F10/00—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
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- H10F77/488—Reflecting light-concentrating means, e.g. parabolic mirrors or concentrators using total internal reflection
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Description
本発明は、一般に、ナノスケール構造およびこれらの構造を作製するための処理に関する。
太陽エネルギーを利用し、それを電気的エネルギーに変換する太陽電池パネルは、よく知られている。代表的には、ソーラーパネルは、基本的な4つの部分:光起電力(PV)セル、負荷コントローラ、バッテリおよびインバータを備える。この4つの部分のうち、PVセルは、太陽光の存在下で電気を発生することができるp−n接合ダイオードであり、周期表における13族(III族)または15族(V族)のいずれかの元素でドーピングされた結晶シリコン(例えば、多結晶シリコン)から作製されることが多い。これらのドーパント原子をそのシリコンに加えると、そのドーパント原子が、結晶格子中のケイ素原子に取って代わり、本来そこに存在したケイ素原子とほぼ同じ様式で隣接ケイ素原子と結合する。しかしながら、これらのドーパントは、ケイ素原子と同じ数の価電子を有しないので、余分な電子または「正孔」が結晶格子中に存在するようになる。その電子は、ケイ素のバンドギャップエネルギーと少なくとも同じエネルギーを運搬する光子を吸収すると自由になる。その電子および正孔が固体のケイ素材料内を自由に動き回ることにより、ケイ素は伝導性になる。吸収事象がp−n接合に近くになるにつれて、電子−正孔対の移動度が大きくなる。
本発明の1つの実施形態に係る光起電力ナノ構造は、第1の電極に接続された導電性ナノケーブル、そのナノケーブルの少なくとも2面に沿って伸びている第2の電極およびそのナノケーブルと第2の電極との間に形成される光起電力的に活性なp−n接合を含む。
第3の電極が、第1の電極に対して平行な面に沿って存在してもよく、導電性ビアによって第1の電極に接続されていてもよい。
てもよく、アレイの少なくとも一部を渡って伸びていてもよい。
ナノケーブルを用いて光起電力のp−n接合を形成するために、ナノケーブルと第2の電極との間に位置する層を形成してもよい。ナノケーブルは、ケイ素から構築されていてもよく、上記層は、ケイ素から構築されていてもよい。その層は、少なくとも部分的に化学蒸着によって形成され得る。
ナノケーブルを用いて光起電力のp−n接合を形成するために、ナノケーブルと電極との間に位置する層を形成してもよい。
以下の説明は、本発明を実施するために現在企図されている最良の形態である。この説明は、本発明の一般原理を明示する目的でなされるものであり、本明細書中で特許請求される本発明の概念を限定すると意味しない。さらに、本明細書中で記載する特定の特徴は、可能な様々な組み合わせおよび並べ替えの各々ならびにそれらのいずれかにおいて、記載する他の特徴と組み合わせて使用することができる。
back contacting layer)は、必要ない。図2に5つの円柱形の外観のソーラーブラシPVセルを示す。このように、光子がこの外観の中心からわずかにはずれて通過する場合、このブラシ構造では10個のp型層(太陽光に関する事象が起きる層)の等価物と同程度に多く接触するようになる可能性を有する。p層導体が、十分に小さい場合、ほとんどの光子が、より厚い5層の等価物を通過し得る。実際の場合において、1cm2あたり何百万本の剛毛を備えるソーラーブラシは、利用可能なすべての光子エネルギーの100%の効率に効果的に近づき得る。
Atotal=Atop+Agap
同じ計算の間に、所与のケーブル密度についての間隔の空き具合が、所与の形状に対して実行可能であるか否かを判定することが有用である。文献に基づいて、ナノケーブル22の直径D(ナノケーブル)が50nmであるとき、PV剛毛最小直径Dは、約220nmである。D(ナノケーブル)=150nmのとき、PV剛毛の光学的な最小の厚さは、約320nmである。剛毛20の物理的な直径は、ナノケーブル22の直径よりも50〜100nm大きいが、外殻が透明であるので、これらの数値は、光学的な直径の計算に使用されるべきである。光学的な直径は、太陽効率を計算するために使用され、物理的な直径は、処理の限界を決定するために使用される。
ρ=106−109孔/cm2=1010−1013孔/m2
である。金属酸化物の鋳型を使用するとき、密度範囲は:
ρ=108−1012孔/m2
にシフトする。低密度の場合について、10−10m2あたり1ケーブル、すなわち10−5×10−5平方mの中心に1ケーブル存在するので、ケーブルの中心間の距離(「セルの間隔」)は、10−5mすなわち10000nmである。この数値から剛毛の直径(図3を参照のこと)を減算する。セルの間隔は、ケーブル直径よりも小さくなく、好ましくはケーブル直径よりも大きいので、非現実的な物理的間隔に関する場合は、表1における計算から排除した。光学的な間隔Sは、以下によって与えられる:
S=セルの間隔−剛毛の直径
光学的な間隔が決定した後に、PV剛毛の頂部の面積(Atop)ならびに剛毛間の面積(Agap)を決定する。表1は、平面状の表面積の大部分が、剛毛頂部ではなくPVセルの間隙内に存在することを示している。しかしながら、頂部の表面積の有意水準を有する最も好ましい範囲内の構造点が存在する。
Tpen=侵入の厚さ=Stanθ
厚さまたは剛毛の高さは、最大侵入に関連する。多くの場合における光の流れに対する平
均侵入は、約θ/2である。しかしながら、θが90°に近づくにつれ、セルの底面は、理論的には光で溢れ得る。しかしながら、現実には、光は、剛毛の形状の不規則さの影響を受けるので、この溢れるという作用は、極わずかであるか、または実際に起こらない。
Acell=T(π)(Dρ/2)
(式中、Tは、ケーブルの高さであり、Dは、PV剛毛の光学的な直径であり、ρは、単位面積当たりの剛毛の数である)によって与えられるPVブラシが利用可能な表面積である。ほとんどの光吸収は、一度にセルの半分の面を照らす日光から生じるものであると仮定されるので、この量を2で割る。同様に散乱光からの吸収事象がかなり存在するが、大部分の光子は、直接日光から来るものである。表3では、いくつかのAcellの計算値をまとめ、高密度のセルの間隔および剛毛の高さを有するPVセル表面積が急速に増大することを示している。「セルの間隔」とは、1本の剛毛中心からその隣の剛毛の中心までを測定したものである。
Apen=光が最初に侵入した面積=Tpen(π)(Dρ)
ここで、Agap>>Atopである場合、光の減衰は、以下の式によって示される:
Apen=Tpen/T*Atotal
ApenおよびAgap(表1)から、セルに生じる光の減衰量を示す計算がなされ得る。光の減衰は、日光の吸収事象および均一な加熱に対する機会にとって重要である。どこにホットスポットが存在したとしても、変換効率が急速に低下する。ホットスポットが生じる傾向にある集中光がどこに存在したとしても、吸収事象に対する機会と光子の数との比が低下する。
光子がコアに衝突せずにナノケーブルを通過するので、ナノケーブルコアの反射性は、ソーラーブラシまたは光起電力デバイスの性能全体に劇的に影響を及ぼさない。さらに、反射が生じたとしても、大部分の光子は、ソーラーブラシに深く反射される。
P=6.18kWh/(m2×d)(California市に対する平均値から)
PBrush=P×E×O
例えば、CdTe/CdS PVセルについてE=29(29%効率)およびO=配向性獲得(orientation gain)1.44(44%増)の場合、PBrush=2.60kW時/(m2×d)(CAにおける平均的な町における平均的な日)。しかしながら、ブラシは、方向を調整することによって、約44.8%増の効率を獲得することができることに注意されたい。ソーラーブラシ10の配向性は、性能に対して多大な影響を及ぼし得る。平面状のPVモジュールは、配向性が不良であることから最大44%の電力を損失し、しばしば「太陽コンパス」を用いて再配向する必要がある。ソーラーブラシ10は、その独特の構造に起因して、再配向の必要がない。
所望であれば、一層小さいユニットを作製することができ、そのサイズは、求められる電力および設置場所に関連する。8”円盤は、円盤上の材料の最終的な面積に応じて、1.6〜24.42kW/日を発生し得る。このシステムはまた、好ましくは、基体金属を加熱する過度なシステムなしに適正な電流伝導をもたらす大きさである。
様々な実施形態を上で説明してきたが、それらは、例として示しただけであり、限定するものではないことを理解するべきである。従って、好ましい実施形態の広さおよび範囲は、上記の例示的な実施形態のいずれによっても限定されるべきでないが、以下の特許請求の範囲およびその等価物に従ってのみ規定されるべきである。
Claims (24)
- 第1の電極と、前記第1の電極の上に配置された絶縁層と、複数の光起電力ナノ構造とを含む光起電力アレイであって、
前記絶縁層は、その中に多数の孔を有し、
前記光起電力ナノ構造の各々は、
前記絶縁層の前記多数の孔のうちの1つを通って伸び、そこから突出し、前記第1の電極に接続されている導電性ナノケーブルと、
前記ナノケーブルの少なくとも2面に沿って伸びている第2の電極と、
前記ナノケーブルと前記第2の電極との間に形成された光起電力的に活性なp−n接合と、
前記ナノケーブルの上に堆積され、前記p−n接合を形成するために前記ナノケーブルおよび第2の電極の間に配置された、少なくとも一層のn型層とを含み、
前記複数の光起電力ナノ構造の各々の前記少なくとも1層のn型層は、他の全ての前記複数の光起電力ナノ構造から電気的に分離しており、
前記複数の光起電力ナノ構造は、その前記ナノケーブル部分の間に固体材料がない状態で、互いに離されている、光起電力アレイ。 - 前記ナノケーブルが、ケイ素から構築されている、請求項1に記載の光起電力アレイ。
- 前記ナノケーブルは、その長手方向に沿った全ての点における断面直径が実質的に一定であり、前記長手方向は真っすぐである、請求項1に記載の光起電力アレイ。
- 前記ナノケーブルが、細長く、前記第1の電極に接続されている1つの軸端を有する、請求項1に記載の光起電力アレイ。
- 前記ナノケーブルが、前記第1の電極と一体的に形成される、請求項1に記載の光起電力アレイ。
- 前記少なくとも一層のn型層は、前記ナノケーブルとともに前記p−n接合を形成している、請求項1に記載の光起電力アレイ。
- 前記ナノケーブルが、ケイ素から構築されており、前記少なくとも一層のn型層が、ケイ素から構築されている、請求項1に記載の光起電力アレイ。
- 前記第1の電極に対して平行な面に沿って存在し、導電性ビアによって前記第1の電極に接続されている第3の電極をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の光起電力アレイ。
- 前記少なくとも一層のn型層は、前記ナノケーブルと前記第2の電極との間に位置する1対の層を含み、該1対の層が前記p−n接合を形成する、請求項1に記載の光起電アレイ。
- 前記光起電力ナノ構造の各々は、前記ナノケーブルと前記1対の層との間の前記ナノケーブル上に直接形成される導電層をさらに含む、請求項9に記載の光起電力アレイ。
- 前記ナノケーブルの軸が、互いに平行である、
請求項1に記載の光起電力アレイ。 - 前記光起電力ナノ構造の軸が、前記アレイに対して垂直の方向に傾いている、請求項1に記載の光起電力アレイ。
- 前記第2の電極に接続されており、前記アレイの少なくとも一部を渡って伸びている導
電片をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の光起電力アレイ。 - 請求項1に記載の光起電力アレイを形成するための方法であって、
第1の電極の上に位置する絶縁層に多数の孔を形成する工程と、
1つのナノケーブルが、前記絶縁層のそれぞれの孔を通って伸び、そこから突出するように、前記第1の電極と接触しているナノケーブルを形成する工程と
を含む、方法。 - 前記ナノケーブルが、ケイ素から構築されている、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノケーブルが、細長い、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノケーブルの上に第2の電極を形成する工程をさらに含む、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノケーブルを用いて光起電力のp−n接合を形成するために、前記ナノケーブルと前記第2の電極との間に位置する層を形成する工程をさらに含む、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノケーブルが、ケイ素から構築されており、前記層が、ケイ素から構築されている、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記層が、少なくとも部分的に化学蒸着によって形成される、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 光起電力のp−n接合を形成するために、前記ナノケーブルと前記第2の電極との間に位置する1対の層を形成する工程をさらに含む、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記1対の層が、少なくとも部分的に化学蒸着によって形成される、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノケーブル上に直接第2の導電層を形成する工程をさらに含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記導電層が、それに対して平行に存在する第3の電極に導電性ビアによって接続されている、請求項14に記載の方法。
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| US20060207647A1 (en) | 2005-03-16 | 2006-09-21 | General Electric Company | High efficiency inorganic nanorod-enhanced photovoltaic devices |
| JP2008544529A (ja) * | 2005-06-17 | 2008-12-04 | イルミネックス コーポレーション | 光発電ワイヤ |
| EP1750310A3 (en) * | 2005-08-03 | 2009-07-15 | Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd. | Omni-directional reflector and light emitting diode adopting the same |
| EP1938391A4 (en) | 2005-08-22 | 2016-06-29 | Q1 Nanosystems Inc | NANOSTRUCTURE AND THIS IMPLEMENTING PHOTOVOLTAGE CELL |
| US7649665B2 (en) | 2005-08-24 | 2010-01-19 | The Trustees Of Boston College | Apparatus and methods for optical switching using nanoscale optics |
| EP1917557A4 (en) | 2005-08-24 | 2015-07-22 | Trustees Boston College | SOLAR ENERGY CONVERTING DEVICE AND METHOD USING NANOSCALE COMETAL STRUCTURES |
| US7589880B2 (en) | 2005-08-24 | 2009-09-15 | The Trustees Of Boston College | Apparatus and methods for manipulating light using nanoscale cometal structures |
| WO2007086903A2 (en) | 2005-08-24 | 2007-08-02 | The Trustees Of Boston College | Apparatus and methods for solar energy conversion using nanocoax structures |
| JP4814016B2 (ja) | 2006-08-24 | 2011-11-09 | セイコーインスツル株式会社 | 圧電振動子およびこれを備える発振器、電子機器 |
| JP4313384B2 (ja) * | 2006-10-03 | 2009-08-12 | シャープ株式会社 | 画像処理装置 |
| US8759671B2 (en) * | 2007-09-28 | 2014-06-24 | Stion Corporation | Thin film metal oxide bearing semiconductor material for single junction solar cell devices |
| CN101990713B (zh) * | 2008-02-03 | 2012-12-05 | 尼坦能源公司 | 薄膜光伏器件和有关的制造方法 |
| WO2010151556A1 (en) | 2009-06-22 | 2010-12-29 | Q1 Nanosystems, Inc. | Nanostructure and methods of making the same |
-
2006
- 2006-08-22 EP EP06851635.0A patent/EP1938391A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-08-22 EP EP06851636.8A patent/EP1949451A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-08-22 JP JP2008540018A patent/JP5324222B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-08-22 US US11/466,416 patent/US8344241B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-08-22 US US11/466,411 patent/US7847180B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-08-22 JP JP2008540017A patent/JP2009507397A/ja active Pending
- 2006-08-22 WO PCT/US2006/032987 patent/WO2008048233A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-08-22 WO PCT/US2006/032986 patent/WO2008048232A2/en not_active Ceased
-
2009
- 2009-07-24 US US12/508,815 patent/US8895350B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2010
- 2010-10-25 US US12/911,657 patent/US8906733B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2012
- 2012-12-19 US US13/720,168 patent/US8877541B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-12-19 US US13/720,142 patent/US20130186452A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1938391A4 (en) | 2016-06-29 |
| US20110036395A1 (en) | 2011-02-17 |
| US20130189810A1 (en) | 2013-07-25 |
| EP1949451A4 (en) | 2016-07-20 |
| US20130014799A1 (en) | 2013-01-17 |
| US8877541B2 (en) | 2014-11-04 |
| EP1949451A2 (en) | 2008-07-30 |
| WO2008048232A3 (en) | 2008-11-06 |
| WO2008048233A2 (en) | 2008-04-24 |
| US20100078055A1 (en) | 2010-04-01 |
| JP2009507398A (ja) | 2009-02-19 |
| US8344241B1 (en) | 2013-01-01 |
| WO2008048232A2 (en) | 2008-04-24 |
| WO2008048232A9 (en) | 2008-07-24 |
| WO2008048233A3 (en) | 2008-10-16 |
| US7847180B2 (en) | 2010-12-07 |
| US20130186452A1 (en) | 2013-07-25 |
| US20100112748A1 (en) | 2010-05-06 |
| US8906733B2 (en) | 2014-12-09 |
| US8895350B2 (en) | 2014-11-25 |
| EP1938391A2 (en) | 2008-07-02 |
| WO2008048233A9 (en) | 2008-08-28 |
| JP2009507397A (ja) | 2009-02-19 |
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