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JP4681801B2 - Angiogenesis inhibitor and method for producing the same - Google Patents

Angiogenesis inhibitor and method for producing the same Download PDF

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Publication number
JP4681801B2
JP4681801B2 JP2003131997A JP2003131997A JP4681801B2 JP 4681801 B2 JP4681801 B2 JP 4681801B2 JP 2003131997 A JP2003131997 A JP 2003131997A JP 2003131997 A JP2003131997 A JP 2003131997A JP 4681801 B2 JP4681801 B2 JP 4681801B2
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JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
mushrooms
angiogenesis inhibitor
angiogenesis
organic solvent
acid
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Expired - Fee Related
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JP2003131997A
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Japanese (ja)
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JP2004043441A (en
Inventor
崇 高下
明宏 山下
健夫 石原
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BHN Co Ltd
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BHN Co Ltd
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Priority to JP2003131997A priority Critical patent/JP4681801B2/en
Priority to US10/439,020 priority patent/US7977379B2/en
Priority to KR1020030030801A priority patent/KR100971599B1/en
Priority to TW092113214A priority patent/TWI330533B/en
Publication of JP2004043441A publication Critical patent/JP2004043441A/en
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Publication of JP4681801B2 publication Critical patent/JP4681801B2/en
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は血管新生阻害剤及びその利用に関する。より詳細には、担子菌類等から得られる無水グルタミン酸及び/又はその誘導体を有効成分として含有してなる血管新生阻害剤、又、これを配合してなる血管新生を抑制し及び/又は腫瘍を抑制し及び/又は免疫を賦活するための組成物に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
血管新生とは、動物の組織又は器官においてプロテアーゼにより血管の基底膜が分解、破壊され、血管内皮細胞が遊走して増殖し、細胞外マトリックスへ接着し、血管内皮細胞が分化して血管腔を形成することにより新しい血管脈が生成する現象をいう。一般に、幼児期や成長期には新たな血管が形成され伸長するが、成長期を過ぎると体内で血管新生が起こる場面は限定される。すなわち、血管新生は黄体形成、排卵、胚発生、胎盤形成等の通常の生理条件下で観察され、損傷の治癒、炎症の修復過程でも起こる。このように、血管新生は健常な状態で発生し、組織の回復に重要な役割を担っているが、糖尿病をはじめ多くの慢性疾患において毛細血管が増加して組織に重篤な損傷をもたらすことも知られている。
【0003】
血管新生が病因になり又は病態の悪化に関与している疾患として、悪性腫瘍の増大や転移、糖尿病性網膜症、血管新生緑内障、炎症性皮膚疾患、関節炎リウマチ、変形性関節症、粥状動脈硬化症、心筋梗塞等の閉塞性疾患等がある。
【0004】
例えば、悪性腫瘍が増殖する際には、腫瘍細胞の増殖に必要な栄養や酸素を得るために腫瘍細胞が自ら血管新生促進因子による血管の新生を誘導し、新生された血管を通して栄養分を得て腫瘍細胞はさらに増殖する。他の臓器や部位への転移も血管新生を誘導し、血流にのって腫瘍細胞が移動する。又、糖尿病性網膜症の場合には、糖尿病による粘性血液よって毛細血管が詰まり障害を受け、網膜に出血や浮腫を生じ、これが慢性化すると網膜は酸素や栄養の不足を起こすため、網膜上や神経系乳頭上に新生血管が発生し、その周囲に繊維組織が形成される。この繊維組織によって網膜が引張り上げられたり(網膜剥離)、網膜の血管が引き裂かれて出血を起こし(硝子体出血)、やがて高度視力障害や失明に至る。
【0005】
このように、血管新生は悪性腫瘍の増大や転移、糖尿病性網膜症、炎症性皮膚疾患、関節炎リウマチ、変形性関節症等の炎症性疾患をはじめ様々な疾病の発症や進行に深く関与しているため、これら疾病の治療と予防をねらいとして血管新生を抑制する物質の探索がこれまでに数多く行われ、現在も鋭意研究がすすめられている。血管新生を抑制する作用のある物質や薬剤として、硫酸化多糖体(例えば、特許文献1参照)、トラフェルミン、ヘパリン及びステロイド(例えば、特許文献2及び特許文献3参照)、アスコルビン酸エーテル及びこの関連化合物(例えば、特許文献4参照)、インターフェロンα又はインターフェロンβ(例えば、非特許文献1参照)、チアゾール誘導体(例えば、特許文献5参照)、鮫軟骨エキス(コンドロイチン及びムコ多糖類)(例えば、特許文献6参照)、ストレプトコッカス細菌由来のポリサッカライド(例えば、特許文献7参照)、O−置換フマギロール誘導体(例えば、特許文献8参照)、ネオアガロオリゴ糖(例えば、特許文献9参照)等が提案されている。なお、血管新生現象を実験的に確認する試験方法は公知である(例えば、非特許文献2参照)。又、後述するように、本発明においては血管新生を阻害する物質として無水グルタミン酸を必須成分とするが、これを化学的に合成する方法も既知である(例えば、非特許文献3参照)。
【0006】
しかしながら、これまで血管新生を阻害する作用を示す物質として提案、検討された物質は、その効果が実用的ではない投与条件下での実験結果に基づくものであったり、副作用の懸念があったり、あるいは利用形態において多量に摂取しなければならず、実用面まで考慮するといずれも十分に満足できる効果を発揮し得るものではなかった。このため、血管新生をより強力に阻害し、安全性の点でも懸念のない物質を開発することが求められている。
【0007】
【特許文献1】
特開昭63−119500号公報
【特許文献2】
米国特許第4,994,443号明細書
【特許文献3】
米国特許第5,001,116号明細書
【特許文献4】
特開昭58−131978号公報
【非特許文献1】
シドキー(Sidky)ら,「キャンサー・リサーチ(CancerResearch)」,(米国),1987年,第47巻,p.5155−5161
【特許文献5】
特公平6−62413号公報
【特許文献6】
特開平10−147534号公報
【特許文献7】
特公平6−62426号公報
【特許文献8】
特許第3120187号公報
【特許文献9】
特許第3071068号公報
【非特許文献2】
パサニティ,エイ(Passaniti,A)ら,「ラボラトリー・インベスト(Laboratory Invest.)」,(米国),1992年,第67巻,p.519−528
【非特許文献3】
ジェイ.コロニッシュ及びエイ.ロズゲイ(J.Kollonitsch and A.Rosegay),「ケミストリー アンド インダストリー(Chemistry and Industry)」,(米国),1964年,第7号,p.1867
【0008】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
かかる現状に鑑み、本発明では、前記疾病の予防や治療に有効利用でき、血管新生を強力に抑制する新規な血管新生阻害剤を提供すること、又、これを産業上有効に活用できる態様の組成物、とりわけ血管新生を抑制するための組成物、腫瘍を抑制するための組成物及び/又は免疫を賦活化するための組成物を提供することを課題とした。
【0009】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、前記課題を解決するために、多数の植物原料及びそのエキス類と血管新生阻害作用との関連性について鋭意検討を行った結果、無水グルタミン酸類が本発明の所望の効果を顕著に奏することを見出し、本発明を完成するに至った。すなわち、本発明によれば、下記式(1)で表される無水グルタミン酸及び/又はその誘導体を有効成分として含有してなる血管新生阻害剤が提供される。又、この血管新生阻害剤を配合してなる血管新生を抑制し及び/又は腫瘍を抑制し及び/又は免疫を賦活するための組成物、例えば、飲食品や医薬品が提供される。
【0010】
【化2】
【0011】
本発明の血管新生阻害剤において、有効成分とする無水グルタミン酸は光学異性体の無水L−グルタミン酸が望ましい。又、無水グルタミン酸の誘導体は塩及び/又はアミドであることが好ましい。
【0012】
本発明に係る無水グルタミン酸及び/又はその誘導体は、その態様として天然物の抽出物又は化学的合成物を採用することができるが、とりわけ担子菌類の子実体若しくは菌糸体又はそれらの乾燥粉末の抽出物、或いは当該抽出物の精製物を用いるものがよい。ここで、担子菌類はいわゆる茸類であり、シイタケ、エノキタケ、シメジ、ヒラタケ、アガリクス茸、メシマコブ茸、霊芝、ヤマブシ茸、カワラタケ、ハラタケ、マイタケ、ハナビラタケ、スエヒロタケ、シロキクラゲ、冬虫夏草からなる群から選ばれる1種又は2種以上を用いることが望ましい。
【0013】
担子菌類の抽出物は、担子菌類から水及び/又は親水性有機溶媒を用い、あるいは、水及び/又は親水性有機溶媒と、疎水性有機溶媒とを用いて抽出されたものが望ましい。ここで、親水性有機溶媒はメタノール、エタノール、アセトン又はプロパノールがよく、疎水性有機溶媒はヘキサン又はクロロホルムが好ましい。
【0014】
本発明によって提供される前述の血管新生阻害剤を配合してなる組成物は、血管新生を抑制するためのものであり、及び/又は腫瘍抑制のためのものであり、及び/又は免疫を賦活するためのものであり、その望ましい態様は飲食品又は医薬品である。
【0015】
【発明の実施の形態】
まず、本発明の血管新生阻害剤及びその製造方法について詳述する。本発明の血管新生阻害剤が必須成分として含有する無水グルタミン酸及びその誘導体において、無水グルタミン酸は前記の化学構造式で示されるように、グルタミン酸が分子内脱水して環状化した構造を有するものであり、化学的合成法、酵素法、あるいは天然物からの加水分解処理や抽出法等によって得ることができる。いずれの方法から調製するにしろグルタミン酸の部分はL−グルタミン酸、D−グルタミン酸又はDL−グルタミン酸の光学異性体を対象とすることができるが、本発明の効果の点からL−グルタミン酸又はDL−グルタミン酸が好適であり、更にはL−グルタミン酸が最も好ましい。
【0016】
無水グルタミン酸の誘導体としては塩及び/又はアミドが望ましい。この塩としては塩酸塩、硝酸塩、硫酸塩、燐酸塩等を例示でき、塩酸塩がより好適である。
アミドの種類としては酢酸、乳酸、酪酸等の低級カルボン酸、コハク酸、リンゴ酸、フマル酸等の有機酸、炭素数6〜22の中鎖脂肪酸(カプロン酸、カプリル酸、ノナン酸、カプリン酸、ラウリン酸等)や高級脂肪酸(ミリスチン酸、パルミチン酸、ステアリン酸、オレイン酸、ステアリドン酸、リノール酸、共役リノール酸、α−リノレン酸、γ−リノレン酸、ジ−ホモ−γ−リノレン酸、ベヘン酸、イコサペント酸、ドコサペンタエン酸、ドコサヘキサエン酸等)とのアミド類を例として挙げることができる。ニコチン酸、グルクロン酸、サリチル酸等とのアミド類もよい。
【0017】
又、各種アミノ酸とりわけ生体蛋白質を構成する中性アミノ酸(アラニン、グリシン、バリン、ロイシン、イソロイシン、アスパラギン、グルタミン)、酸性アミノ酸(アスパラギン酸、グルタミン酸)、塩基性アミノ酸(アルギニン、リジン)、ヒドロキシアミノ酸(セリン、スレオニン)、環状アミノ酸(ヒスチジン、トリプトファン、チロシン、フェニルアラニン、プロリン、ヒドロキシプロリン)、含硫アミノ酸(システイン、シスチン、メチオニン)等とのアミド類も好適であり、前記各種アミノ酸の組合わせからなるペプチドとのアミド類、前記各種アミノ酸とグルコース、ガラクトース等の糖類とからなるアミノ糖とのアミド類も対象にすることができる。
【0018】
無水グルタミン酸を化学合成するには公知の方法(例えば、前述の非特許文献3参照)に従えばよい。一例として、L−グルタミン酸を含むトリフルオロ酢酸溶液に塩化チオニルを添加して脱水反応させ、ジエチルエーテルを加えて沈殿物を生じさせ、ついで冷却下にジエチルエーテルで再結晶化させて無水L−グルタミン酸を調製することができる。又、この無水L−グルタミン酸を出発物質として常法により前記各種誘導体を化学的又は酵素的に合成すればよい。
【0019】
本発明に係る無水グルタミン酸を天然物から調製するには、動植物や魚介類由来の蛋白質やペプチドを塩酸、プロテアーゼ等により加水分解し、更に分別精製する方法が利用できる。望ましくは、担子菌類の子実体又は菌糸体を原料として用い、これを乾燥して粉末物となした後、溶媒を用いて抽出処理して抽出液となし、濃縮液となし、又、この抽出液や濃縮液を乾燥処理して抽出物となし、更には有機溶媒、吸着剤等を用いて分別、分画処理して高濃度の精製物となすことにより可能となる。本発明ではこれらを無水グルタミン酸及び/又はその誘導体の好適な態様として利用する。
【0020】
ここで、担子菌類としてはシイタケ、エノキタケ、シメジ、ヒラタケ、アガリクス茸、メシマコブ茸、霊芝、ヤマブシ茸、カワラタケ、ハラタケ、マイタケ、ハナビラタケ、スエヒロタケ、シロキクラゲ、冬虫夏草からなる群から選ばれる1種又は2種以上のものを用いることが望ましい。これらのキノコの子実体はいずれも人工的に栽培され又は多量に収穫されて流通しており、容易に入手可能であり、生のまま、乾燥物、その粉末や抽出エキス等として食用に供されている。又、シイタケ、カワラタケ、スエヒロタケのように抽出物に含まれる多糖体が医薬品として利用されているものもある。本発明では、所望の効果からみて、アガリクス茸、メシマコブ、霊芝、ヤマブシ茸及び冬虫夏草からなる群から選択される1種又は2種以上がより好適であり、アガリクス茸が最も望ましい。
【0021】
アガリクス茸はハラタケ科のキノコで、アガリクス(Agaricus)属に属するものをいい、アガリクス ブラゼイ ムリル(Agaricus blazei Murill)、マッシュルーム(Agaricus bisporus)等を例示できる。前者は多糖体(β−D−グルカン)や多糖蛋白複合体に富み、その抗腫瘍作用や血糖値低下作用等が知られている。メシマコブ(Phellinus linteus)はタバコウロコタケ科のキノコで、その熱水抽出物に含まれる多糖体が抗癌作用を示すといわれている。霊芝(Ganoderma lucidum)はサルノコシカケ科のキノコでマンネンタケとも呼ばれ、テルペノイドや多糖体による抗アレルギー作用、抗腫瘍作用、血圧安定化作用、プロテオグリカンによる血糖低下作用等が知られている。ヤマブシ茸(Hericium erinaceum)はサンゴハリタケ科に属し、ヘテロβ−D−グルカン成分による抗癌作用や活性酸素消去作用が知られている。
【0022】
本発明では、前記担子菌類の子実体は生のままあるいは乾燥物のいずれも原料として使用できるが、取扱い上、保存性及び抽出効率等の点から乾燥物がよい。又、菌糸体は適当な炭素源と窒素源を含む培地を用いて種菌を培養して得られる生あるいは乾燥菌糸体を利用できるが、子実体同様に乾燥物が簡便である。なお、本発明ではかかる菌糸体を原料とするほか、菌糸体を培養する際に発生する培養液を原料とすることもできる。当該培養液は適宜に濃縮処理して、以下に述べるような溶剤分別等の精製処理に供する。
【0023】
本発明においては、前記担子菌類の子実体又は菌糸体から本発明に係る無水グルタミン酸及び/又はその誘導体を製造するために、水及び/又は親水性有機溶媒を用い、あるいは、水及び/又は親水性有機溶媒と、疎水性有機溶媒とを用いて抽出することを特徴とする。疎水性有機溶媒のみによる抽出物では本発明の所望の効果をほとんど発現しない。親水性有機溶媒はメタノール、エタノール、n−プロパノール、イソプロパノール又はアセトンが好ましく、疎水性有機溶媒はヘキサン又はクロロホルムが好ましい。親水性有機溶媒は水との混合物でもよく、親水性有機溶媒及び疎水性有機溶媒の各々は単一物を用いても混合溶媒で使用しても差し支えない。又、両者を混合した形態も好適である。本発明の血管新生阻害剤の有効成分を抽出する上で重要なことは、水及び/又は親水性有機溶媒、あるいはこれと疎水性有機溶媒との混合溶媒を用いて水性成分を主体とする抽出物を得、ついで親水性有機溶媒で水溶性のより高い糖類、アミノ酸等の易溶性成分を分別して除去し、又、疎水性有機溶媒で脂質類等の油性成分を分別除去する点にある。
【0024】
親水性有機溶媒と疎水性有機溶媒を混合して用いる場合の混合比率(容量比)は、前者/後者=9/1〜1/9、より好ましくは5/1〜1/5、最も好ましくは3/1〜1/1である。前記範囲を外れると本発明の必須成分の抽出効率が低下し又は所望の効果が得られないことがある。抽出溶媒は子実体や菌糸体の乾燥物、抽出物に対して3〜20倍(重量基準)程度用いる。3倍未満では抽出物の収率が低く、逆に20倍を超える多量を使用しても抽出効率がさらに向上することはない。
【0025】
抽出処理は、担子菌類の子実体又は菌糸体と前記抽出溶媒とを接触させ、常圧ないし加圧下、より好ましくは1〜3気圧下で、室温ないし100℃付近で適宜に攪拌しながら又は還流させて約10分〜約10時間抽出することにより抽出液を得ることができる。該抽出液を減圧乾燥、凍結乾燥、噴霧乾燥等の処理に供して溶媒を除去し、担子菌類の抽出物を調製することができる。又、前記抽出物を親水性有機溶媒及び疎水性有機溶媒で分別処理することによって本発明の必須成分の含量がさらに高められた濃縮物とすることができ、さらにシリカゲル、活性アルミナ、ケイ酸マグネシウム、活性炭、セルロース、イオン交換樹脂等の吸着剤を用いたカラムクロマトグラフィーに供して分画処理することにより高濃度の精製物を製造することができる。
【0026】
前述のように、化学的合成法又は担子菌類からの抽出法により調製される無水グルタミン酸及び/又はその誘導体、これを含有する抽出液、抽出物、濃縮物及び精製物は、これらをそのまま又は適当な担体、賦形剤、添加物等を併用して本発明の血管新生阻害剤となすことができる。本発明の血管新生阻害剤では、本発明の趣旨に反しないかぎり種々の原料や成分を併用して配合することができ、例えば、通常の食品や医薬品に使用される賦形剤、防湿剤、防腐剤、強化剤、増粘剤、乳化剤、酸化防止剤、甘味料、酸味料、調味料、着色料、香料等がよい。又、血管新生を抑制する作用をもつ公知の素材を併用することは本発明の望ましい態様のひとつである。
【0027】
次に、本発明の血管新生抑制及び/又は腫瘍抑制及び/又は免疫賦活のための組成物について説明する。この組成物は、前記の無水グルタミン酸及び/又はその誘導体を有効成分として含有してなる血管新生阻害剤を配合することを特徴とするものである。後述するように、本発明の血管新生阻害剤は、これを経口摂取することにより血管新生抑制作用を発現することに加えて、抗腫瘍作用すなわち腫瘍の増殖抑制作用及び転移抑制作用を示し、更には免疫増強作用をも発現する。したがって、かかる血管新生阻害剤は前記作用を有する組成物として活用でき、該組成物の具体的な態様としては飲食品、医薬品、ペットフード、家畜・家禽用飼料等を例示できる。とりわけ飲食品及び医薬品が好適である。
【0028】
この飲食品の態様としては、前記の担子菌類の乾燥粉末、抽出物若しくは精製物等をそのまま又はこれを含む前記血管新生阻害剤を液状、ゲル状、粉末状あるいは固形状の食品、例えば、果実飲料、清涼飲料、茶、スープ、ゼリー、ヨーグルト、プリン、ケーキミックス、ふりかけ、味噌、醤油、ドレッシング、マヨネーズ、焼肉のたれ等の調味料、麺類、ハムやソーセージ等の畜肉魚肉加工食品、ジャム、牛乳、クリーム、バターやチーズ等の粉末状、固形状又は液状の乳製品、マーガリン、パン、ケーキ、クッキー等に添加した形態となすことができる。
【0029】
又、必要に応じてデキストリン、乳糖、澱粉又はその加工素材、セルロース末等の賦形剤、ビタミン、ミネラル、動植物や魚介類の油脂、たん白質、糖質、色素、香料、その他の前記食品用添加物質等と共に粉末、顆粒、ペレット、錠剤等に加工したり、ゼラチン等で被覆してカプセルに成形したり、あるいはドリンク類にして、栄養補助食品や健康食品として利用できる。このとき、血管新生阻害作用を有する公知の食用素材を併用した組成物は好適である。なお、本発明の飲食品は極めて多種類の形態にわたり、前記の例示に限定されるものではないが、前記の栄養補助食品や健康食品の形態が望ましい。
【0030】
前記の飲食品における本発明の血管新生阻害剤の配合量は、当該飲食品の種類、形態、利用目的や配合する本血管新生阻害剤の種類、形態等により一律に規定し難いが、一般の加工食品類に添加する場合では、無水グルタミン酸ベースで概ね0.01〜50重量%、より好ましくは0.1〜30重量%である。この範囲を外れて少ないと経口摂取による本発明の所望効果が小さく、逆に多すぎると飲食品の種類によっては風味を損ねたり、当該飲食品を調製することが不可能になる場合がある。なお、本発明の血管新生阻害剤はそのまま食用に供しても差し支えない。
【0031】
本発明の医薬品としての態様は、前記の血管新生阻害剤に本発明の趣旨に反しない公知の賦形剤や添加剤を必要に応じて加え、常法により加工して錠剤、カプセル剤、顆粒剤、散剤、注射剤等の製剤となしたものである。経口投与あるいは経腸投与、血管投与又は皮内投与して、血管新生の抑制、腫瘍の抑制、免疫賦活のうちの少なくとも1つの作用効果を発現させるために利用でき、及び血管の新生、腫瘍の増殖や転移、免疫能の低下等にともなう各種疾病の予防又は治療のために適用する。本発明の血管新生阻害剤の配合量はその形態や前記医薬用製剤の種類、形態、用法及び用量等により一律に設定し難いが、無水グルタミン酸ベースで概ね0.01〜70重量%である。経口投与する場合の摂取量は特に限定されるものではないが、無水グルタミン酸をベースとして、成人(体重50Kg)1日あたり0.01〜20g、より好ましくは0.1〜10gである。この範囲を外れて少ないと所望の効果が低下し、逆に多すぎても更に顕著な効果を期待できない。
【0032】
【実施例】
実施例1
アガリクス茸(アガリクス ブラゼイ ムリル)の乾燥子実体を粗砕し、クロロホルム/メタノール=1/1混液を加えて40℃に加温して1時間抽出処理し、クロロホルム/メタノール=1/1抽出物を得た。該抽出物にメタノールを加えてメタノール可溶部を分取し、このメタノール可溶部にさらにヘキサンを添加してヘキサン不溶部(試料1)を採取した。次に、ヘキサン不溶部をシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィ(silanised Silicagel60 PF256:Merck 7751、水/メタノール=7/3)に供してニンヒドリン反応陽性画分(フラクションNo.5、6)を分取した。ついで、該画分をHPLC(Shimadzu LC−8Aシステム:Shimpak PREP−ODS(M)、カラム:20φ×250mm、Shimadzu、RT、6ml/min、水/メタノール=5/1)に供してニンヒドリン反応陽性画分(Rt=6〜12min)を分取した。さらに該画分をHPLC(Shimadzu LC−8Aシステム:Shimpak PREP−ODS(M)、カラム:20φ×250mm、Shimadzu、RT、6ml/min、水)に供してニンヒドリン反応陽性画分(Rt=8〜22min)を分取した。このニンヒドリン反応陽性画分を更にTLC(Silicagel60 PF254:Merck 7747、水/メタノール=1/100)に供して精製し、無水グルタミン酸が含まれていることを確認した(Rf=0.41)。又、これは質量スペクトル及びNMR分析の結果、光学異性体のL体であった。
【0033】
実施例2
10リットル容培養装置を用い、グルコース:5重量%、酵母エキス:0.5重量%及びペプトン2重量%を含有する培地で、メシマコブの前記培地による種菌培養液(1リットル)を28℃にて72時間、2vvmの通気量で培養して培養菌糸体(165g)を採取した。これを乾燥及び粉砕処理して菌糸体粉末とし、ヘキサン/エタノール/水=2/3/1混合溶媒を加え室温で3時間抽出処理して抽出物(試料2)を得た。該抽出物を更にエタノールで分別処理してエタノール可溶部を分取し、該エタノール可溶部をヘキサンで分別処理してヘキサン不溶部を採取した。ついで、実施例1と同様にシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィ、HPLC、TLCによる分画・精製処理を行い、質量分析及びNMR分析等の結果から無水L−グルタミン酸の存在を認めた。
【0034】
実施例3
前記文献に記載の方法に従い無水L−グルタミン酸塩を化学合成した。すなわち、四ッ口フラスコにトリフルオロ酢酸75ml及びL−グルタミン酸0.08モルを加え、攪拌して溶解させた。かき混ぜながら塩化チオニル0.28モルを徐々に滴下し滴下終了より30分後にジエチルエーテル35mlをゆっくり添加して沈殿物を生じさせた。この後、5℃に1時間保持してからジエチルエーテル100mlを加え、再結晶を繰り返し、無水L−グルタミン酸塩酸塩(試料3)を調製した。
【0035】
実施例4
実施例3において、原料のL−グルタミン酸をDL−グルタミン酸に置換えることを除き同様に処理し、無水DL−グルタミン酸塩酸塩(試料4)を調製した。
【0036】
実施例5
アガリクス ブラゼイ ムリルの乾燥子実体を粗砕して水を加え、常法により80〜95℃で熱水抽出処理し、該抽出液を減圧下に乾燥処理してアガリクス茸熱水抽出物を調製し、該抽出物の40重量%水溶液に3倍(重量)のエタノールを加えて混合後、エタノール層を採取し、減圧乾燥してエタノール可溶物(試料5)を調製した。
【0037】
比較例1
アガリクス ブラゼイ ムリルの乾燥子実体を粗砕して水を加え、常法により80〜95℃で熱水抽出処理し、該抽出液を減圧下に乾燥処理して市販品に相当するアガリクス茸熱水抽出物(比較試料1)を調製した。
【0038】
試験例1
本発明に係る無水グルタミン酸、この誘導体、これらを含有する各種加工処理物の血管新生阻害作用を、非特許文献2に記載の方法により、マトリゲルTM マトリックス(MATRIGELTM matrix、Becton Dikinson Labware社製、細胞培養基材、以下MATRIGELと略記する。)によって誘導される血管新生の度合いから調べた。
【0039】
すなわち、5週齢のC57BL/6雌性マウス(日本チャールスリバー株式会社から購入。)を1週間予備飼育後、健常なマウス(1群5匹)を用い、以下に示す試験物を前記マウスの腹部皮下に冷却しながら0.5mlずつ移植し、移植後6日目にMATRIGELを取り出して血管新生の状態を観察した。又、それを凍結乾燥して重量を測定した。更に、取り出したMATRIGELに純水1mlを加え、ポリトロンでホモジネ−トして2000rpmで5分間遠心分離した後、上清を0.2μmのフィルターで濾過し、ヘモグロビン−テストワコーTM
(和光純薬株式会社製)を用いてヘモグロビン量を測定した。
【0040】
・通常群:Matrigel
・対照群:Matrigel+ヘパリン(64ユニット)+酸性線維芽細胞増殖因子(以下、a−FGFと略す。)(1ng/ml)
・試験物添加群1:対照群の組成物+試料3(800μg/ml)
・試験物添加群2:対照群の組成物+試料3(400μg/ml)
・試験物添加群3:対照群の組成物+試料3(200μg/ml)
・試験物添加群4:対照群の組成物+試料4(800μg/ml)
・試験物添加群5:対照群の組成物+試料1(600μg/ml)
・試験物添加群6:対照群の組成物+試料2(800μg/ml)
・試験物添加群7:対照群の組成物+試料1及び試料3(各200μg/ml)
・試験物添加群8:対照群の組成物+試料5(600μg/ml)
・試験物添加群9:対照群の組成物+比較試料1(800μg/ml)
【0041】
試験結果を表1及び表2に示した。各表の数値はn=5、平均値±標準誤差で表示した。各表から明らかなように、対照群では通常群と比較して、血管新生が著しく促進され、MATRIGELの重量及びヘモグロビン量が増加した。これに対して、試験物添加群では、試料3(無水L−グルタミン酸塩)のとき濃度依存的にMATRIGELの重量及びヘモグロビン量の増加が抑えられ、血管新生が抑制されることが認められ、試料4(無水DL−グルタミン酸塩)でもやや低いが同様の血管新生抑制作用が認められた。又、試料1(アガリクス茸抽出物の精製物)、試料2(メシマコブの抽出物)でも強力な血管新生抑制効果があることが明らかになった。なお、比較試料1(アガリクス茸の熱水抽出物)では血管新生抑制効果は小さかった。
【0042】
【表1】
【0043】
【表2】
【0044】
試験例2
本発明に係わる試料について、腫瘍の増殖抑制作用及び転移抑制作用を以下の方法で試験し評価した。すなわち、理化学研究所から分譲を受けたルイス肺癌(以下、LLCと略す。)細胞をリン酸・生理食塩緩衝液(pH7.4)に懸濁させた。一方、6週齢のC57BL/6J雌性マウス(日本クレア株式会社から購入。)を1週間予備飼育後、健康なマウス(1群7匹)をネンブタール麻酔下に小切開を加え、露出させた脾臓にLLC細胞懸濁液(LLC細胞数:1.0×105)を注入した後、直ちに小切開を縫合した。LLC細胞移植12時間後から、アガリクス茸抽出物(試料1)100mg/Kg(体重)又は300mg/Kg(体重)を1日1回、20日間連続して経口投与した。正常群及び対照群(LLC担癌マウス)には試料1の代わりに蒸留水を投与した。この試験期間中、癌細胞の増殖度は2〜3日毎に癌組織容積量(長径×短径2/2で算出)を測定した。癌細胞移植後21日目に各群のマウスをエーテル麻酔下、ヘパリン加静脈採血し、血中の白血球数、赤血球数及びヘモグロビン量を血球コールカウンターで測定し、又、マウスを採血屠殺後、癌組織、肝臓、肺、脾臓及び胸腺を摘出して各組織の重量を測定し、併せて肺組織に転移した癌細胞コロニー数を実体顕微鏡下で計測した。
【0045】
LLC細胞移植マウスにおける腫瘍組織の容積量を表3に、癌組織及び各臓器の重量を表4に、又、白血球数、赤血球数、ヘモグロビン量及び肺への転移コロニー数を表5にそれぞれ示した。なお、各表中の数値は平均値±標準誤差で示し、有意差検定はFisher′s Protect LSD Testで実行してP<0.05を有意差とした。
【0046】
【表3】
【0047】
【表4】
【0048】
【表5】
【0049】
表3のデータから、LLC細胞の移植により腫瘍の容積は、対照群(担癌マウス)では経時的に増大するが、試験物(試料1:無水グルタミン酸を含むアガリクス茸抽出物)を経口摂取させた群では増加が阻害されており、LLC細胞の増殖が抑制されていることが明らかになった。
【0050】
表4から、腫瘍の重量は、試験物の摂取によって明らかに増加が抑制されており、脾臓を除く各臓器の重量及び最終体重は、正常群、LLC細胞移植群(対照群)及び試験物投与群間において有意な差異は認められなかった。脾臓重量は、対照群では増加するが、試験物投与群では増加の抑制が認められ(P<0.05で有意差あり)、試験物(試料1)の経口摂取によりLLC細胞の増殖抑制を裏付ける知見を得た。
【0051】
表5のデータから、白血球数は、対照群では正常群に比べて増加したが、試験物投与群との間では有意差は認められなかった。赤血球数及びヘモグロビン量は、対照群において著しく低下して貧血状態を示したが、試験物投与群では有意に増加し(P<0.05)、アガリクス茸抽出物(試料1)の経口投与によって貧血状態が正常付近まで回復したことが明らかになった。又、肺臓におけるLLC細胞の転移コロニー数は、対照群と比較して試験物投与群で有意に減少しており、無水グルタミン酸を含有するアガリクス茸抽出物(試料1)の経口摂取により癌細胞の転移が抑制されることを認めた。
【0052】
試験例3
本発明に係わる試料について免疫機能に及ぼす影響を以下の方法で試験し評価した。すなわち、試験例2で摘出した脾臓から脾細胞を分離し、該脾細胞をリンパ球分離液(大日本製薬株式会社製「リンパ球分離溶液」)に重層し、2000rpmで30分間遠心分離してリンパ球を分離した。又、混在する赤血球は低張溶液で処理し除去した。次に、リンパ球数を計測し、1×106 細胞数/100μLに調整し、各種細胞表面抗原の抗体(大日本製薬株式会社製の「CD4、抗マウス、FITC標識」、「CD8、抗マウス、FITC標識」及び「NK1.1、抗マウス、R−PE標識」)10μLを加え、4℃で30分間反応させた後、リン酸緩衝液(和光純薬株式会社製、生化学分析用試薬)で2回洗浄し、該リン酸緩衝液を加えて1mLとしフローサイトメトリーを用いてCD4+、CD8+及びNK1.1+T各細胞数を測定した。この結果を表6に示した。
【0053】
【表6】
【0054】
表6のデータから、脾臓中のリンパ球数は、対照群(担癌マウス)において、正常群と比較して有意に低下したが、試験物投与群ではこの低下が抑制された。又、脾臓中のCD4+T細胞及びCD8+T細胞も、対照群では正常群と比べて有意に低下したが、試験物(試料1)の摂取により両細胞数の減少が阻害され、NK1.1+T細胞数が増加することが認められた。これらの知見から、無水グルタミン酸を含むアガリクス茸抽出物の経口摂取により免疫機能が増強されることが明らかになった。
【0055】
実施例6
試料1:ウーロン茶葉粉末=3:2(重量比)からなる本発明の血管新生阻害剤5.0Kgを化工澱粉(松谷化学(株)製、商品名:パインフロー)3.5Kg、第三リン酸カルシウム0.3Kg、ビタミンB10.3Kg、ビタミンB20.2Kg、ビタミンB60.2Kg及びビタミンC0.5Kgとともに配合機に仕込み10分間攪拌混合した。該混合物を直打式打錠機に供給して直径7mm、高さ4mm、重量150mgのタブレットを作成した後、コーティング機でシェラック薄膜をコーティングして錠剤形状の食品を試作した。この錠剤は、体内の免疫力を高めたり、糖尿病や癌等の生活習慣病の予防を目的として利用できる。
【0056】
実施例7
家庭用ホイッパーにバター110g、ショートニング110g、上白糖90g及び牛乳100mLを入れ、攪拌しながら鶏卵1個を加えて十分に混合した後、薄力粉190g、ベーキングパウダー2gとともに試料2及び試料3の混合物(3:1、重量比)からなる本発明の血管新生阻害剤10gを添加して十分に捏ねあわせた。これを30分間ねかせた後、金型で50個に分割し、オーブンで焼いてバタークッキーを試作した。
【0057】
実施例8
市販の野菜ジュース1Lに、試料1:試料2:葡萄種子エキス(インターヘルス社製、商品名:アクティビン)=1:2:1(重量比)からなる本発明の血管新生抑制剤5gを加えて混合し、悪性腫瘍、関節リウマチが気になるひとのための血管新生抑制用野菜ジュースを試作した。これは元の野菜ジュースと比較して何ら遜色のないものであった。
【0058】
実施例9
試料3/試料5=1/1(重量比)の混合物130Kg、プロポリス90Kg、ミツロウ15Kg及びコーン油150Kgの割合の原料を40℃に加温しながら十分に混合して均質な液状物とした。これをカプセル充填機に供給して1粒内容量が250mgのゼラチン被覆カプセル製剤を試作した。この製剤は経口摂取が可能な食用組成物(飲食品)又は医薬用組成物(医薬品)として利用できる。
【0059】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、無水グルタミン酸及び/又はその誘導体を有効成分として含有してなる血管新生阻害剤が提供される。ここで、無水グルタミン酸がL型であり、無水グルタミン酸誘導体が塩又はアミドであり、無水グルタミン酸及び/又はその誘導体が化学的合成物や、アガリクス茸、メシマコブ等の担子菌類の子実体又は菌糸体から得られる抽出物であるとき、さらに顕著な血管新生阻害効果を発現する。又、本発明によれば、前記血管新生阻害剤による抗腫瘍作用及び免疫賦活作用が確認され、これを配合してなる組成物が提供される。該組成物は生体免疫機能の増強や病因となる血管新生をともなう各種疾病の治療や予防のための医薬品、飲食品等として利用できる。
[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an angiogenesis inhibitor and use thereof. More specifically, an angiogenesis inhibitor comprising glutamic anhydride and / or a derivative thereof obtained from basidiomycetes or the like as an active ingredient, and angiogenesis and / or tumor suppression comprising the combination thereof. And / or a composition for stimulating immunity.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Angiogenesis refers to the degradation and destruction of the vascular basement membrane by proteases in animal tissues or organs, migration and proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, adhesion to the extracellular matrix, and differentiation of vascular endothelial cells into vascular spaces. This is a phenomenon in which a new blood vessel is generated. In general, new blood vessels are formed and stretched during infancy and growth, but the scenes in which angiogenesis occurs in the body after the growth phase are limited. That is, angiogenesis is observed under normal physiological conditions such as luteinization, ovulation, embryogenesis, and placenta formation, and also occurs in the process of healing wounds and repairing inflammation. In this way, angiogenesis occurs in a healthy state and plays an important role in the recovery of tissues, but in many chronic diseases including diabetes, the increase of capillaries causes serious damage to tissues. Is also known.
[0003]
Diseases that cause angiogenesis or are associated with worsening pathological conditions include growth and metastasis of malignant tumors, diabetic retinopathy, neovascular glaucoma, inflammatory skin diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and sagittal artery There are occlusive diseases such as sclerosis and myocardial infarction.
[0004]
For example, when a malignant tumor grows, in order to obtain nutrients and oxygen necessary for the growth of the tumor cells, the tumor cells themselves induce the formation of blood vessels by angiogenesis-promoting factors and obtain nutrients through the newly formed blood vessels. Tumor cells grow further. Metastasis to other organs or sites also induces angiogenesis, and tumor cells move along the bloodstream. In the case of diabetic retinopathy, capillaries are clogged by the viscous blood due to diabetes, resulting in bleeding and edema in the retina. When this becomes chronic, the retina causes a lack of oxygen and nutrients. New blood vessels develop on the nervous system papillae, and fibrous tissue is formed around them. This fiber tissue pulls up the retina (retinal detachment), tears the blood vessels of the retina, causes bleeding (vitreous hemorrhage), and eventually leads to severe visual impairment and blindness.
[0005]
Thus, angiogenesis is deeply involved in the onset and progression of various diseases including inflammatory diseases such as growth and metastasis of malignant tumors, diabetic retinopathy, inflammatory skin diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. Therefore, a number of substances that suppress angiogenesis have been searched for the treatment and prevention of these diseases, and intensive research is ongoing. Examples of substances and drugs having an action of inhibiting angiogenesis include sulfated polysaccharides (see, for example, Patent Document 1), trafermin, heparin and steroids (for example, see Patent Documents 2 and 3), ascorbic acid ether and Related compounds (for example, see Patent Document 4), interferon α or interferon β (for example, see Non-Patent Document 1), thiazole derivatives (for example, see Patent Document 5), shark cartilage extract (chondroitin and mucopolysaccharide) (for example, Patent Document 6), polysaccharides derived from Streptococcus bacteria (for example, see Patent Document 7), O-substituted fumagillol derivatives (for example, see Patent Document 8), neoagaro-oligosaccharides (for example, see Patent Document 9) and the like have been proposed. ing. In addition, the test method which confirms an angiogenesis phenomenon experimentally is well-known (for example, refer nonpatent literature 2). As will be described later, in the present invention, glutamic anhydride is an essential component as a substance that inhibits angiogenesis, and a method of chemically synthesizing this is also known (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 3).
[0006]
However, the substances that have been proposed and studied as substances exhibiting the action of inhibiting angiogenesis so far are based on experimental results under administration conditions where the effect is not practical, there are concerns about side effects, Alternatively, it must be ingested in a large amount in the form of use, and none of them can exhibit a sufficiently satisfactory effect when considering practical use. For this reason, it is required to develop a substance that more strongly inhibits angiogenesis and has no safety concerns.
[0007]
[Patent Document 1]
JP 63-119500 A [Patent Document 2]
US Pat. No. 4,994,443 [Patent Document 3]
US Pat. No. 5,001,116 [Patent Document 4]
JP 58-131978 [Non-Patent Document 1]
Sidky et al., “Cancer Research”, (USA), 1987, 47, p. 5155-5161
[Patent Document 5]
Japanese Patent Publication No. 6-62413 [Patent Document 6]
JP 10-147534 A [Patent Document 7]
Japanese Patent Publication No. 6-62426 [Patent Document 8]
Japanese Patent No. 3120187 [Patent Document 9]
Japanese Patent No. 3071068 [Non-Patent Document 2]
Pasaniti, A. et al., “Laboratory Invest.” (USA), 1992, Vol. 67, p. 519-528
[Non-Patent Document 3]
Jay. Colonish and Ray. Rosgay (J. Kollonitsch and A. Rosegay), “Chemistry and Industry” (USA), 1964, No. 7, p. 1867
[0008]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In view of the current situation, the present invention provides a novel angiogenesis inhibitor that can be effectively used for the prevention and treatment of the above-mentioned diseases, and that strongly suppresses angiogenesis, and is an aspect in which this can be effectively utilized industrially. An object of the present invention is to provide a composition, particularly a composition for suppressing angiogenesis, a composition for suppressing a tumor, and / or a composition for stimulating immunity.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors have conducted extensive studies on the relationship between a large number of plant raw materials and their extracts and angiogenesis inhibitory action, and as a result, glutamic anhydrides have achieved the desired effect of the present invention. As a result, the present invention has been completed. That is, according to the present invention, there is provided an angiogenesis inhibitor comprising glutamic anhydride represented by the following formula (1) and / or a derivative thereof as an active ingredient. Also provided are compositions for suppressing angiogenesis and / or suppressing tumors and / or stimulating immunity, such as foods and drinks and pharmaceuticals, which are formulated with this angiogenesis inhibitor.
[0010]
[Chemical 2]
[0011]
In the angiogenesis inhibitor of the present invention, the glutamic anhydride as an active ingredient is preferably an optical isomer of L-glutamic anhydride. The derivative of glutamic anhydride is preferably a salt and / or an amide.
[0012]
The glutamic anhydride and / or derivative thereof according to the present invention can adopt a natural product extract or a chemical synthesis as an embodiment thereof , and in particular, an extract of a fruit body or mycelium of a basidiomycete or a dry powder thereof. Or using a purified product of the extract . Here, basidiomycetes are so-called mosses, selected from the group consisting of shiitake mushrooms, enokitake mushrooms, shimeji mushrooms, agaricus mushrooms, rice mushroom mushrooms, reishi, yamabushi mushrooms, kawaratake mushrooms, agaric mushrooms, maitake mushrooms, agaric mushrooms, mushrooms mushrooms, mushrooms It is desirable to use one kind or two or more kinds.
[0013]
The basidiomycete extract is preferably extracted from basidiomycetes using water and / or a hydrophilic organic solvent, or using water and / or a hydrophilic organic solvent and a hydrophobic organic solvent. Here, the hydrophilic organic solvent is preferably methanol, ethanol, acetone or propanol, and the hydrophobic organic solvent is preferably hexane or chloroform.
[0014]
The composition comprising the aforementioned angiogenesis inhibitor provided by the present invention is for suppressing angiogenesis and / or for tumor suppression and / or stimulating immunity. The desirable mode is a food or drink or a pharmaceutical product.
[0015]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
First, the angiogenesis inhibitor of this invention and its manufacturing method are explained in full detail. In the glutamic anhydride and derivatives thereof which the angiogenesis inhibitor of the present invention contains as an essential component, the glutamic anhydride has a structure in which glutamic acid is cyclized by intramolecular dehydration as shown in the above chemical structural formula. It can be obtained by a chemical synthesis method, an enzymatic method, a hydrolysis treatment or extraction method from a natural product, or the like. Regardless of which method is used, the glutamic acid moiety can be directed to the optical isomer of L-glutamic acid, D-glutamic acid or DL-glutamic acid. From the viewpoint of the effects of the present invention, L-glutamic acid or DL-glutamic acid. Are preferred, and L-glutamic acid is most preferred.
[0016]
As the derivative of glutamic anhydride, salts and / or amides are desirable. Examples of the salt include hydrochloride, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate and the like, and hydrochloride is more preferable.
Examples of amides include lower carboxylic acids such as acetic acid, lactic acid and butyric acid, organic acids such as succinic acid, malic acid and fumaric acid, medium chain fatty acids having 6 to 22 carbon atoms (caproic acid, caprylic acid, nonanoic acid and capric acid. , Lauric acid, etc.) and higher fatty acids (myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, stearidonic acid, linoleic acid, conjugated linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, γ-linolenic acid, di-homo-γ-linolenic acid, Examples include amides with behenic acid, icosapentoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and the like. Amides with nicotinic acid, glucuronic acid, salicylic acid and the like may also be used.
[0017]
In addition, various amino acids, especially neutral amino acids (alanine, glycine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, asparagine, glutamine), acidic amino acids (aspartic acid, glutamic acid), basic amino acids (arginine, lysine), hydroxyamino acids ( Serine, threonine), cyclic amino acids (histidine, tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, proline, hydroxyproline), amides with sulfur-containing amino acids (cysteine, cystine, methionine), etc. are also suitable and consist of a combination of the above-mentioned various amino acids Amides with peptides, and amides with amino sugars composed of various amino acids and sugars such as glucose and galactose can also be used.
[0018]
In order to chemically synthesize glutamic anhydride, a known method (for example, see Non-Patent Document 3 above) may be followed. As an example, thionyl chloride is added to a trifluoroacetic acid solution containing L-glutamic acid to cause dehydration reaction, diethyl ether is added to form a precipitate, and then recrystallized with diethyl ether under cooling to obtain anhydrous L-glutamic acid. Can be prepared. Moreover, what is necessary is just to synthesize | combine the said various derivatives chemically or enzymatically by this conventional method using this L-glutamic anhydride as a starting material.
[0019]
In order to prepare glutamic anhydride according to the present invention from a natural product, a method of hydrolyzing a protein or peptide derived from animals or plants or seafood with hydrochloric acid, protease, or the like and further fractionating and purifying can be used. Desirably, using the fruit body or mycelium of basidiomycetes as starting material, after no powder was then dried, extraction process to extract and without using a solvent, concentrate and pear, also, the extract This can be achieved by drying the liquid or the concentrated liquid to form an extract, and further using an organic solvent, an adsorbent, or the like to perform separation and fractionation to obtain a high-concentration purified product. In the present invention, these are used as a preferred embodiment of glutamic anhydride and / or a derivative thereof.
[0020]
Here, the basidiomycetous fungi are one or two selected from the group consisting of shiitake mushroom, enokitake mushroom, shimeji mushroom, agaricus mushroom, meshimakobu mushroom, ganoderma mushroom, mushroom mushroom, agaric mushroom, agaric mushroom, maitake mushroom, agaricus mushroom, a white jellyfish, and a cordyceps. It is desirable to use more than seeds. All of these mushroom fruit bodies are artificially cultivated or harvested and distributed in large quantities, are readily available, and are used edible as raw materials, dried products, powders and extracts, etc. ing. In some cases, polysaccharides contained in the extract are used as pharmaceuticals, such as shiitake mushroom, kawaratake, and suhirotake. In the present invention, from the viewpoint of a desired effect, one or more selected from the group consisting of Agaricus moth, Meshimakobu, Reishi, Yamabushi moth and Cordyceps are more preferred, and Agaricus moth is most desirable.
[0021]
Agaricus mushroom is a mushroom belonging to the family Agaricaceae and belongs to the genus Agaricus, and examples thereof include Agaricus blazei Murill and mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). The former is rich in polysaccharides (β-D-glucan) and polysaccharide protein complexes, and its antitumor action and blood sugar level lowering action are known. Messimacob (Phellinus linteus) is a mushroom belonging to the tobacco scale family, and it is said that the polysaccharide contained in the hot water extract shows anticancer activity. Ganoderma lucidum is a mushroom of the Sarnosidaceae family and is also known as Mannentake. It is known for its antiallergic effects, antitumor effects, blood pressure stabilization effects, blood glucose lowering effects, etc. due to terpenoids and polysaccharides. Yamabushi persimmon (Hericium erinaceum) belongs to the Coralhariaceae family, and is known to have an anticancer action and an active oxygen scavenging action by a hetero β-D-glucan component.
[0022]
In the present invention, the fruiting bodies of the basidiomycetes can be used as raw materials, either raw or dried, but are preferably dried from the viewpoints of storage and extraction efficiency. The mycelium can be a raw or dried mycelium obtained by culturing inoculum using a medium containing an appropriate carbon source and nitrogen source, but a dried product is as simple as a fruit body. In the present invention, in addition to such mycelium as a raw material, a culture solution generated when the mycelium is cultured can be used as a raw material. The culture solution is appropriately concentrated and subjected to a purification treatment such as solvent fractionation as described below.
[0023]
In the present invention, in order to produce glutamic anhydride and / or a derivative thereof according to the present invention from the fruiting body or mycelium of the basidiomycete, water and / or a hydrophilic organic solvent is used, or water and / or hydrophilic It extracts using a hydrophobic organic solvent and a hydrophobic organic solvent. An extract using only a hydrophobic organic solvent hardly exhibits the desired effect of the present invention. The hydrophilic organic solvent is preferably methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol or acetone, and the hydrophobic organic solvent is preferably hexane or chloroform. The hydrophilic organic solvent may be a mixture with water, and each of the hydrophilic organic solvent and the hydrophobic organic solvent may be used alone or as a mixed solvent. Moreover, the form which mixed both is also suitable. What is important in extracting the active ingredient of the angiogenesis inhibitor of the present invention is extraction mainly using an aqueous component using water and / or a hydrophilic organic solvent or a mixed solvent of this and a hydrophobic organic solvent. Then, a highly soluble component such as saccharides and amino acids having higher water solubility is separated and removed with a hydrophilic organic solvent, and oily components such as lipids are separated and removed with a hydrophobic organic solvent.
[0024]
The mixing ratio (volume ratio) in the case of using a mixture of a hydrophilic organic solvent and a hydrophobic organic solvent is the former / the latter = 9/1 to 1/9, more preferably 5/1 to 1/5, most preferably 3/1 to 1/1. If it is out of the above range, the extraction efficiency of the essential components of the present invention may be lowered or the desired effect may not be obtained. The extraction solvent is used in an amount of about 3 to 20 times (weight basis) with respect to the dried fruit body and mycelium. If the amount is less than 3 times, the yield of the extract is low. Conversely, even if a large amount exceeding 20 times is used, the extraction efficiency is not further improved.
[0025]
The extraction treatment is performed by bringing the fruiting body or mycelium of the basidiomycetes into contact with the extraction solvent, under normal pressure or under pressure, more preferably under 1 to 3 atm, with appropriate stirring at room temperature to around 100 ° C. or refluxing. The extract can be obtained by extracting for about 10 minutes to about 10 hours. The extract can be subjected to treatments such as vacuum drying, freeze drying, spray drying and the like to remove the solvent and prepare an extract of basidiomycetes. Further, the extract can be fractionated with a hydrophilic organic solvent and a hydrophobic organic solvent to obtain a concentrate with a further increased content of essential components of the present invention, and further silica gel, activated alumina, magnesium silicate. A purified product with a high concentration can be produced by subjecting it to column chromatography using an adsorbent such as activated carbon, cellulose, or an ion exchange resin, followed by fractionation.
[0026]
As described above, glutamic anhydride and / or derivatives thereof prepared by chemical synthesis or extraction from basidiomycetes, extracts, extracts, concentrates, and purified products containing them may be used as they are or as appropriate. In combination with various carriers, excipients, additives and the like, the angiogenesis inhibitor of the present invention can be obtained. In the angiogenesis inhibitor of the present invention, various raw materials and ingredients can be used in combination as long as they do not contradict the gist of the present invention. For example, excipients, moisture-proofing agents, Preservatives, reinforcing agents, thickeners, emulsifiers, antioxidants, sweeteners, acidulants, seasonings, colorants, flavors and the like are preferred. Moreover, it is one of the desirable aspects of this invention to use together the well-known raw material which has the effect | action which suppresses angiogenesis.
[0027]
Next, the composition for angiogenesis suppression and / or tumor suppression and / or immunostimulation of the present invention will be described. This composition is characterized in that it contains an angiogenesis inhibitor comprising the above-mentioned glutamic anhydride and / or a derivative thereof as an active ingredient. As will be described later, the angiogenesis inhibitor of the present invention exhibits an anti-angiogenic action, that is, an anti-tumor action, that is, an anti-tumor action and a metastasis-suppressing action, by ingesting the angiogenesis inhibitor. Also exerts an immunopotentiating effect. Therefore, such an angiogenesis inhibitor can be used as a composition having the above-mentioned action, and specific examples of the composition include food and drink, pharmaceuticals, pet food, livestock and poultry feed. In particular, foods and beverages and pharmaceuticals are suitable.
[0028]
As an aspect of this food or drink, the basidiomycetous dry powder, extract or purified product as it is or the angiogenesis inhibitor containing the same is used as a liquid, gel, powder or solid food, for example, fruit Beverages, soft drinks, tea, soup, jelly, yogurt, pudding, cake mix, sprinkle, miso, soy sauce, dressing, mayonnaise, yakiniku sauce, etc. It can be made into a form added to powdered, solid or liquid dairy products such as milk, cream, butter and cheese, margarine, bread, cakes, cookies and the like.
[0029]
In addition, dextrin, lactose, starch or processed materials thereof, excipients such as cellulose powder, vitamins, minerals, fats and oils of animals and plants and seafood, proteins, sugars, pigments, flavors, and other foods as required It can be processed into powders, granules, pellets, tablets, etc. together with additives, etc., coated with gelatin or the like to be formed into capsules, or used as a drink or as a dietary supplement or health food. At this time, a composition in which a known edible material having an angiogenesis inhibitory action is used in combination. In addition, although the food / beverage products of this invention are not limited to the said illustration over very many types of forms, the said form of the dietary supplement or health food is desirable.
[0030]
The compounding amount of the angiogenesis inhibitor of the present invention in the food and drink is difficult to prescribe uniformly depending on the type and form of the food and drink, the purpose of use, and the type and form of the present angiogenesis inhibitor. When added to processed foods, the content is generally 0.01 to 50% by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 30% by weight, based on glutamic anhydride. If it is less than this range, the desired effect of the present invention by ingestion is small. Conversely, if it is too much, depending on the type of food or drink, the flavor may be impaired, or the food or drink may not be prepared. The angiogenesis inhibitor of the present invention may be used for food as it is.
[0031]
According to the aspect of the present invention as a pharmaceutical, tablets, capsules, granules, and the like can be processed by a conventional method by adding known excipients and additives that do not contradict the gist of the present invention to the above-mentioned angiogenesis inhibitor as necessary. Preparations such as powders, powders and injections. Oral administration or enteral administration, vascular administration or intradermal administration can be used to develop at least one of the effects of inhibition of angiogenesis, suppression of tumor, immunostimulation, and neovascularization, tumor It is applied for the prevention or treatment of various diseases associated with proliferation, metastasis, decreased immunity and the like. The compounding amount of the angiogenesis inhibitor of the present invention is difficult to set uniformly depending on the form and the kind, form, usage, dosage and the like of the pharmaceutical preparation, but is generally 0.01 to 70% by weight based on glutamic anhydride. The amount of intake in the case of oral administration is not particularly limited, but based on glutamic anhydride, it is 0.01 to 20 g, more preferably 0.1 to 10 g per day for an adult (body weight 50 kg). If it is less than this range, the desired effect will be reduced, and conversely if it is too much, a further remarkable effect cannot be expected.
[0032]
【Example】
Example 1
Crush the dried fruit body of Agaricus koji (Agaricus brazei murril), add chloroform / methanol = 1/1 mixture, heat to 40 ° C. and extract for 1 hour. Chloroform / methanol = 1/1 extract Obtained. Methanol was added to the extract to separate a methanol soluble part, and hexane was further added to the methanol soluble part to collect a hexane insoluble part (sample 1). Next, the hexane insoluble part was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (silanised Silicagel 60 PF256: Merck 7751, water / methanol = 7/3) to fractionate ninhydrin reaction positive fractions (fraction Nos. 5 and 6). Subsequently, the fraction was subjected to HPLC (Shimadzu LC-8A system: Shimpak PREP-ODS (M), column: 20φ × 250 mm, Shimadzu, RT, 6 ml / min, water / methanol = 5/1) and positive for ninhydrin reaction. Fractions (Rt = 6-12 min) were collected. Further, the fraction was subjected to HPLC (Shimadzu LC-8A system: Shimpak PREP-ODS (M), column: 20φ × 250 mm, Shimadzu, RT, 6 ml / min, water) to give a ninhydrin-positive fraction (Rt = 8 to 22 min). This ninhydrin-positive fraction was further purified by TLC (Silicagel 60 PF254: Merck 7747, water / methanol = 1/100), and it was confirmed that glutamic anhydride was contained (Rf = 0.41). Further, as a result of mass spectrum and NMR analysis, this was an L form of an optical isomer.
[0033]
Example 2
Using a 10-liter culture device, inoculate the culture medium (1 liter) of the inoculum of Meshimakobu in the medium containing glucose: 5% by weight, yeast extract: 0.5% by weight and peptone 2% by weight at 28 ° C. Cultured mycelium (165 g) was collected by culturing for 72 hours with an aeration rate of 2 vvm. This was dried and pulverized to obtain a mycelium powder, a mixed solvent of hexane / ethanol / water = 2/3/1 was added, and the mixture was extracted at room temperature for 3 hours to obtain an extract (sample 2). The extract was further fractionated with ethanol to separate an ethanol soluble part, and the ethanol soluble part was fractionated with hexane to collect a hexane insoluble part. Subsequently, fractionation / purification treatment by silica gel column chromatography, HPLC and TLC was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, and the presence of anhydrous L-glutamic acid was confirmed from the results of mass spectrometry and NMR analysis.
[0034]
Example 3
Anhydrous L-glutamate was chemically synthesized according to the method described in the literature. That is, 75 ml of trifluoroacetic acid and 0.08 mol of L-glutamic acid were added to a four-necked flask, and dissolved by stirring. While stirring, 0.28 mol of thionyl chloride was gradually added dropwise, and 30 minutes after completion of the addition, 35 ml of diethyl ether was slowly added to form a precipitate. Then, after maintaining at 5 ° C. for 1 hour, 100 ml of diethyl ether was added and recrystallization was repeated to prepare anhydrous L-glutamic acid hydrochloride (sample 3).
[0035]
Example 4
In Example 3, an anhydrous DL-glutamic acid hydrochloride (sample 4) was prepared in the same manner except that the starting L-glutamic acid was replaced with DL-glutamic acid.
[0036]
Example 5
Crush the dried fruit body of Agaricus blazei murril, add water, extract with hot water at 80-95 ° C. by a conventional method, and dry the extract under reduced pressure to prepare an Agaricus soot extract. Three times (by weight) of ethanol was added to and mixed with a 40% by weight aqueous solution of the extract, and the ethanol layer was collected and dried under reduced pressure to prepare an ethanol-soluble material (Sample 5).
[0037]
Comparative Example 1
Agaricus brazeimuril dried fruit body is roughly crushed, water is added, hot water extraction is performed at 80 to 95 ° C. by a conventional method, the extract is dried under reduced pressure, and Agaricus 茸 hot water corresponding to a commercial product is obtained. An extract (Comparative Sample 1) was prepared.
[0038]
Test example 1
The angiogenesis inhibitory action of glutamic anhydride according to the present invention, its derivatives, and various processed products containing them was measured by the method described in Non-Patent Document 2 using Matrigel ™ matrix (manufactured by Betriton Dikinson Labware, cell culture). The degree of angiogenesis induced by the substrate, hereinafter abbreviated as MATRIGEL) was examined.
[0039]
Specifically, 5-week-old C57BL / 6 female mice (purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd.) were preliminarily raised for 1 week, and then healthy mice (5 per group) were used. 0.5 ml each was transplanted while cooling under the skin, and MATRIGEL was taken out on the 6th day after the transplantation to observe the state of angiogenesis. Moreover, it was freeze-dried and the weight was measured. Further, 1 ml of pure water was added to the removed MATRIGEL, homogenized with polytron and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes, and then the supernatant was filtered with a 0.2 μm filter, and hemoglobin-test Wako ™ was used.
The amount of hemoglobin was measured using Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
[0040]
・ Normal group: Matrigel
Control group: Matrigel + heparin (64 units) + acidic fibroblast growth factor (hereinafter abbreviated as a-FGF) (1 ng / ml)
Test article addition group 1: Control group composition + Sample 3 (800 μg / ml)
Test article addition group 2: Control group composition + Sample 3 (400 μg / ml)
Test article addition group 3: composition of control group + sample 3 (200 μg / ml)
Test article addition group 4: composition of control group + sample 4 (800 μg / ml)
Test article addition group 5: composition of control group + sample 1 (600 μg / ml)
Test article addition group 6: composition of control group + sample 2 (800 μg / ml)
Test article addition group 7: composition of control group + sample 1 and sample 3 (200 μg / ml each)
Test article addition group 8: Control group composition + Sample 5 (600 μg / ml)
Test article addition group 9: composition of control group + comparative sample 1 (800 μg / ml)
[0041]
The test results are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Numerical values in each table are expressed as n = 5, average value ± standard error. As is apparent from the tables, angiogenesis was significantly promoted in the control group and the weight of MATRIGEL and the amount of hemoglobin were increased in the control group as compared with the normal group. On the other hand, in the test substance addition group, the increase in the weight of MATRIGEL and the amount of hemoglobin was suppressed in a concentration-dependent manner in Sample 3 (anhydrous L-glutamate), and angiogenesis was suppressed. 4 (anhydrous DL-glutamate) showed a similar angiogenesis inhibitory effect, although somewhat lower. Further, it was revealed that Sample 1 (purified product of Agaricus koji extract) and Sample 2 (Meshima Kobu extract) also have a strong anti-angiogenic effect. In Comparative Sample 1 (Agaricus koji hot water extract), the angiogenesis inhibitory effect was small.
[0042]
[Table 1]
[0043]
[Table 2]
[0044]
Test example 2
The samples according to the present invention were tested and evaluated for tumor growth inhibitory effect and metastasis inhibitory effect by the following methods. That is, Lewis lung cancer (hereinafter abbreviated as LLC) cells that were sold by RIKEN were suspended in a phosphate / saline buffer (pH 7.4). On the other hand, 6 weeks old C57BL / 6J female mice (purchased from Clea Japan Co., Ltd.) were preliminarily raised for 1 week, then healthy mice (7 mice per group) were subjected to a small incision under Nembutal anesthesia and exposed spleen. After injecting LLC cell suspension (LLC cell number: 1.0 × 10 5 ), the small incision was immediately sutured. From 12 hours after LLC cell transplantation, Agaricus sputum extract (sample 1) 100 mg / Kg (body weight) or 300 mg / Kg (body weight) was orally administered once a day for 20 consecutive days. Instead of sample 1, distilled water was administered to the normal group and the control group (LLC tumor-bearing mice). During this test period, growth of the cancer cells was measured cancerous tissue volume weight every 2-3 days (longer diameter × calculated in minor 2/2). On day 21 after cancer cell transplantation, mice in each group were blood-collected with heparin under ether anesthesia, and the white blood cell count, red blood cell count, and hemoglobin content in the blood were measured with a blood cell call counter. The cancer tissue, liver, lung, spleen and thymus were removed, the weight of each tissue was measured, and the number of cancer cell colonies that had metastasized to the lung tissue was counted under a stereomicroscope.
[0045]
Table 3 shows the volume of tumor tissue in mice transplanted with LLC cells, Table 4 shows the weight of cancer tissue and organs, and Table 5 shows the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and the number of colonies metastasized to the lung. It was. In addition, the numerical value in each table | surface is shown by the average value +/- standard error, the significant difference test was performed by Fisher's Protect LSD Test, and P <0.05 was made into the significant difference.
[0046]
[Table 3]
[0047]
[Table 4]
[0048]
[Table 5]
[0049]
From the data in Table 3, the tumor volume increased with time in the control group (tumor-bearing mice) by transplantation of LLC cells, but the test product (sample 1: Agaricus sputum extract containing anhydrous glutamic acid) was orally ingested. In the group, the increase was inhibited, and it was revealed that the proliferation of LLC cells was suppressed.
[0050]
From Table 4, increase in tumor weight is clearly suppressed by ingestion of the test substance, and the weight and final body weight of each organ excluding the spleen are the normal group, LLC cell transplantation group (control group), and test substance administration. There was no significant difference between groups. Although the spleen weight increases in the control group, suppression of the increase is observed in the test substance administration group (P <0.05 is significant), and oral administration of the test substance (sample 1) suppresses the proliferation of LLC cells. I gained supporting knowledge.
[0051]
From the data in Table 5, the white blood cell count increased in the control group compared to the normal group, but no significant difference was observed between the test substance-administered group and the test substance-administered group. The number of red blood cells and the amount of hemoglobin decreased significantly in the control group to show anemia, but increased significantly in the test substance administration group (P <0.05), and by oral administration of Agaricus sputum extract (sample 1) It became clear that the anemia was recovered to near normal. The number of metastatic colonies of LLC cells in the lung was significantly decreased in the test substance administration group compared to the control group, and the oral intake of Agaricus sputum extract (sample 1) containing glutamic anhydride showed that It was found that metastasis was suppressed.
[0052]
Test example 3
The sample according to the present invention was tested and evaluated for the effect on immune function by the following method. That is, spleen cells were isolated from the spleen removed in Test Example 2, and the spleen cells were layered on a lymphocyte separation solution (“Lymphocyte separation solution” manufactured by Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 30 minutes. Lymphocytes were isolated. The mixed red blood cells were removed by treatment with a hypotonic solution. Next, the number of lymphocytes was measured and adjusted to 1 × 10 6 cells / 100 μL, and various cell surface antigen antibodies (“CD4, anti-mouse, FITC label”, “CD8, After adding 10 μL of mouse, FITC-labeled ”and“ NK1.1, anti-mouse, R-PE-labeled ”), the mixture was reacted at 4 ° C. for 30 minutes, and then phosphate buffer (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., for biochemical analysis) Reagent) was washed twice, and the phosphate buffer was added to make 1 mL, and the number of CD4 + , CD8 + and NK1.1 + T cells was measured using flow cytometry. The results are shown in Table 6.
[0053]
[Table 6]
[0054]
From the data in Table 6, the number of lymphocytes in the spleen was significantly decreased in the control group (cancer-bearing mice) compared to the normal group, but this decrease was suppressed in the test substance administration group. In addition, CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells in the spleen were also significantly lower in the control group than in the normal group, but the decrease in the number of both cells was inhibited by ingestion of the test sample (sample 1), and NK1. An increase in the number of 1 + T cells was observed. From these findings, it was clarified that immune function is enhanced by oral intake of Agaricus sputum extract containing glutamic anhydride.
[0055]
Example 6
Sample 1: Oangi tea inhibitor powder of the present invention consisting of oolong tea leaf powder = 3: 2 (weight ratio) 5.0 kg of modified starch (manufactured by Matsutani Chemical Co., Ltd., trade name: Pine Flow) 3.5 kg, tribasic calcium phosphate 0.3 Kg, vitamin B 1 0.3 Kg, vitamin B 2 0.2 Kg, vitamin B 6 0.2 Kg and vitamin C 0.5 Kg were charged in a blender and stirred and mixed for 10 minutes. The mixture was supplied to a direct tableting machine to prepare a tablet having a diameter of 7 mm, a height of 4 mm, and a weight of 150 mg, and then a shellac thin film was coated by a coating machine to produce a tablet-shaped food. This tablet can be used for the purpose of enhancing immunity in the body or preventing lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes and cancer.
[0056]
Example 7
Put 110g of butter, 110g of shortening, 90g of white sugar and 100ml of milk into a home whipper, add 1 egg with stirring and mix well, then mix 190g of weak flour and 2g of baking powder (3) 1), an angiogenesis inhibitor 10 g of the present invention comprising a weight ratio) was added and kneaded sufficiently. This was allowed to stand for 30 minutes, then divided into 50 pieces with a mold and baked in an oven to produce a butter cookie.
[0057]
Example 8
To 1 L of commercially available vegetable juice, 5 g of the angiogenesis inhibitor of the present invention consisting of sample 1: sample 2: camellia seed extract (trade name: Activin) = 1: 2: 1 (weight ratio) is added We made a vegetable juice for angiogenesis suppression for people who are concerned about malignant tumors and rheumatoid arthritis. This was no inferior to the original vegetable juice.
[0058]
Example 9
Sample 3 / sample 5 = 1/1 (weight ratio) 130 kg, propolis 90 kg, beeswax 15 kg and corn oil 150 kg raw materials were mixed well while heating to 40 ° C. to obtain a homogeneous liquid. This was supplied to a capsule filling machine, and a gelatin-coated capsule preparation having a content per grain of 250 mg was made as a trial product. This preparation can be used as an edible composition (food or drink) or a pharmaceutical composition (medicine) that can be taken orally.
[0059]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, an angiogenesis inhibitor comprising glutamic anhydride and / or a derivative thereof as an active ingredient is provided. Here, glutamic anhydride is L-type, glutamic anhydride derivative is a salt or amide, and glutamic anhydride and / or derivatives thereof are from chemical compounds, fruiting bodies or mycelium of basidiomycetes such as Agaricus spp. When the obtained extract is used, it exhibits a further significant angiogenesis inhibitory effect. Moreover, according to the present invention, the antitumor action and the immunostimulatory action of the angiogenesis inhibitor are confirmed, and a composition comprising the same is provided. The composition can be used as pharmaceuticals, foods and drinks, etc., for the treatment and prevention of various diseases associated with enhancement of biological immune functions and angiogenesis as a pathogenesis.

Claims (5)

下記式(1)で表される無水グルタミン酸及び/又はその誘導体としての塩を有効成分として含有してなる血管新生阻害剤。
An angiogenesis inhibitor comprising glutamic anhydride represented by the following formula (1) and / or a salt thereof as an active ingredient.
無水グルタミン酸が無水L−グルタミン酸である請求項1に記載の血管新生阻害剤。  The angiogenesis inhibitor according to claim 1, wherein the glutamic anhydride is anhydrous L-glutamic acid. 請求項1又は請求項2に記載の血管新生阻害剤の製造方法であって、A method for producing an angiogenesis inhibitor according to claim 1 or 2,
下記の(a)、(b)のいずれかの工程を含むことを特徴とする血管新生阻害剤の製造方法。  The manufacturing method of the angiogenesis inhibitor characterized by including the process of any of following (a) and (b).
(a)担子菌類の子実体若しくは菌糸体又はそれらの乾燥粉末を熱水で抽出処理した後、親水性有機溶媒を用いて抽出処理する工程(A) A process of extracting a basidiomycetous fruit body or mycelium or a dry powder thereof with hot water and then using a hydrophilic organic solvent
(b)担子菌類の子実体若しくは菌糸体又はそれらの乾燥粉末を親水性有機溶媒と疎水性有機溶媒とを用いて抽出処理する工程(B) A process of extracting a fruiting body or mycelium of a basidiomycete or a dry powder thereof using a hydrophilic organic solvent and a hydrophobic organic solvent
担子菌類がシイタケ、エノキタケ、シメジ、ヒラタケ、アガリクス茸、メシマコブ茸、霊芝、ヤマブシ茸、カワラタケ、ハラタケ、マイタケ、ハナビラタケ、スエヒロタケ、シロキクラゲ、冬虫夏草からなる群から選ばれる1種又は2種以上である請求項に記載の血管新生阻害剤の製造方法One or more basidiomycetes selected from the group consisting of shiitake mushrooms, enokitake mushrooms, shimeji mushrooms, agaricus mushrooms, meshimakobu mushrooms, ganoderma mushrooms, yamabushi mushrooms, kawaratake mushrooms, maitake mushrooms, chanterelle mushrooms, suichirotake mushrooms, mushrooms and cordyceps The manufacturing method of the angiogenesis inhibitor of Claim 3 . 親水性有機溶媒がメタノール、エタノール、アセトン又はプロパノールであり、疎水性有機溶媒がヘキサン又はクロロホルムである請求項に記載の血管新生阻害剤の製造方法The method for producing an angiogenesis inhibitor according to claim 3 , wherein the hydrophilic organic solvent is methanol, ethanol, acetone or propanol, and the hydrophobic organic solvent is hexane or chloroform.
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