JP4203900B2 - Polycrystalline diamond and method for producing the same - Google Patents
Polycrystalline diamond and method for producing the same Download PDFInfo
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- JP4203900B2 JP4203900B2 JP2002298128A JP2002298128A JP4203900B2 JP 4203900 B2 JP4203900 B2 JP 4203900B2 JP 2002298128 A JP2002298128 A JP 2002298128A JP 2002298128 A JP2002298128 A JP 2002298128A JP 4203900 B2 JP4203900 B2 JP 4203900B2
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- diamond
- graphite
- amorphous
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- polycrystalline diamond
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- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 90
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 title claims description 90
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005087 graphitization Methods 0.000 description 2
- -1 iron group metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021397 glassy carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007770 graphite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005464 sample preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、ダイヤモンドおよびその製造方法に関するもので、特に、切削バイトや、ドレッサー、ダイスなどの工具や、掘削ビットなどに用いられる高硬度高強度で熱的特性に優れるダイヤモンド多結晶体とその製造方法に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
【特許文献1】
特開平04−74766号公報
【特許文献2】
特開平04−114966号公報
【特許文献3】
特開2002−066302号公報
【特許文献4】
特開昭61−219759号公報
【非特許文献1】
F.P.Bundy,et al,Carbon,Vol34,No.2(1996)141−153
【非特許文献2】
F.P.Bundy, J.Chem.Phys.,38(1963)631−643
【非特許文献3】
M.Wakatsuki,K.Ichinose,T.Aoki, Jap.J.Appl.Phys.,11(1972)578−590
【非特許文献4】
S.Naka,K.Horii,Y.Takeda,T.Hanawa, Nature259(1976)38
【0003】
従来の切削バイトや、ドレッサー、ダイスなどの工具や、掘削ビットなどに使われるダイヤモンド多結晶体には、焼結助剤あるいは結合剤としてCo、Ni、Feなどの鉄族金属や、SiCなどのセラミックスが用いられている。また、焼結助剤として炭酸塩を用いたものも知られている(【特許文献1】、【特許文献2】)。これらは、ダイヤモンドの粉末を焼結助剤や結合剤とともにダイヤモンドが熱力学的に安定な高圧高温条件下(通常、圧力5〜8GPa、温度1300〜2200℃)で焼結することにより得られる。ここでいう、ダイヤモンドが熱力学的に安定な条件とは、例えば、【非特許文献1】のFig.1で示されている温度−圧力領域を言う。一方、天然に産出するダイヤモンド多結晶体(カーボナードやバラス)も知られ、一部掘削ビットとして使用されているが、材質のバラツキが大きく、また産出量も少ないため、工業的にはあまり使用されていない。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
Coなどの鉄系金属触媒を焼結助剤としたダイヤモンド焼結体においては、用いられた焼結助剤が焼結体中に含まれ、これがダイヤモンドの黒鉛化を促す触媒として作用するため耐熱性に劣る。すなわち、不活性ガス雰囲気中でも700℃程度でダイヤモンドが黒鉛化してしまう。また、焼結助剤とダイヤモンドの熱膨張差のため、焼結体内に微細なクラックが入りやすい。さらにダイヤモンドの粒子間に焼結助剤の金属が、連続相として存在するため、焼結体の硬度や強度などの機械的特性が低下する。耐熱性を向上させるために、上記の金属相を除去したものが知られている。これにより耐熱温度は約1200℃に向上するが、焼結体が多孔質となるため、強度が低下する。
【0005】
非金属物質であるSiCを結合材としたダイヤモンド焼結体は耐熱性に優れ、また、上記のような気孔を含まないが、ダイヤモンド粒同士は結合していないため、その機械的強度は低い。
【0006】
また、焼結助剤として炭酸塩を用いたダイヤモンド焼結体は、Co結合剤による焼結体に比べると耐熱性に優れるが、粒界に炭酸塩物質が存在するため、機械的特性は十分とはいえない。
【0007】
一方、ダイヤモンド製造方法として、黒鉛(グラファイト)やグラッシーカーボン、アモルファスカーボンなどの非ダイヤモンド炭素を超高圧高温下で、触媒や溶媒なしに直接的にダイヤモンドに変換させることが可能である。非ダイヤモンド相からダイヤモンド相へ直接変換すると同時に焼結させることでダイヤモンド単相の多結晶体が得られる。たとえば、【非特許文献2】、【非特許文献3】および【非特許文献4】には、グラファイトを出発物質として14−18GPa、3000K以上の超高圧高温下の直接変換によりダイヤモンド多結晶体が得られることが開示されている。これらの方法を用いてダイヤモンド多結晶体を製造する場合、いずれもグラファイトなどの導電性のある非ダイヤモンド炭素に直接電流を流すことで加熱する直接通電加熱法によっているため、未変換グラファイトが残留することは避けられない。また、ダイヤモンド粒子径が不均一であり、また、部分的に焼結が不十分となりやすい。このため、硬度や強度などの機械的特性が不安定で、しかも欠片状の多結晶体しか得られなかった。また、14GPa、3000Kを越える超高圧高温条件が必要で、製造コストが極めて高く、生産性が低いと言う問題点があった。このため、切削工具やビットなどに適用できず、実用化にはいたっていない。
【0008】
また、たとえば【特許文献3】には、カーボンナノチューブを10GPa以上、1600℃以上に加熱して、微細なダイヤモンドを合成する方法が記載されている。この場合、原料として用いるカーボンナノチューブは高価であり、製造コストが高くなるという問題点がある。また、当該公報に開示されている方法は、カーボンナノチューブを光を透過するダイアモンドアンビルで加圧し、該アンビルを通して炭酸ガスレーザーで集光加熱しているため、切削工具に適用できるサイズの均質なダイヤモンド多結晶体の製造は現実的には不可能である。
【0009】
【特許文献4】には、ダイヤモンド粉末にi−カーボンあるいはダイヤモンド状炭素を添加して、ダイヤモンドの熱力学的安定域で高温高圧処理することでダイヤモンド多結晶体を得る方法が開示されている。しかし、用いられるダイヤモンド粉末は粒径が1μm以上であり、さらにi−カーボンは、このダイヤモンド表面で、ダイヤモンドに変換成長させるので、未変換グラファイトや空隙が残りやすく(密度3.37g/cm3でダイヤモンドの真密度の96%程度)、硬度も6600kg/mm2とダイヤモンド単相の多結晶体としては低い。
【0010】
本発明は、上記従来技術の問題点を解決し、切削用バイト、ドレッサー、ダイスなどの加工工具や、掘削ビットとして使用できる、十分な強度、硬度、耐熱性を有する緻密で均質なダイヤモンド多結晶体を、低価格で提供することを課題とする。
【0011】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、上記の問題を解決するため、種々検討を重ねた結果、超高圧高温下で非ダイヤモンド炭素をダイヤモンドに直接変換させる方法において、非ダイヤモンド炭素もしくは高純度なグラファイト状炭素(黒鉛)を不活性ガス中で機械的に粉砕し、数十nm以下の微細な結晶粒組織をもつ、もしくは非晶質状とした炭素物質を用いることにより、比較的条件のゆるやかな超高圧高温条件においてもダイヤモンドへの変換がおこり、同時に、結晶粒径数十nm以下で結晶粒径の小さい、粒径分布の狭いダイヤモンド結晶粒子が強固に結合した、実質的に100%ダイヤモンドからなる緻密なダイヤモンド多結晶体が得るに至った。同方法で得られたダイヤモンド多結晶体の特性を評価したところ、従来のダイヤモンド多結晶体に比べ、高硬度で高強度であり、耐熱性にも優れることを見いだした。
【0012】
本発明により製造されるダイヤモンド多結晶体は、非晶質もしくは微細なグラファイト型炭素物質を出発物質として、直接的にダイヤモンドに変換焼結された、実質的にダイヤモンドのみからなる多結晶体であって、ダイヤモンドの最大粒径が100nm以下、平均粒径が50nm以下であることを特徴とする。従来の鉄系金属元素を焼結助剤として含有しないため、高温環境でダイヤモンドのグラファイト化が起こらず、耐熱性に優れる。また、機械的強度を低下させるグラファイト相を含まないため、硬度、強度が高く、ダイヤモンドの結晶粒径が小さく均一なため、粗大結晶粒に起因するクラックの発生や単結晶ダイヤモンドで見られる劈開破壊による強度の低下も見られない。
【0013】
上記ダイヤモンド多結晶体では、多結晶体を構成するダイヤモンド結晶粒の最大粒径が50nm以下で、平均粒径が30nm以下であることが好ましい。最大粒径、平均粒径を小さくすることにより更なる機械的強度の向上が図れるからである。該最大粒径および平均粒径の制御により、本ダイヤモンド多結晶体は80GPa以上の硬度を持つことが出来る。また、より好ましくは110GPaの硬度を持つことも出来る。
【0014】
本発明によるダイヤモンド多結晶体の製造方法では、グラファイトを不活性ガス中で遊星ボールミル等を用いて機械的に粉砕して、非晶質もしくは微細なグラファイト型炭素物質を作製し、これを、温度1300℃以上で、ダイヤモンドが熱力学的に安定である圧力条件下で、焼結助剤や触媒の添加なしに直接的にダイヤモンドに変換させると同時に焼結させることを特徴とする。出発原料に鉄系金属元素や炭酸塩を用いないため、製造されるダイヤモンド多結晶体の強度および耐熱性を高くすることが出来る。また、グラファイトの粉砕の程度によってダイヤモンド多結晶体の結晶粒度の制御が可能であり、従って同多結晶体の機械的性質の制御が可能となる。
【0015】
同製造方法では、前記非晶質もしくは微細なグラファイト型炭素物質の最大粒径を100nm以下とすることが出来る。この場合、製造されたダイヤモンド多結晶体の最大結晶粒径は100nm以下となる。
【0016】
また、前記非晶質もしくは微細なグラファイト型炭素物質の最大粒径を50nm以下とすることも出来る。この場合、製造されたダイヤモンド多結晶体の最大結晶粒径は50nm以下となる。
【0017】
更に、前記非晶質もしくは微細なグラファイト型炭素物質において、X線回折図形の(002)回折線の半値幅より求められる結晶子サイズを50nm以下とすることも出来る。この場合、製造されたダイヤモンド多結晶体の平均結晶粒径は50nm以下となる。同方法により結晶子サイズを決定する方法は、結晶子の平均粒径相当の結晶子サイズを決定するもので、直接粒子径を測定する方法に比べ簡便に平均結晶子サイズを決定できる。
【0018】
上記と同様に、前記非晶質もしくは微細なグラファイト型炭素物質において、X線回折図形の(002)回折線の半値幅より求められる結晶子サイズを30nm以下とすることも出来る。この場合、製造されたダイヤモンド多結晶体の平均結晶粒径は30nm以下となる。
【0019】
また、上記グラファイトの機械的粉砕の時間を更に長くすることによって、前記非晶質もしくは微細なグラファイト型炭素物質において、X線回折図形に(002)回折線が認められない程度にまで粉砕の程度を進めて出発原料とすることが出来る。ここに、X線回折図形に(002)回折線が認められないと言うことは、グラファイト型炭素物質がほとんど非晶質化していることを示しており、製造されるダイヤモンド多結晶体の結晶粒子径はさらに小さくなる。
【0020】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明によるダイヤモンド多結晶体の製造方法では、出発物質のグラファイトは、例えば純度99.9%以上の、できるだけ高純度なものが好ましい。これを、遊星ボールミルなどの粉砕器を用い、アルゴンガスや窒素ガスなどの不活性ガス雰囲気中にて、数時間粉砕処理して、最大粒径が100nm以下、好ましくは50nm以下に微粉砕する。この粉砕した微細なグラファイト型炭素の平均粒径は、X線回折図形の(002)回折線の半値幅より計算により求めると50nm以下、好ましくは30nm以下である。さらには、X線回折図形に(002)回折線が認められないほど微細もしくは非晶質な状態のものであればより好ましい。結晶粒径を小さくする理由としては、たとえば100nmを越えるような粗大なグラファイトがあると、直接変換後のダイヤモンドも粗粒化し、組織が不均一となる(応力集中サイトが多くなって機械的強度が低下する)ため、好ましくないからである。
【0021】
以上のような粉砕工程を経て得られた非晶質もしくは微細なグラファイト型炭素物質を、高純度な不活性ガス雰囲気中で、MoやTaなどの金属カプセルに充填する。粉砕後の超微細グラファイトは非常に活性であるため、これを大気中にさらすと容易にガスや水分が吸着し、ダイヤモンドへの変換、焼結を阻害するので、充填作業も常に高純度な不活性ガス中で行うことが好ましい。
【0022】
次に、超高圧高温発生装置を用いて、温度1300℃以上で、かつダイヤモンドが熱力学的に安定な圧力で所定時間保持することで、前記の非晶質もしくは微細なグラファイト型炭素物質はダイヤモンドに直接変換され、同時に焼結される。その結果、微細で粒径の揃ったダイヤモンド粒子が強固に結合した極めて緻密で均質な組織のダイヤモンド多結晶体が得られる。
【0023】
この多結晶体を構成する粒径は最大100nm以下、あるいは平均粒径が50nm以下、より好ましくは最大粒径50nm以下で、平均粒径30nm以下と、非常に微細かつ均質な組織を有する。このため、この多結晶体は、硬度が80GPa以上、場合によっては110GPa以上と、ダイヤモンド単結晶を越える硬さを持つ。また、実質的にダイヤモンドのみからなり、金属触媒や焼結助剤をいっさい含まないため、たとえば真空中、1400℃でも、グラファイト化や微細クラックの発生が見られない。したがって、本発明により製造されるダイヤモンド多結晶体は、切削バイトや、ドレッサー、ダイスなどの工具や、掘削ビットなどとして非常に有用である。
【0024】
【実施例】
以下実施例により、本発明の態様の例を具体的に説明する。
【0025】
【実施例1】
粒径10〜60μm、純度99.95%以上のグラファイト50gを、直径5mmの窒化ケイ素製ボールとともに窒化ケイ素製ポットに入れ、遊星ボールミル装置を用いて、高純度に精製されたアルゴンガス中、回転数500rpmで機械的粉砕を行った。粉砕時間を1〜20時間と変えて、種々の試料作製を試みた。
【0026】
粉砕後は、高純度アルゴンガスで満たされたグローブボックス内で試料を回収した。粉砕処理後の試料を、SEMまたはTEM観察により粒径を調べ、また、X線回折図形のグラファイトの(002)回折線の半値幅からScherrerの式より平均粒径(結晶子サイズ)を求めた。
【0027】
それぞれの、試料を前記グローブボックス中でMoカプセルに充填、密封し、これをベルト型超高圧発生装置を用いて、種々の圧力、温度条件で30分処理した。得られた試料の生成相をX線回折により同定し、TEM観察により構成粒子の粒径を調べた。また、強固に焼結している試料については、表面を鏡面に研磨し、その研磨面での硬さをマイクロヌープ硬度計で測定した。
【0028】
実験の結果を表1に示す。この結果から、最大粒径100nm以下、もしくは平均粒径50nm以下に粉砕した微粒黒鉛を出発物質とすると、比較的マイルドな高圧高温条件で、ダイヤモンドに変換焼結し、得られた多結晶の硬度は、従来のCoバインダーの焼結体(60〜80GPa)よりはるかに高く、ダイヤモンド単結晶(85〜110GPa)と同等もしくはそれ以上であることがわかる。
【0029】
【表1】
※:X線回折にて、グラファイトの(002)回折線の出現なし。
【0030】
【発明の効果】
以上、本発明に示したダイヤモンド多結晶体を製造する方法では、触媒や焼結助剤を加えることなく高純度なダイヤモンド多結晶体を合成することができ、機械的特性や、熱的安定性に非常に優れ、切削バイトや、ドレッサー、ダイスなどの工具や、掘削ビットなどの工業的利用に極めて適した材料が得られる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to diamond and a method for producing the same, and in particular, a diamond polycrystal having high hardness, high strength and excellent thermal characteristics used for tools such as cutting tools, dressers and dies, drill bits, and the like. It is about the method.
[0002]
[Prior art]
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 04-74766 [Patent Document 2]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 04-114966 [Patent Document 3]
JP 2002-066302 A [Patent Document 4]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 61-219759 [Non-patent Document 1]
F. P. Bundy, et al, Carbon, Vol 34, No. 2 (1996) 141-153
[Non-Patent Document 2]
F. P. Bundy, J.M. Chem. Phys. , 38 (1963) 631-643
[Non-Patent Document 3]
M.M. Wakatsuki, K .; Ichinose, T .; Aoki, Jap. J. et al. Appl. Phys. , 11 (1972) 578-590
[Non-Patent Document 4]
S. Naka, K .; Horii, Y .; Takeda, T .; Hanawa, Nature 259 (1976) 38
[0003]
Diamond polycrystalline materials used in conventional cutting tools, tools such as dressers and dies, drill bits, etc., include iron group metals such as Co, Ni, and Fe as sintering aids or binders, SiC, etc. Ceramics are used. In addition, one using carbonate as a sintering aid is also known (Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2). These can be obtained by sintering diamond powder together with a sintering aid and a binder under high pressure and high temperature conditions (usually pressure 5-8 GPa, temperature 1300-2200 ° C.) under which the diamond is thermodynamically stable. Here, the conditions under which diamond is thermodynamically stable are described in, for example, FIG. The temperature-pressure region indicated by 1 is referred to. On the other hand, naturally-occurring diamond polycrystals (carbonados and ballasts) are also known, and some of them are used as drilling bits. However, they are widely used industrially due to large variations in material and low output. Not.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In a diamond sintered body using an iron-based metal catalyst such as Co as a sintering aid, the sintering aid used is included in the sintered body, and this acts as a catalyst for promoting the graphitization of diamond. Inferior to sex. That is, diamond is graphitized at about 700 ° C. even in an inert gas atmosphere. Also, fine cracks are likely to occur in the sintered body due to the difference in thermal expansion between the sintering aid and diamond. Furthermore, since the sintering aid metal exists between the diamond particles as a continuous phase, mechanical properties such as hardness and strength of the sintered body are lowered. In order to improve heat resistance, what removed said metal phase is known. As a result, the heat resistant temperature is improved to about 1200 ° C., but the sintered body becomes porous, so that the strength is lowered.
[0005]
A diamond sintered body using SiC, which is a non-metallic substance, has excellent heat resistance and does not include pores as described above. However, since diamond particles are not bonded to each other, the mechanical strength is low.
[0006]
In addition, a diamond sintered body using carbonate as a sintering aid is superior in heat resistance compared to a sintered body using a Co binder, but has sufficient mechanical properties due to the presence of a carbonate substance at the grain boundary. That's not true.
[0007]
On the other hand, as a diamond manufacturing method, non-diamond carbon such as graphite, glassy carbon, and amorphous carbon can be directly converted to diamond without a catalyst or a solvent under an ultra-high pressure and high temperature. A single-phase polycrystalline diamond can be obtained by direct conversion from non-diamond phase to diamond phase and sintering. For example, in [Non-Patent Document 2], [Non-Patent Document 3] and [Non-Patent Document 4], a diamond polycrystal is obtained by direct conversion at 14-18 GPa and 3000 K or more under high pressure and high temperature using graphite as a starting material. It is disclosed that it can be obtained. When producing polycrystalline diamond using these methods, unconverted graphite remains because all are made by the direct current heating method in which a current is directly applied to conductive non-diamond carbon such as graphite. It is inevitable. Further, the diamond particle diameter is non-uniform and the sintering is likely to be partially insufficient. For this reason, mechanical properties such as hardness and strength are unstable, and only a piece-like polycrystal is obtained. In addition, the high pressure and high temperature conditions exceeding 14 GPa and 3000 K are necessary, and the manufacturing cost is extremely high and the productivity is low. For this reason, it cannot be applied to cutting tools and bits, and has not been put to practical use.
[0008]
For example, [Patent Document 3] describes a method of synthesizing fine diamond by heating a carbon nanotube to 10 GPa or more and 1600 ° C. or more. In this case, the carbon nanotube used as a raw material is expensive, and there is a problem that the manufacturing cost becomes high. Further, the method disclosed in the publication is a method of pressurizing carbon nanotubes with a diamond anvil that transmits light, and condensing and heating the carbon nanotubes with a carbon dioxide laser through the anvil. Production of a polycrystal is practically impossible.
[0009]
Patent Document 4 discloses a method of obtaining a polycrystalline diamond by adding i-carbon or diamond-like carbon to diamond powder and subjecting it to high temperature and high pressure treatment in the thermodynamic stability region of diamond. However, the diamond powder used has a particle size of 1 μm or more, and i-carbon grows into diamond on the diamond surface, so unconverted graphite and voids are likely to remain (at a density of 3.37 g / cm 3) . (It is about 96% of the true density of diamond) and the hardness is 6600 kg / mm 2, which is low as a polycrystalline single-phase diamond.
[0010]
The present invention solves the above-mentioned problems of the prior art, and is a dense and homogeneous diamond polycrystal having sufficient strength, hardness, and heat resistance, which can be used as a machining tool such as a cutting tool, dresser or die, or a drill bit. The issue is to provide the body at a low price.
[0011]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above problems, the present inventors have made various studies. As a result, in a method of directly converting non-diamond carbon into diamond under ultrahigh pressure and high temperature, non-diamond carbon or high-purity graphite-like carbon (graphite ) Is mechanically pulverized in an inert gas and a carbon material having a fine crystal grain structure of several tens of nm or less or made amorphous is used, so that ultra-high pressure and high temperature conditions are relatively mild. At the same time, the diamond is converted into diamond, and at the same time, a diamond with a crystal grain size of several tens of nanometers or less and a diamond crystal grain with a narrow grain size distribution is tightly bonded, and is a dense diamond consisting essentially of 100% diamond. A polycrystal was obtained. As a result of evaluating the characteristics of the polycrystalline diamond obtained by the same method, it was found that it had higher hardness, higher strength, and better heat resistance than the conventional polycrystalline diamond.
[0012]
Polycrystalline diamond that will be manufactured Ri by the present invention, as an amorphous or fine graphite type carbon material The starting material was converted sintered directly into the diamond, substantially comprising only polycrystalline diamond The diamond has a maximum particle size of 100 nm or less and an average particle size of 50 nm or less. Since a conventional iron-based metal element is not included as a sintering aid, diamond is not graphitized in a high temperature environment, and heat resistance is excellent. In addition, because it does not contain a graphite phase that lowers mechanical strength, it has high hardness and strength, and since the crystal grain size of diamond is small and uniform, cracking due to coarse crystal grains and cleavage fracture seen in single crystal diamond No decrease in strength is observed.
[0013]
In the diamond polycrystal, it is preferable that the diamond crystal grains constituting the polycrystal have a maximum grain size of 50 nm or less and an average grain size of 30 nm or less. This is because the mechanical strength can be further improved by reducing the maximum particle size and the average particle size. By controlling the maximum particle size and the average particle size, the present polycrystalline diamond can have a hardness of 80 GPa or more. More preferably, it can have a hardness of 110 GPa.
[0014]
In the method for producing a polycrystalline diamond according to the present invention, graphite is mechanically pulverized in an inert gas using a planetary ball mill or the like to produce an amorphous or fine graphite carbon material, It is characterized in that it is directly converted into diamond and sintered at 1300 ° C. or higher under pressure conditions where diamond is thermodynamically stable without the addition of a sintering aid or a catalyst. Since no iron-based metal element or carbonate is used as a starting material, the strength and heat resistance of the produced polycrystalline diamond can be increased. Further, the crystal grain size of the polycrystalline diamond can be controlled by the degree of pulverization of the graphite, and hence the mechanical properties of the polycrystalline can be controlled.
[0015]
In this manufacturing method, the maximum particle size of the amorphous or fine graphite-type carbon material can be 100 nm or less. In this case, the maximum crystal grain size of the manufactured polycrystalline diamond is 100 nm or less.
[0016]
In addition, the maximum particle size of the amorphous or fine graphite-type carbon material may be 50 nm or less. In this case, the maximum crystal grain size of the produced polycrystalline diamond is 50 nm or less.
[0017]
Furthermore, in the amorphous or fine graphite-type carbon material, the crystallite size obtained from the half width of the (002) diffraction line of the X-ray diffraction pattern can be 50 nm or less. In this case, the average crystal grain size of the produced polycrystalline diamond is 50 nm or less. The method of determining the crystallite size by the same method is to determine the crystallite size corresponding to the average particle size of the crystallite, and the average crystallite size can be determined more easily than the method of directly measuring the particle size.
[0018]
Similarly to the above, in the amorphous or fine graphite-type carbon material, the crystallite size obtained from the half-value width of the (002) diffraction line of the X-ray diffraction pattern can be 30 nm or less. In this case, the average crystal grain size of the manufactured polycrystalline diamond is 30 nm or less.
[0019]
Further, by further increasing the mechanical grinding time of the graphite, the degree of grinding to the extent that (002) diffraction lines are not recognized in the X-ray diffraction pattern in the amorphous or fine graphite-type carbon material. Can be used as a starting material. Here, the fact that (002) diffraction lines are not recognized in the X-ray diffraction pattern indicates that the graphite-type carbon material is almost amorphous, and the crystal grains of the produced polycrystalline diamond are produced. The diameter becomes even smaller.
[0020]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the method for producing a polycrystalline diamond according to the present invention, the starting graphite is preferably as high as possible with a purity of, for example, 99.9% or more. This is pulverized for several hours in an inert gas atmosphere such as argon gas and nitrogen gas using a pulverizer such as a planetary ball mill, and pulverized to a maximum particle size of 100 nm or less, preferably 50 nm or less. The average particle diameter of the pulverized fine graphite-type carbon is 50 nm or less, preferably 30 nm or less, when calculated from the half-value width of the (002) diffraction line of the X-ray diffraction pattern. Further, it is more preferable that the X-ray diffraction pattern is in a state of being so fine or amorphous that (002) diffraction lines are not recognized. The reason for reducing the crystal grain size is that, for example, if there is a coarse graphite exceeding 100 nm, the diamond after direct conversion also becomes coarse and the structure becomes non-uniform (the number of stress concentration sites increases and the mechanical strength increases). This is not preferable.
[0021]
The amorphous or fine graphite-type carbon material obtained through the above pulverization process is filled into a metal capsule such as Mo or Ta in a high purity inert gas atmosphere. Since ultrafine graphite after pulverization is very active, if it is exposed to the atmosphere, gas and moisture are easily adsorbed, which inhibits conversion to diamond and sintering. It is preferable to carry out in an active gas.
[0022]
Next, the amorphous or fine graphite-type carbon material is diamond by holding the diamond at a temperature of 1300 ° C. or higher and a thermodynamically stable pressure for a predetermined time using an ultrahigh pressure and high temperature generator. Directly converted to sinter and simultaneously sintered. As a result, it is possible to obtain a diamond polycrystal having a very dense and homogeneous structure in which fine diamond particles having a uniform particle diameter are firmly bonded.
[0023]
This polycrystalline body has a very fine and homogeneous structure with a maximum grain size of 100 nm or less, or an average grain size of 50 nm or less, more preferably a maximum grain size of 50 nm or less and an average grain size of 30 nm or less. For this reason, this polycrystal has a hardness exceeding 80 GPa, and in some cases 110 GPa or more, exceeding the diamond single crystal. Further, since it consists essentially of diamond and does not contain any metal catalyst or sintering aid, no graphitization or generation of fine cracks is observed even at 1400 ° C. in vacuum, for example. Therefore, the polycrystalline diamond produced according to the present invention is very useful as a cutting tool, a tool such as a dresser or a die, or a drill bit.
[0024]
【Example】
Examples of embodiments of the present invention will be specifically described below with reference to examples.
[0025]
[Example 1]
50 g of graphite having a particle size of 10 to 60 μm and a purity of 99.95% or more is put in a silicon nitride pot together with a silicon nitride ball having a diameter of 5 mm, and is rotated in argon gas purified to high purity using a planetary ball mill device. Mechanical grinding was performed at several 500 rpm. Various sample preparations were attempted by changing the grinding time from 1 to 20 hours.
[0026]
After grinding, the sample was collected in a glove box filled with high-purity argon gas. The particle size of the crushed sample was examined by SEM or TEM observation, and the average particle size (crystallite size) was obtained from Scherrer's equation from the half-value width of the (002) diffraction line of graphite in the X-ray diffraction pattern. .
[0027]
Each sample was filled in a Mo capsule in the glove box and sealed, and this was processed for 30 minutes under various pressure and temperature conditions using a belt-type ultrahigh pressure generator. The produced phase of the obtained sample was identified by X-ray diffraction, and the particle size of the constituent particles was examined by TEM observation. Moreover, about the sample sintered strongly, the surface was grind | polished to the mirror surface and the hardness in the grinding | polishing surface was measured with the micro Knoop hardness meter.
[0028]
The results of the experiment are shown in Table 1. From this result, when starting from fine graphite pulverized to a maximum particle size of 100 nm or less or an average particle size of 50 nm or less, it is converted to diamond under relatively mild high pressure and high temperature conditions. Is much higher than the conventional sintered body of Co binder (60 to 80 GPa), which is equivalent to or higher than that of diamond single crystal (85 to 110 GPa).
[0029]
[Table 1]
*: No appearance of (002) diffraction line of graphite in X-ray diffraction.
[0030]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, in the method for producing a polycrystalline diamond according to the present invention, a high-purity polycrystalline diamond can be synthesized without adding a catalyst or a sintering aid, and mechanical properties and thermal stability can be synthesized. It is extremely excellent, and materials that are extremely suitable for industrial use such as cutting tools, tools such as dressers and dies, and excavating bits can be obtained.
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| CN107108231A (en) * | 2015-10-30 | 2017-08-29 | 住友电气工业株式会社 | Polycrystalline body |
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