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JP4018769B2 - Pancreatic lipase activity inhibitor, functional food and food additive - Google Patents

Pancreatic lipase activity inhibitor, functional food and food additive Download PDF

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JP4018769B2
JP4018769B2 JP01433497A JP1433497A JP4018769B2 JP 4018769 B2 JP4018769 B2 JP 4018769B2 JP 01433497 A JP01433497 A JP 01433497A JP 1433497 A JP1433497 A JP 1433497A JP 4018769 B2 JP4018769 B2 JP 4018769B2
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Prior art keywords
food
pancreatic lipase
fat
lipase activity
activity inhibitor
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JPH10203974A (en
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望 美藤
明宏 川久保
正順 二宮
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日本ケミテック株式会社
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、膵リパーゼ活性阻害剤、機能性食品及び食品添加物に関わる。
より詳細には、カウレルペニンを有効成分とする膵リパーゼ活性阻害剤、カウレルペニンを含有する機能性食品及び食品添加物に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
一般に高脂血症は、血液中のコレステロールや脂肪の濃度が上昇する病態であり、動脈硬化の原因になると言われている。また動脈硬化は、動脈壁の内膜に主としてコレステロールエステルが蓄積する疾患であるが、この蓄積には血液中のコレステロールばかりではなく、脂肪も重要な関連を持っている。すなわち、食品中の脂肪やコレステロールは腸管からの吸収過程で、カイロミクロンというリポタンパク質の中に取り込まれ、腸管からリンパ管を通じて血液中に入り、各組織へと運搬される。続いて該リポタンパク質の中に取り込まれた脂肪やコレステロールが各組織へ移行する段階では、その移行順序が厳然として存在している。すなわち、まず脂肪がカイロミクロンからはずされた後、コレステロールがはずされて組織ヘ移行するのであって、その逆は起こり得ない。
【0003】
ところで、同量のコレステロール及び脂肪を含む食品を摂取した場合、その腸管よりの吸収速度が血液中に出現するコレステロールや脂肪の濃度を大きく左右する。例えば、コレステロール及び脂肪が1時間以内に吸収された場合と、3時間かけて吸収された場合とを比較すると、血液中に出現するコレステロール及び脂肪の濃度は、3時間かけて吸収された場合において著しく低い値になり、長時間をかけることは高脂血症及び動脈硬化への危険性を低下させる有効な手段となり得るものである。すなわち、コレステロール及び脂肪の腸管からの吸収をできるだけ遅らせることが、高脂血症の改善、ひいては動脈硬化の予防につながるものである。
【0004】
一方、食品中の脂肪は、そのままの形では腸管から吸収されない。まず、胆汁酸やリン脂質と共に小さな油滴(ミセル)を形成し、この油滴に対して消化酵素である膵リパーゼが働き、脂肪酸とβ−モノグリセリドあるいはグリセロールとなって吸収される。小腸内で、これらはトリグリセライドに再合成され、カイロミクロン中に取り込まれて、リンパ管を通じて血液中へ運搬される。そこで、膵リパーゼによる脂肪の分解過程を抑制すれば、脂肪の分解が遅れ、腸管からの吸収を抑制させることが出来ると考えられる。
【0005】
しかしながら、こうした消化酵素である膵リパーゼによる脂肪の分解過程において膵リパーゼの活性を抑制する好適な機能性物質は未だ見出されていないのが現状である。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
従って本発明の目的は、膵リパーゼの活性を阻害する作用を有し、成人病、特に高脂血症の発症を抑え動脈硬化の予防および治療に有用な、薬剤、機能性食品及び食品添加物を簡単にかつ安価に提供することにある。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、上記の目的を達成するため種々研究を重ねた結果、カウレルペニンが高い膵リパーゼ活性阻害作用を有することを見い出し、またカウレルペニンが緑藻類(イチイヅタ)等の海藻から抽出操作により簡単に得られることを見出し、本発明を完成した。
すなわち本発明は、
(1)カウレルペニンを有効成分とする膵リパーゼ活性阻害剤、
(2)カウレルペニンを含有する機能性食品、
(3)カウレルペニンを含有する食品添加物、
に関する。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の膵リパーゼ活性阻害剤は次式(I)
【0009】
【化1】

Figure 0004018769
【0010】
で表されるカウレルペニンを有効成分として含有する。カウレルペニンは、海藻、特に緑藻類(例えばCaulerpa taxifolia Caulerpa flexilisCaulerpa brachypus Caulerpa prolifera Caulerpa racemosa)等に含まれている。とりわけCaulerpa taxifolia はその乾燥藻体重量の約1%と大量にカウレルペニンを含んでおり、また成長力が非常に旺盛でヨーロッパ等では海底一面に生育している場所もある。
【0011】
本発明においては、カウレルペニンの抽出方法は特に限定されず、自体既知の方法が用いられる。例えば、上記の海藻を凍結乾燥や公知の乾燥法を用いるほか、未処理のまま適当に裁断し、適当な溶媒で抽出することによって得ることができる。
【0012】
抽出に用いる溶媒は特に限定されず、例えば、アルコール類、アセトンなど水に可溶な有機溶媒のほか、芳香族炭化水素類、脂肪族炭化水素類、エーテル、ケトン、エステル等が使用できるが、抽出後の安全性の観点から、アルコール類が好適に使用される。
【0013】
以上のようにして得られたカウレルペニンを含有する抽出液は、必要に応じて凍結乾燥法等の公知の方法により乾燥して粉末状にした固体物質とすることもできる。
【0014】
上記のようにして得られたカウレルペニンを本発明の膵リパーゼ活性阻害剤として用いる場合、医薬上許容される添加剤(例えば担体、賦形剤、希釈剤、結合剤、滑沢剤、可溶化剤、安定化剤、保存剤等)などを適宜配合し、公知の方法を用いて粉末、顆粒、錠剤、カプセル剤、シロップ剤、注射剤等の投与に適した態様で製剤化し、経口的または非経口的に投与することができる。
【0015】
上記製剤中にはカウレルペニンの有効量が配合される。投与量は、投与ルート、症状、患者の体重あるいは年齢等によって異なるが、例えば成人患者に経口投与する場合は、1日当たり、カウレルペニンに換算して1〜100mg/kg、好ましくは20〜50mg/kgを、1日1〜数回に分けて投与するのが望ましい。
【0016】
また、上記のようにして得られたカウレルペニンを含有する海藻の溶媒抽出液は、単独で、又は適当な配合物と混合して機能性食品や食品添加物として用いることができる。
適当な配合物としては、例えば、ビタミン類、ミネラル、甘味料、着色料、香料、安定化剤、保存剤等の食品衛生上許容されうる配合物を使用すればよく、カウレルペニンを含有する海藻の溶媒抽出液にこれらの配合物を適宜添加して混合し、常法により錠剤(タブレット)状、顆粒状、粒状、粉末状、カプセル状、液状、クリーム状、清涼飲料等の、食品又は食品添加物に適した態様にすることができる。
上記の機能性食品または食品添加物中には、カウレルペニンを含有する海藻の溶媒抽出液が0.1〜100重量%程度、好ましくは1〜50重量%程度の濃度で含有される。
【0017】
上記食品添加物は、例えば、ソーセージ、ハム等の食肉加工品、かまぼこ、ちくわ等の水産加工品、バター、チーズ等の乳製品、ケーキ、ビスケット等の菓子、味噌等の米加工品、パン等の小麦二次製品、麺類、大豆加工品、飲料、調味料などの種々の食品に添加できる。
【0018】
このようにして得られた、カウレルペニンを有効成分とする膵リパーゼ活性阻害剤、カウレルペニンを含有する機能性食品および食品添加物は膵リパーゼの活性を抑制・阻害する作用を有する。従ってこれらを摂取することにより、膵リパーゼ活性が抑制ないし阻害されて、食物として摂取された脂肪の腸管における体内(血液)への吸収が抑制ないし遅延され、その結果血液中の脂肪の濃度の上昇が抑制されるため、成人病、特に高脂血症、さらには動脈硬化を予防および治療することができる。
【0019】
【実施例】
以下、実施例および試験例を示して本発明について詳細に説明するが、本発明はこれらの実施例に限定されるものではない。
【0020】
実施例1
カウレルペニンの抽出方法
Caulerpa taxifolia 凍結乾燥後粉末に10倍量のメタノールを加え、室温で5時間振盪後、濾過し、濾液を減圧乾固した。次いで濃縮した抽出物をヘキサンで膨潤したシリカゲル(Merk社製Silica−gel 60 70−230mesh)を詰めたカラムに載せ、ヘキサン、ヘキサン:酢酸エチル=9:1を用いて順次洗い出し、ヘキサン:酢酸エチル=8:2で溶出された画分を採取し減圧乾固した。この画分をシリカゲルカラム(YMC Silica−06 I.D20* 250mm)を用いてHPLCでヘキサン:酢酸エチル=2:1で溶出した。25分に現れるピークを採取し、減圧乾固することにより所望のカウレルペニンを得た。
【0021】
上記抽出方法により得られたカウレルペニンの組成式はC21266 であり、その構造は次式(I)に示すものであった。
【0022】
【化2】
Figure 0004018769
【0023】
以下の試験例においては、特に断らない限り上記抽出方法により得られたカウレルペニンを用いて行った。
【0024】
試験例1
カウレルペニンの膵リパーゼ活性阻害作用の確認試験
食品中の脂肪が胆汁酸やリン脂質と共に形成した油滴(ミセル)に対して消化酵素である膵リパーゼが働くことから、該油滴成分に相当する基質溶液として、トリオレインを主成分とする表1に示す成分組成からなる溶液を超音波処理することで所望の基質溶液を調製した。
【0025】
【表1】
Figure 0004018769
【0026】
得られた基質溶液100μlに、膵リパーゼ150ngを含有する酵素溶液50μl、カウレルペニンDMSO溶液またはブランクとしてDMSOを50μlずつ混合し、37℃、30分間反応させた後、遊離する脂肪酸を定量し膵リパーゼ活性を測定した。この際、カウレルペニン含有量を変化させた場合の膵リパーゼ活性について測定した。得られた結果を図1に示す。図1から、カウレルペニンは膵リパーゼ活性阻害作用を有することが明らかとなった。
【0027】
試験例2
カウレルペニンの脂肪吸収阻害作用試験
カウレルペニンを15mg/ml濃度になるようにコーンオイルに溶解し、超音波処理を行い試料溶液を得た。
食品中の脂肪が胆汁酸やリン脂質と共に形成した油滴(ミセル)に対して消化酵素である膵リパーゼが働き、脂肪が分解吸収されることから、該油滴成分に相当する基質溶液として、コーンオイルを主成分とする表2に示す成分組成からなる溶液を超音波処理することで所望の脂質溶液を調製した。
【0028】
【表2】
Figure 0004018769
【0029】
6週齢のWistar系雄性ラットに上記脂質溶液1mlを投与直後、対照群のラットには1mlのコーンオイルを投与し、試料群のラットには等容量の試料溶液を非麻酔下に経口投与した。ブランクまたは試料溶液投与から一定時間毎に、非麻酔下に尾静脈より採血し、血液中の血漿トリグリセライド値の測定をすることにより脂肪の腸管吸収抑制効果を調べた。得られた脂肪吸収抑制効果についての結果を図2に示す。カウレルペニンを含有する試料溶液を投与した場合には、コーンオイル負荷による血漿トリグリセライド値の上昇が抑制されている。この結果から、本発明のカウレルペニンが有意に脂肪吸収を抑制することが明らかになった。
【0030】
【発明の効果】
カウレルペニンは、高い膵リパーゼ活性阻害作用を有し、しかも抽出操作により海藻から簡単に多量に得ることができ、さらに、安価に提供できる。従って、本発明のカウレルペニンを有効成分とする膵リパーゼ活性阻害剤、カウレルペニンを含有する機能性食品、またはカウレルペニンを含有する食品添加物を摂取することにより、食品中の脂肪の腸管からの吸収を遅延させ、さらにその効果によってコレステロールの吸収をも遅延させることから、成人病、特に高脂血症の発症を抑え、動脈硬化の予防および治療に有利に用いることができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 カウレルペニンの膵リパーゼ阻害活性を測定した結果を示す図である。
【図2】 コーンオイル負荷時の血漿トリグリセライド値に及ぼすカウレルペニンの影響を示す図である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to pancreatic lipase activity inhibitors, functional foods and food additives.
More specifically, the present invention relates to a pancreatic lipase activity inhibitor containing kaurelpenin as an active ingredient, a functional food containing kaurelpenin, and a food additive.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In general, hyperlipidemia is a pathological condition in which the concentration of cholesterol and fat in the blood increases, and is said to cause arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis is a disease in which cholesterol esters mainly accumulate in the intima of the arterial wall, and not only cholesterol in blood but also fat has an important relationship with this accumulation. That is, fat and cholesterol in food are taken into lipoproteins called chylomicrons in the absorption process from the intestinal tract, enter the blood through the intestinal tract through lymphatic vessels, and are transported to each tissue. Subsequently, at the stage where fat and cholesterol incorporated in the lipoprotein migrate to each tissue, the order of migration is strictly present. That is, after fat is first removed from chylomicron, cholesterol is removed and transferred to the tissue, and vice versa.
[0003]
By the way, when the food containing the same amount of cholesterol and fat is ingested, the absorption rate from the intestinal tract greatly affects the concentration of cholesterol and fat appearing in the blood. For example, comparing cholesterol and fat absorbed within 1 hour with those absorbed over 3 hours, cholesterol and fat concentrations appearing in the blood were absorbed over 3 hours. A significantly low value, and taking a long time can be an effective means of reducing the risk to hyperlipidemia and arteriosclerosis. That is, delaying the absorption of cholesterol and fat from the intestinal tract as much as possible leads to improvement of hyperlipidemia and thus prevention of arteriosclerosis.
[0004]
On the other hand, fat in food is not absorbed from the intestinal tract as it is. First, small oil droplets (micelles) are formed together with bile acids and phospholipids, and pancreatic lipase, which is a digestive enzyme, acts on these oil droplets and is absorbed as fatty acids and β-monoglycerides or glycerol. In the small intestine, they are re-synthesized into triglycerides, taken up into chylomicrons and transported through the lymphatic vessels into the blood. Therefore, it is considered that if the degradation process of fat by pancreatic lipase is suppressed, the decomposition of fat is delayed and absorption from the intestinal tract can be suppressed.
[0005]
However, the present condition is that the suitable functional substance which suppresses the activity of pancreatic lipase in the process of fat decomposition | disassembly by pancreatic lipase which is such a digestive enzyme has not been found yet.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide drugs, functional foods, and food additives that have an action of inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity and are useful for the prevention and treatment of arteriosclerosis by suppressing the onset of adult diseases, particularly hyperlipidemia. It is to provide a simple and inexpensive.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of repeating various studies to achieve the above-mentioned object, the present inventors have found that kaurel penin has a high pancreatic lipase activity inhibitory action, and that kaurel penin can be easily extracted from seaweeds such as green algae (yew potato). As a result, the present invention was completed.
That is, the present invention
(1) Pancreatic lipase activity inhibitor comprising kaurelpenin as an active ingredient,
(2) Functional food containing kaurellpenin,
(3) a food additive containing kaurellpenin,
About.
[0008]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The pancreatic lipase activity inhibitor of the present invention has the following formula (I)
[0009]
[Chemical 1]
Figure 0004018769
[0010]
Is contained as an active ingredient. Kaurelerpenin is contained in seaweed, especially green algae (for example, Caulerpa taxifolia , Caulerpa flexilis , Caulerpa brachypus , Caulerpa prolifera , Caulerpa racemosa ) and the like. In particular, Caulerpa taxifolia contains about 1% of its dry alga body weight and contains a large amount of kaurellpenin. In addition, there are places where the growth potential is very vigorous and it grows all over the sea floor in Europe.
[0011]
In the present invention, the method for extracting kaurellpenin is not particularly limited, and a method known per se is used. For example, the seaweed can be obtained by freeze-drying or using a known drying method, or by appropriately cutting the seaweed untreated and extracting it with a suitable solvent.
[0012]
The solvent used for the extraction is not particularly limited. For example, in addition to water-soluble organic solvents such as alcohols and acetone, aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones, esters, and the like can be used. From the viewpoint of safety after extraction, alcohols are preferably used.
[0013]
The extract containing kaurelpenin obtained as described above can be dried into a powdery solid substance by a known method such as a freeze-drying method, if necessary.
[0014]
When using kaurelpenin obtained as described above as the pancreatic lipase activity inhibitor of the present invention, pharmaceutically acceptable additives (for example, carriers, excipients, diluents, binders, lubricants, solubilizers) , Stabilizers, preservatives, etc.) and the like, and formulated in a manner suitable for administration of powders, granules, tablets, capsules, syrups, injections, etc. using known methods, orally or non- It can be administered orally.
[0015]
In the above preparation, an effective amount of kaurellpenin is blended. The dose varies depending on the route of administration, symptoms, patient weight or age, etc., for example, when administered orally to an adult patient, it is 1 to 100 mg / kg, preferably 20 to 50 mg / kg in terms of cowlerpenin per day. Is preferably administered in one to several times a day.
[0016]
Further, the seaweed solvent extract containing kaurelerpenin obtained as described above can be used as a functional food or food additive alone or mixed with an appropriate compound.
As a suitable blend, for example, vitamins, minerals, sweeteners, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, preservatives and the like may be used in food hygiene-acceptable blends. Add these ingredients to the solvent extract as appropriate and mix, and add food or food additives such as tablets (tablets), granules, granules, powders, capsules, liquids, creams, soft drinks, etc. by conventional methods. It is possible to make a mode suitable for a product.
In the functional food or food additive, a seaweed solvent extract containing kaurellpenin is contained at a concentration of about 0.1 to 100% by weight, preferably about 1 to 50% by weight.
[0017]
The above food additives are, for example, processed meat products such as sausages and ham, processed fishery products such as kamaboko and chikuwa, dairy products such as butter and cheese, confectionery such as cakes and biscuits, processed rice products such as miso, and bread Can be added to various foods such as secondary wheat products, noodles, processed soybean products, beverages and seasonings.
[0018]
The thus obtained pancreatic lipase activity inhibitor containing kaurelpenin as an active ingredient, functional foods and food additives containing kaurelpenin have the action of suppressing and inhibiting the activity of pancreatic lipase. Therefore, by ingesting these, pancreatic lipase activity is suppressed or inhibited, and absorption into the body (blood) in the intestinal tract of fat taken as food is suppressed or delayed, resulting in an increase in the concentration of fat in the blood Therefore, adult diseases, particularly hyperlipidemia, and arteriosclerosis can be prevented and treated.
[0019]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example and a test example are shown and this invention is demonstrated in detail, this invention is not limited to these Examples.
[0020]
Example 1
How to extract kaurelpenin
After freeze-drying Caulerpa taxifolia , 10 times the amount of methanol was added to the powder, shaken at room temperature for 5 hours, filtered, and the filtrate was dried under reduced pressure. The concentrated extract was then placed on a column packed with silica gel swollen with hexane (Silica-gel 60 70-230 mesh manufactured by Merck), and washed sequentially with hexane, hexane: ethyl acetate = 9: 1, and hexane: ethyl acetate. The fraction eluted at 8: 2 was collected and dried under reduced pressure. This fraction was eluted with hexane: ethyl acetate = 2: 1 on HPLC using a silica gel column (YMC Silica-06 ID20 * 250 mm). A peak appearing at 25 minutes was collected and dried under reduced pressure to obtain a desired kaurellpenin.
[0021]
The composition formula of kaurellpenin obtained by the above extraction method was C 21 H 26 O 6 , and the structure thereof was shown in the following formula (I).
[0022]
[Chemical 2]
Figure 0004018769
[0023]
In the following test examples, it was carried out using cowrelpenin obtained by the above extraction method unless otherwise specified.
[0024]
Test example 1
Confirmation of pancreatic lipase activity inhibitory action of kaurellpenin Since the pancreatic lipase , a digestive enzyme, acts on oil droplets (micelles) formed by fat in food together with bile acids and phospholipids, the oil droplet components As a substrate solution corresponding to the above, a desired substrate solution was prepared by sonicating a solution having the component composition shown in Table 1 containing triolein as a main component.
[0025]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004018769
[0026]
100 μl of the obtained substrate solution was mixed with 50 μl of enzyme solution containing 150 ng of pancreatic lipase and 50 μl of DMSO as kaurelpenin DMSO solution or blank, reacted at 37 ° C. for 30 minutes, and then free fatty acid was quantified to determine pancreatic lipase activity Was measured. At this time, pancreatic lipase activity was measured when the kaurellpenin content was changed. The obtained results are shown in FIG. From FIG. 1, it was clarified that kaurellpenin has a pancreatic lipase activity inhibitory action.
[0027]
Test example 2
Test for inhibition of fat absorption of kaurellpenin Cowrelpenin was dissolved in corn oil to a concentration of 15 mg / ml, and sonicated to obtain a sample solution.
Pancreatic lipase, which is a digestive enzyme, works on oil droplets (micelles) formed by fat in food together with bile acids and phospholipids, so that fat is decomposed and absorbed, and as a substrate solution corresponding to the oil droplet components, A desired lipid solution was prepared by sonicating a solution composed of corn oil as a main component and having the composition shown in Table 2.
[0028]
[Table 2]
Figure 0004018769
[0029]
Immediately after administration of 1 ml of the above lipid solution to 6-week-old male Wistar rats, 1 ml of corn oil was administered to the rats of the control group, and an equal volume of the sample solution was orally administered to the rats of the sample group without anesthesia. . Blood was collected from the tail vein under non-anaesthesia at regular intervals after administration of the blank or sample solution, and the effect of inhibiting fat intestinal absorption was examined by measuring the plasma triglyceride level in the blood. The result about the fat absorption inhibitory effect obtained is shown in FIG. When a sample solution containing kaurelerpenin is administered, an increase in plasma triglyceride value due to corn oil load is suppressed. From this result, it was revealed that the cowlerpenin of the present invention significantly suppressed fat absorption.
[0030]
【The invention's effect】
Cowrelpenin has a high inhibitory action on pancreatic lipase activity, and can be easily obtained in large quantities from seaweed by extraction, and can be provided at low cost. Therefore, by ingesting the pancreatic lipase activity inhibitor comprising the cowlerpenin of the present invention as an active ingredient, a functional food containing cowrelpenin, or a food additive containing cowlerpenin, the absorption of fat in the food from the intestinal tract is delayed. Furthermore, the absorption of cholesterol is delayed due to the effect thereof, so that it can be advantageously used for the prevention and treatment of arteriosclerosis by suppressing the onset of adult diseases, particularly hyperlipidemia.
[Brief description of the drawings]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of measuring pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of cowlerpenin.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of kaurellpenin on plasma triglyceride levels when loaded with corn oil.

Claims (3)

カウレルペニンを有効成分とする高脂血症の予防及び/又は治療剤。 A prophylactic and / or therapeutic agent for hyperlipidemia comprising kaurelpenin as an active ingredient. 単離したカウレルペニンが配合された機能性食品。 A functional food containing isolated cowl penin. 単離したカウレルペニンが配合された食品添加物。 A food additive containing isolated cowl penin.
JP01433497A 1997-01-28 1997-01-28 Pancreatic lipase activity inhibitor, functional food and food additive Expired - Fee Related JP4018769B2 (en)

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US6936289B2 (en) 1995-06-07 2005-08-30 Danisco A/S Method of improving the properties of a flour dough, a flour dough improving composition and improved food products
ES2168236T3 (en) 1997-04-09 2005-04-16 Danisco A/S USE OF LIPASE TO IMPROVE BREAD PASTA AND BAKERY PRODUCTS.
DK1387616T3 (en) 2001-05-18 2007-09-24 Danisco Process for preparing a dough with an enzyme
DE602004030000D1 (en) 2003-01-17 2010-12-23 Danisco PROCESS FOR IN-SITU-PRODUCTION OF AN EMULSIFIER IN A FOODSTUFF
GB0405637D0 (en) 2004-03-12 2004-04-21 Danisco Protein
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