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JP4070035B2 - Leukocyte removal material - Google Patents

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Publication number
JP4070035B2
JP4070035B2 JP18592597A JP18592597A JP4070035B2 JP 4070035 B2 JP4070035 B2 JP 4070035B2 JP 18592597 A JP18592597 A JP 18592597A JP 18592597 A JP18592597 A JP 18592597A JP 4070035 B2 JP4070035 B2 JP 4070035B2
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JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
fiber
fibers
diameter
leukocyte
less
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Expired - Fee Related
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JP18592597A
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Japanese (ja)
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JPH1112181A (en
Inventor
達也 福田
純 田中
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Asahi Kasei Medical Co Ltd
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Asahi Kasei Medical Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Priority to JP18592597A priority Critical patent/JP4070035B2/en
Application filed by Asahi Kasei Medical Co Ltd filed Critical Asahi Kasei Medical Co Ltd
Priority to US09/446,536 priority patent/US6267898B1/en
Priority to PCT/JP1998/002871 priority patent/WO1999000172A1/en
Priority to AU79343/98A priority patent/AU724497B2/en
Priority to DE1998631077 priority patent/DE69831077T2/en
Priority to CA 2294500 priority patent/CA2294500C/en
Priority to CN98806574A priority patent/CN1261290A/en
Priority to AT98929710T priority patent/ATE300990T1/en
Priority to EP98929710A priority patent/EP1000651B1/en
Priority to KR1019997012232A priority patent/KR20010020506A/en
Publication of JPH1112181A publication Critical patent/JPH1112181A/en
Priority to US09/873,336 priority patent/US20010027946A1/en
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Publication of JP4070035B2 publication Critical patent/JP4070035B2/en
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  • Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は白血球含有液から白血球を除去する白血球除去材料に関する。詳しくは、輸血や体外循環を行う時に血液中に混入している白血球を除去する白血球除去材料に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、免疫学、輸血学の進歩に伴い従来の全血輸血から種々の疾患の治療に必要な成分のみを輸血する成分輸血が行われるようになってきている。成分輸血は輸血による患者への負荷を軽減し、かつ治療効果の高い優れた輸血療法である。濃厚赤血球製剤、濃厚血小板製剤、乏血小板血漿等の成分輸血に用いられる各種の血液製剤は献血によって得られた全血を遠心操作で分離して調製されている。しかし、遠心操作によって分離された血液製剤には多くの白血球が含まれており、この混入白血球が原因で輸血後副作用を誘発することが明らかとなってきた。輸血後副作用としては、頭痛、吐き気、悪寒、非溶血性発熱反応などの比較的軽微な副作用から、移植片対宿主反応(GVHR)などの致死的影響を与える重篤な副作用が知られている。このような輸血後副作用を防止するためには、血液製剤に混入している白血球を除去することが有効であり、白血球除去能と操作性に優れ、コストが安いフィルター法が白血球除去手段として普及している。フィルターに充填される濾材としては不織布などの繊維状媒体やスポンジ状構造物が用いられている。
【0003】
フィルター法による白血球の除去は白血球の粘着能を利用した粘着除去が主な機構であると考えられている。それ故従来の白血球除去フィルターにおける高性能化は白血球と濾材との接触頻度を高め、白血球除去能を向上させることに主な検討がなされてきた。接触頻度を高めるため、繊維径を小さくして濾材表面積を増加させるなどの手段が採られてきた。特公平 2-13587号公報には繊維径の小さい不織布からなる濾材が開示されている。また特表平7-500090号公報には繊維径が約0.01μm の繊維が多数集合してなる全長約 1mm、幅が約 0.1〜50μm の繊維塊(小繊維片)と繊維径が0.05〜0.75d、繊維長が約3〜15mmの紡織可能な短繊維とを分散媒中に分散させ、得られた分散液から分散媒を除去することによって製造した濾材が開示されている。上記の技術は繊維径の小さい繊維からなる不織布や小繊維片を用いることによって濾材の表面積を高め、白血球除去能を向上させることを狙ったものである。しかしながら、従来技術の濾材では白血球除去能の向上に伴って血液の濾過時間の延長や圧力損失の増加を招くものであり、高い白血球除去能と良好な血液濾過特性を同時に達成することが困難であった。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の目的は、高い白血球除去能と良好な血液濾過特性とを有する白血球除去材料を提供することにある。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、上記目的を達成する白血球除去材料について鋭意検討を行った。その結果、繊維径が小さい極細繊維を適切量導入し、その極細繊維によって形成された円に近い細孔が網目状に連なった構造を有する白血球除去材料は高い白血球除去能と良好な血液濾過特性を同時に達成することを見いだした。即ち、繊維径が0.02μm 以上 0.8μm 未満の極細繊維を 0.5重量%以上50重量%未満含有する白血球除去材料であって、該極細繊維によって真円度が 1.7以下で円換算径が1μm 以上20μm 未満の網目状構造を形成している白血球除去材料で上記目的を達成したのである。
【0006】
以下に本発明の白血球除去材料について、より詳細に説明する。
本発明の極細繊維の繊維径、極細繊維によって形成される細孔の真円度および円換算径とは以下の手順によって求められる値をいう。白血球除去材料から実質的に均一と認められる部分をサンプリングし、走査型電子顕微鏡などを用いて写真に撮る。サンプリングに際しては、白血球除去材料の有効濾過断面積部分を1辺が 0.5cm程度の正方形によって区分し、その中から6ヶ所をランダムサンプリングする。ランダムサンプリングするには、例えば上記各区分に番地を指定した後、乱数表を使うなどの方法で必要箇所の区分を選べば良い。、またサンプリングした各区分について、3ヶ所以上、好ましくは5ヶ所以上を拡大倍率2000倍以上で写真に撮る。撮影された繊維の繊維軸に対して直角方向の繊維の幅を繊維径とし、繊維径が0.02μm 以上 0.8μm 未満にある繊維を極細繊維とする。
【0007】
次に写真の中で極細繊維によって形成されている細孔の面積(S1)と外周の長さ(L)を画像解析装置などの適切な装置を用いて測定する。測定に際して、極細繊維によって形成された細孔形状をトレース紙などに写し書きして後、面積と外周の長さを求めた方がより正確となるため好ましい。次に外周の長さLとなる円の面積(S2)を求め、S2 の値をS1 の値で除する。このような測定を複数の細孔、具体的には 100個以上の細孔について測定する。S2 の値をS1 の値で割った値の総和を測定した細孔の数で割ることによって得られる値が本発明でいう真円度である。すなわち、本発明でいう真円度とは細孔の円近似性を示す指標であり、この値が小さいほど円に近いことを意味する。
【0008】
さらに本発明の円換算径とは、上述した真円度の測定において、極細繊維によって形成された各細孔の外周の長さLと同じ外周の長さLとなる円に換算したときの円の直径をいう。円換算径の測定も真円度の測定と同様に 100個以上の細孔について測定し、その平均値を円換算径とする。
【0009】
上述の測定において、0.1mm から10mm程度の等間隔で縦および横に線を引いた格子状の透明なシートを写真に載せ、縦線と横線の交点、即ち格子点にある繊維について繊維径を測定し、格子点にある繊維の繊維径が0.02μm 以上 0.8μm 未満である場合に、格子点上にある繊維を含む細孔の真円度と円換算径を求めることとする。ただし、格子点上にある繊維の繊維径が0.02μm 以上 0.8μm 未満であったとしても、細孔を形成する繊維の繊維径が途中で0.02μm より細くなったり、 0.8μm 以上に太くなったりした場合、複数の繊維が絡み合う等して細孔を形成する繊維の繊維径の測定が困難な場合、等々の場合にはこれらのデータは削除する。また、太い繊維径の繊維やスポンジ状構造物、粒子等の媒体が共存しているときに極細繊維によって形成されている細孔が媒体上に張り付いて形成されている場合など、おおよそ血液が通過し難い細孔と見なされる場合には測定の対象から外すこととする。すなわち、媒体が共存する場合の繊維径、真円度、円換算径の測定は、媒体間に形成された、血液が通過し得る網目状構造の細孔について測定することとする。
【0010】
上述の定義より明らかなように、本発明の白血球除去材料は極細繊維によって適切な大きさの円に近い細孔が連なった網目状構造を形成しているという特徴を有している。すなわち、本発明の網目状構造とは繊維径が0.02μm 以上 0.8μm 未満の極細繊維によって形成された、真円度が 1.7以下で円換算径が1μm 以上20μm 未満にある細孔が連なった構造を言う。
【0011】
本発明の網目状構造を形成する極細繊維の繊維径は0.02μm 以上 0.8μm 未満である。繊維径が0.02μm 未満であると繊維としての強度が不足し、白血球含有液を処理している時に衝突する白血球やその他の血球成分などにより繊維が切れやすくなるので適さない。また繊維径が 0.8μm 以上であると白血球除去材料の単位体積当たりの表面積が小さくなり、単位体積当たりの白血球除去能が高められないために適さない。より好ましい繊維径は 0.1μm 以上 0.6μm 未満とすることが相応しい。
【0012】
本発明の極細繊維によって形成された網目状構造の真円度は 1.7以下である。真円度が 1.7を超えると、網目による白血球の効率的な除去が行えなくなること、および赤血球が大きく変形しつつ細孔を通過せざるをえなくなり、赤血球の通過抵抗に伴う濾過速度の低下が起こりやすくなるため適さない。より好ましい真円度は 1.5以下、さらに好ましくは 1.3以下、最も好ましくは 1.1以下とすることが相応しい。
【0013】
また本発明の網目状構造の円換算径は 1μm 以上20μm 未満である。円換算径が1μm 未満であると、白血球が細孔の上で捕捉されて細孔が閉塞され、閉塞された細孔の下部は白血球の除去に寄与しなくなること、および白血球目詰まりによる濾過速度の低下を招く恐れがあるため適さない。円換算径が20μm 以上であると、網目での白血球除去はほとんど期待できなくなり、白血球除去能が低下してしまうため適さない。より好ましい円換算径は 1μm 以上10μm 未満、さらに好ましくは 2μm 以上 8μm 未満である。
【0014】
上述した本発明の白血球除去材料の極細繊維からなる網目状構造において、円換算径の変動係数は50%以下であることがさらに好ましい。ここでいう変動係数とは、円換算径を求める際に、横軸に換算する円の直径、縦軸に頻度をとったグラフを描いたときの分布の標準偏差を円換算径の値で除して 100倍した値であり、この値が小さいほど極細繊維によって形成される細孔の大きさのバラツキが小さいことを意味する。円換算径の変動係数が小さい、細孔の大きさが均一である方が血液の片流れが起こりにくく好ましいものである。すなわち、繊維径が0.02μm 以上 0.8μm 未満の極細繊維を包含し、極細繊維によって真円度が 1.7以下、円換算径が1μm 以上20μm 未満、円換算径の変動係数が50%以下の網目状構造を形成している白血球除去材料である。より好ましい円換算径の変動係数は40%以下、さらに好ましくは30%以下、最も好ましくは20%以下とすることが相応しい。
【0015】
本発明の極細繊維による網目状構造は湾曲的な極細繊維によって曲線状の円に近い細孔が連なった網目状構造となっている構造のみを指すのではなく、真円度が 1.7以下で円換算径が1μm 以上20μm 未満であれば、例え多角形様の細孔形状であっても本発明の網目状構造に含まれるものである。
さらに白血球除去能をより高めるため、白血球含有液の流れ方向に対して垂直な面に本発明の極細繊維による網目状構造を形成していることが好ましい。このような本発明の網目状構造は白血球除去材料全体に略均一に形成されていることが好ましいが、白血球除去材料の表層部分などの一部分に形成されていても良い。
【0016】
本発明の極細繊維は血液や血球成分にダメージを与えにくく、所望の網目状構造を形成しうる繊維であれば如何なる素材のものも使用することができ、具体的には天然繊維、半合成繊維、合成繊維、無機繊維、金属等が挙げられる。この中でもセルロース、セルロースアセテート、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリエステル、ポリオレフィン、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリアミド等の有機高分子素材が好ましく、さらにはセルロースであることが好ましい。
【0017】
さらに本発明の極細繊維として分割性繊維を分繊化させたフィブリル繊維を用いることが好ましい。フィブリル繊維は繊維径が小さい単糸状形状となりやすいこと、湾曲状の形態を有することにより所望の網目状構造を容易に形成させることができるためである。このようなフィブリル繊維は特にセルロースの中でも再生セルロースや精製セルロースを酸またはアルカリ処理に付した後、ミキサーを用いて液体中で物理的にかき混ぜる等の非常に簡便な方法で得ることができる。特に、乾伸度が10%以上のセルロース繊維を用いると所望の極細繊維が得られ易く最も相応しい。乾伸度は糸の形態に応じて JIS-L-1013, 1069, 1095 のいずれかの方法に従い測定する。
【0018】
本発明の白血球除去材料は極細繊維と太い繊維径の繊維やスポンジ状構造物、粒子等の媒体を混合した形態とすることが好ましい。媒体の混合によって白血球除去材料の機械的強度を高めることができ、製造工程での取り扱い性を向上させることができるためである。
【0019】
太い繊維径の繊維を媒体として用いる場合、繊維径は1μm 以上30μm 未満が適切である。繊維径が1μm 未満であると媒体の孔径が小さくなり、血液濾過時間の延長を招く恐れがあるため適さない。繊維径が30μm 以上であると媒体の孔径が大きくなり、極細繊維からなる網目状構造の形成が困難になる恐れがあるため好ましくない。より好ましい繊維径は1μm 以上15μm 未満、さらに好ましくは1μm 以上5μm 未満である。繊維媒体と本発明の極細繊維からなる白血球除去材料は、不織布、織布、編布等の形状に予め加工した繊維媒体に本発明の極細繊維を混繊させ、網目状構造を形成させても良いし、短繊維と本発明の極細繊維を混合した後に白血球除去材料の形態に加工しても良い。
【0020】
また、太い繊維径の繊維として、短繊維または長繊維の何れを用いても良いが、数cmを超える繊維長の長繊維に比較して数mmの繊維長の短繊維を用いる方が本発明の極細繊維からなる網目状構造を白血球除去材料全体に略均一に形成させることが容易なために好ましい。短繊維を媒体として用いる場合には、繊維長は0.1 mm以上10mm未満、好まくは1mm以上7mm未満、さらに好ましくは2mm以上5mm未満とする。ここでいう短繊維の繊維長とは50本以上の短繊維の繊維長を測定した平均値である。
【0021】
連続気孔を有するスポンジ状構造物を媒体として用いる場合、孔径は3μm 以上 200μm 未満が適切である。孔径が3μm 未満であると血液濾過時間の延長を招く恐れが高まるため適さない。孔径が 200μm 以上であると媒体の孔径が大きくなり、本発明の極細繊維からなる網目状構造を形成させることが困難になるため好ましくない。より好ましい孔径は5μm 以上 100μm 未満、さらに好ましくは6μm 以上50μm 未満、最も好ましくは8μm 以上15μm 未満である。なお、ここでいう孔径とは水銀圧入法で測定した値である。すなわち、2650psiaの圧力付近まで水銀を圧入した場合を水銀圧入量 100%とし、水銀圧入量50%にあたる孔径を言う。
【0022】
さらに粒子を媒体として用いる場合、粒子径は1μm 以上 300μm 未満が適切である。粒子を適当な容器に充填したとき、粒子径が1μm 未満であると粒子間に形成される孔径が小さくなって血液濾過時間の延長を招く恐れがあるために適さず、逆に粒子径が 300μm 以上であると粒子間が大きくなり、本発明の極細繊維からなる網目状構造を形成させることが困難となるため好ましくない。より好ましい粒子径は5μm 以上50μm 未満、最も好まくは6μm 以上20μm 未満である。なお、ここでいう粒子径とは、走査型電子顕微鏡で粒子を撮影して測定した平均値であり、50個以上の粒子について測定する。
【0023】
上述のような適切な媒体と極細繊維からなる白血球除去材料において、極細繊維を 0.5重量%以上50重量%未満の含有率になるように設計することが好ましい。含有率が50重量%以上であると網目状構造の円換算径が小さくなり、血液の流れ性が悪くなる恐れがあるため適さない。極細繊維の含有率が 0.5重量%未満であると網目状構造の円換算径が大きくなり、白血球除去能が不足してしまう恐れがあるため適さない。より好ましくは2重量%以上40重量%未満、さらに好ましくは5重量%以上20重量%未満とすることが相応しい。
【0024】
極細繊維の含有率は様々な方法で測定することができる。例えば、極細繊維を適当な溶剤で溶出させ溶出液中の重量を測定する方法、示差走査熱量計、高速液体クロマトグラフィー(HPLC)、核磁気共鳴スペクトル(NMR)、元素分析、X線、赤外線スペクトル(IR)等を利用して溶出液または白血球除去材料の組成解析により測定する方法等が挙げられる。特に極細繊維の素材がセルロースである場合には、セルラーゼ等の適当な酵素で極細繊維をグルコースに分解し、グルコース量を定量化して求めても良い。また、太い繊維径の繊維が共存し、かつ白血球除去材料全体に略均一に太い繊維径の繊維と極細繊維が共存している場合には以下のような方法で測定しても良い。すなわち、走査型電子顕微鏡で撮影した写真中の繊維径と繊維長さを測定し、繊維径を横軸、繊維長さを縦軸としたグラフを描き、それぞれの繊維径の繊維について繊維体積を求め、さらに繊維密度を乗ずることで各繊維径の重量を求め、その総和を繊維重量とする。繊維径が0.02μm 以上 0.8μm 未満の極細繊維の重量を繊維重量の総和で割ることで含有率を求めても良い。ここでいう繊維長さは累積値を意味し、同一の繊維径の繊維が複数本測定された場合には、その総和を用いる。また混合している繊維が数種類あったとしても各繊維種の繊維径がほぼ均一と見なせる場合には、それぞれの繊維種の繊維径の平均値を用いても良い。
【0025】
ここでいう繊維長さの測定は走査型電子顕微鏡で撮影した繊維について、写真の中で実質的に一本の繊維と見なせる部分の両端を起点とし、設定した起点間の繊維の実際の長さを画像解析装置などの装置や適当な器具を用いて測定する。ただし途中で他の繊維と絡まり、測定対象としている繊維が追跡できない場合や他の繊維などの媒体の陰になって見えない場合、等々の場合には繊維が絡まる前、媒体の陰に入る前を起点とする。
【0026】
本発明に用いることのできる極細繊維の製造方法の例を以下に記す。本発明の極細繊維は繊維径が0.02μm 以上 0.8μm 未満の繊維である。このような極細繊維を製造する方法として、再生セルロース繊維や精製セルロース繊維、微多孔性分割性アクリル繊維などに代表される分割性繊維の他、特公昭47-37648号公報などに記載された公知の方法で得られる分割性繊維を、ミキサーなどを用いて物理的にかき混ぜたり、高圧液体流を噴射したり、高圧ホモジナイザーで処理する等して製造する方法が挙げられる。また公知の海島型繊維を原料とし、これに必要に応じて予め熱処理または機械的処理を施すことで湾曲状の繊維となるように加工した後、海成分を種々の溶剤を用いて溶解除去する方法も挙げられる。このような様々な製造方法の中でも再生セルロース繊維や精製セルロース繊維のようなセルロース繊維を用い、分繊化させてフィブリル繊維とする方法は操作が簡便であり、網目状構造を形成しやすい湾曲状の極細繊維を得ることができるため好ましいものである。
【0027】
繊維径が0.02μm 以上 0.8μm 未満の極細繊維と太い繊維径の繊維やスポンジ状構造物、粒子等からなる白血球除去材料の製造方法として、繊維分散液を使用する抄造法が挙げられる。抄造法では極細繊維を水や界面活性剤、増粘剤等を含有する適当な分散媒に分散させた分散液を調整し、この分散液を不織布や織布、編布等の繊維媒体やスポンジ状構造物、粒子等の媒体を配置した容器に注ぎ込み、一旦溜めて後、排水し、乾燥させる方法が挙げられる。また、極細繊維と短繊維媒体を混合する場合には、極細繊維と短繊維の両方を分散させた分散液を調製し、この分散液を抄造することでシート状に成型する方法、極細繊維が分散した分散液と短繊維が分散した分散液を調整し、極細繊維または短繊維の分散液を抄造することで得たシート上に短繊維または極細繊維の分散液を抄造する方法、さらにこの抄造を複数回相互に繰り返す方法が挙げられる。このような抄造法において、分散液中の繊維の濃度は約 0.01g/Lから約3g/Lが好ましく、界面活性剤や増粘剤を添加する場合には、その濃度は 0.001%から5%とすることが好ましい。また、短繊維と極細繊維の分散液の抄造において、製造工程における白血球除去材料の取り扱い性を向上させるため、不織布やメッシュなどの適当な基布上に抄造しても良いし、抄造後に基布で白血球除去材料を挟んでも良い。
【0028】
また、繊維径が0.02μm 以上 0.8μm 未満の極細繊維と太い繊維径の繊維からなる白血球除去材料の製造方法として、メルトブロー法が挙げられる。この方法の例として、繊維径が1μm 以上30μm 未満の太い繊維径の繊維をメルトブロー法により紡糸する際に、極細繊維を紡糸途中の繊維束流中に混入させる方法が挙げられる。
また、特開平4-212373号公報に記載されているようなスポンジ状構造物を製造する際に、極細繊維をスポンジ状構造物を形成する液に混合し、その後適当な凝固浴中に浸し、必要であれば気孔形成剤を溶出除去する溶剤にさらに浸すことでスポンジ状構造物全体に極細繊維を導入する方法も挙げられる。
【0029】
上述した様々な白血球除去材料の製造方法の中でも、白血球除去材料全体に極細繊維からなる網目状構造を形成させることができ、かつ製造方法も簡便な短繊維との抄造が好ましい。
さらに後加工として、約3kg/cm2 以上200kg/cm2 未満の高圧液体処理を施すこともできる。このような後加工は繊維同士の交絡を高め、機械的強度を増加させることができるため好ましいものである。
【0030】
本発明に用いる極細繊維は繊維径が0.02μm 以上 0.8μm 未満と極めて小さいため、濾材の単位体積当たりの表面積を格段に高めることができる。さらに白血球を含有する含有液の流れ方向に対して垂直な面に極細繊維による適切な大きさの網目状構造を形成させることによって、白血球をその網目で効率良く捕捉していると考えられる。また、本発明の極細繊維は束状になっておらず、それぞれの繊維が解繊された状態にある、いわゆる単繊維であるため、白血球除去材料の空隙率を高く維持することができること、および極細繊維による円に近い細孔が連なった網目状構造を形成していることにより、白血球以外の有用血球成分、例えば赤血球のような除去対象としていない血球成分の白血球除去材料における通過抵抗を極めて小さくすることができ、その結果良好な血液流れ性を有する、優れた血液濾過特性を発揮すると思われる。この優れた血液濾過特性は当初全く予想していなかったことであり、驚嘆に値する効果であった。赤血球は変形しつつ濾材の細孔を通過するが、濾材の細孔形状が円に近いと赤血球はそれほど変形せずに通過することができるようになり、その結果赤血球通過抵抗の増加が見られない、良好な血液流れ性の保持を可能としたためと考えられる。
【0031】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下実施例に基づき、本発明の白血球除去材料をさらに詳細に説明するが本発明の範囲はこれらの実施例にのみに限定されるものではない。
【0032】
【実施例1】
繊維径が約15.4μm 、乾伸度が13.3%の再生セルロース繊維(ベンベルグR NP式紡糸繊維、旭化成株式会社製)を約5mmの繊維長となるように切断した。この切断繊維を約10℃の水酸化ナトリウム水溶液(8重量%)に浸し、60rpm で60分間かき混ぜた。水洗して水酸化ナトリウムを除去して後、再生セルロース繊維を2.0g/Lの濃度となるように水に分散させ、ミキサーを用いて10,000rpm で60分間激しくかき混ぜた。このようにして再生セルロース繊維が分繊化したフィブリル繊維の懸濁液を調製した。得られたフィブリル繊維を走査型電子顕微鏡で写真撮影して観察したところ、殆どの繊維が 0.1μm から 0.5μm 以内の繊維径であり、湾曲した形態であった。次に繊維径が約4μm のポリエリレンテレフタレート繊維を約3mmの繊維長に切断し、水に分散させた。分散に際して、市販の界面活性剤(ツイーンR 20)を 0.1重量%の濃度になるように添加した。この分散液にフィブリル繊維を加えることでポリエチレンテレフタレート繊維とフィブリル繊維の両方が分散した分散液とした。繊維総濃度は 0.25g/Lであり、繊維総重量におけるフィブリル繊維の含有率を10重量%とした。
【0033】
ポリプロピレン製のメッシュ(#200)を30cm×30cmの正方形に切断し、漏斗様の抄造装置の底面に配置し、さらにメッシュ表面から約1cmの高さまで純水を溜めた。ここに前述の分散液(3.6L)を静かに注ぎ込み、緩やかにかき混ぜた後、抄造装置の底面から排水した。メッシュ上に形成されたウェブを40℃で16時間、真空乾燥させた。このようにして作製した白血球除去材料は目付が40g/m2、嵩密度が0.17g/cm3 であった。また白血球除去材料を走査型電子顕微鏡で写真撮影して観察したところ、湾曲形状の複数のフィブリル繊維が絡まりあうことで曲線状の細孔を形成し、さらにこの細孔が連なった網目状構造を形成していた。フィブリル繊維によって形成された 100個の細孔を対象として、真円度と円換算径を測定したところ、真円度は 1.3であり、円換算径は 3.8μm であった。
【0034】
上記のように作製した白血球除去材料を4枚重ね、直径が25mmの円筒状容器に充填密度が0.20g/cm2 となるように充填した。赤血球保存液としてMAP液(組成:クエン酸ナトリウム1.50g/L 、クエン酸 0.20g/L、グルコース 7.21g/L、リン酸二水素ナトリウム二水和物0.94/L、塩化ナトリウム 4.97g/L、アデニン 0.14g/L、マンニトール14.57g/L) を加え、4〜5℃で7日間保存した10mLの濃厚赤血球製剤(ヘマトクリット63%)を、22〜23℃になるまで室温に放置し、上記のフィルターで濾過した。濾過はポンプを用いて3mL/分の一定流速で行った。濾過に伴う圧力損失と濾過前および濾過後の白血球数を測定し、白血球除去能を求めた。なお、濾過前の白血球数の測定は、チュルク液によって10倍希釈した希釈液をバーカーチュルク型の血球計算板に注入し、光学顕微鏡を用いて白血球数をカウントして求めた。濾過後の白血球数の測定は次のように行った。リューコプレート液によって5倍希釈した希釈液をよく混和した後、室温で6〜10分間放置し、さらに2750×gで6分間遠心し、上澄を除去して液量を1.02gに調製した。この液をナジェット型の血球計算板に注入し、光学顕微鏡を用いて白血球数をカウントして求めた。
以上のようにして測定した濾過前および濾過後の白血球数より、白血球除去能を次式より求めた。
白血球除去能=−Log(濾過後白血球数/濾過前白血球数)
このような結果、白血球除去能は3.4 であり、圧力損失は27mmHgであった。
【0035】
【比較例1】
実施例1と同様の繊維径が約4μm 、繊維長が約3mmのポリエチレンテレフタレート繊維を繊維総濃度が0.25g/L となるように界面活性剤を添加した水に分散させることで分散液を調製した。この分散液を用い、実施例1と同様の方法で抄造した。、ただし、この白血球除去材料は機械的強度が弱かったため、抄造後に高圧流体処理を施した。高圧液体処理は、ノズル径が 0.2mm、ノズルピッチが5mm、ノズル列数が18列、ノズルヘッダー回転数が150rpm、圧力が70kg/cm2で行った。このようにして作製した白血球除去材料は目付が40g/m2、嵩密度が0.14g/cm3 であった。
実施例1と同様の方法で濃厚赤血球製剤を濾過したところ、白血球除去能は 1.4、圧力損失は22mmHgであった。
【0036】
【比較例2】
繊維径が 0.2μm から 0.6μm のポリアクリロニトリル繊維と実施例1と同様の繊維径が約4μm 、繊維長が約3mmのポリエチレンテレフタレート繊維からなり、界面活性剤を添加した分散液を調製した。ポリアクリロニトリル繊維とポリエチレンテレフタレート繊維の分散液中の繊維総濃度は0.25g/L であり、繊維総重量におけるポリアクリロニトリル繊維の含有率は10重量%とした。この分散液を抄造し、目付が40g/m2、嵩密度が0.17g/cm3 の白血球除去材料を作製した。また白血球除去材料を走査型電子顕微鏡で写真撮影して観察したところ、直線状の極細繊維が複数本絡まりあって、束状の繊維となっている部分や極細繊維が絡まることなく単独でポリエチレンテレフタレート繊維の繊維上に張り付いている部分が多く、極細繊維による網目状構造をほとんど形成していなかった。写真を数多く撮り、極細繊維によって形成された 100個の細孔を対象として、真円度と円換算径を測定したところ、真円度は 1.9、円換算径は 3.5μm であった。
実施例1と同様の方法で濃厚赤血球製剤を濾過したところ、白血球除去能は 2.4、圧力損失は56mmHgであった。
【0037】
【比較例3】
実施例1と同様のフィブリル繊維とポリエチレンテレフタレート繊維からなり、繊維総濃度が0.25g/L の界面活性剤を添加した分散液を調製した。ただし、繊維総重量におけるフィブリル繊維の含有率は60重量%とした。この分散液を抄造し、目付が40g/m2、嵩密度が0.19g/cm3 の白血球除去材料を作製した。また実施例1と同様の方法で、極細繊維によって形成された細孔の真円度と円換算径を測定したところ、真円度は 1.3、円換算径は 0.7μm であった。
実施例1と同様の方法で濃厚赤血球製剤を濾過したところ、圧力損失が300mmHg を超え、血液が途中で流れなくなった。
【0038】
【比較例4】
実施例1と同様のフィブリル繊維とポリエチレンテレフタレート繊維からなり、繊維総濃度が0.25g/L の界面活性剤を添加した分散液を調製した。ただし、繊維総重量におけるフィブリル繊維の含有率は 0.3重量%とした。この分散液を抄造し、目付が40g/m2、嵩密度が0.15g/cm3 の白血球除去材料を作製した。また実施例1と同様の方法で、極細繊維によって形成された細孔の真円度と円換算径を測定したところ、真円度は 1.4、円換算径は23μm であった。
実施例1と同様の方法で濃厚赤血球製剤を濾過したところ、白血球除去能は1.9 、圧力損失が23mmHgであった。
【0039】
実施例1、比較例1〜4の結果を表1にまとめる。
表1にみられるように、実施例の白血球除去材料は白血球除去能が高く、かつ圧力損失の低い優れた性能を有している。
【0040】
【表1】

Figure 0004070035
【0041】
比較例1は極細繊維を用いていないため、白血球除去能が非常に低かった。比較例2は網目構造をほとんど形成していないため白血球除去能がやや不足し、かつ真円度が1.9 と大きいため赤血球の通過抵抗が大きくなり圧力損失が高めの値となった。比較例3は極細繊維の含量が多すぎるため円換算径が小さくなり、血液が流れなかった。比較例4は極細繊維の含量が少なすぎるため円換算径が大きくなり、白血球除去能が不足した。一方、実施例1は白血球除去能が3.4 と高く、かつ圧力損失も27mmHgと非常に低かった。以上のことから、実施例1の白血球除去材料は白血球除去能が高く、かつ圧力損失の小さい優れた性能を有していた。
【0042】
【実施例2】
400mL の血液に抗凝固剤として56mLのCPD液(組成:クエン酸ナトリウム 26.3g/L、クエン酸 3.27g/L、グルコース 23.2g/L、リン酸二水素ナトリウム二水和物 2.61g/L) を加えて調製した全血から、採血後8時間以内に遠心分離によって多血小板血漿を除去し、赤血球保存液としてMAPを加えた濃厚赤血球製剤を調製し、4〜5℃で10日間保存した。スパンボンド法により製造された、繊維径が32μm と12μm の不織布を有効濾過断面積が45cm2 の容器に0.28g/cm3 の充填密度で充填したフィルターで上記の濃厚赤血球製剤を濾過し、血液中の微少凝集物を除去した。
【0043】
微小凝集物を除去した濃厚赤血球製剤 300mLを22〜25℃の室温になるまで放置した。実施例1と同様の方法で作製した白血球除去材料を8枚重ね、有効濾過断面積が45cm2 の容器に0.22/cm3充填密度で充填したフィルターを作製した。このフィルターを用い、落差1mで微小凝集物を除去した濃厚赤血球製剤を濾過した。濾過を開始するにあたり、フィルターを血液回路を介して濃厚赤血球製剤が入っている血液バッグに接続後、血液バッグを手でつかんで加圧し、強制的にフィルター内に血液を満たした。
このような操作を行った結果、白血球除去能は 5.3、血液の濾過時間は14分であった。
【0044】
【発明の効果】
本発明の白血球除去材料は繊維径が小さい極細繊維からなる円に近似した網目状構造を形成しており、この網目状構造の形成によって単位体積当たりの白血球除去能を極めて高くすること、および良好な血液の流れ性を保持することができる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a leukocyte removing material for removing leukocytes from a leukocyte-containing liquid. More specifically, the present invention relates to a leukocyte removing material that removes leukocytes mixed in blood during blood transfusion or extracorporeal circulation.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, with the advancement of immunology and transfusion, component transfusion has been performed in which only components necessary for treatment of various diseases are transfused from conventional whole blood transfusion. Component transfusion is an excellent transfusion therapy that reduces the burden on patients due to transfusion and has a high therapeutic effect. Various blood products used for transfusion of components such as concentrated erythrocyte preparation, concentrated platelet preparation, and platelet poor plasma are prepared by separating whole blood obtained by donation by centrifugation. However, it has been clarified that blood products separated by centrifugation contain many white blood cells, and these mixed white blood cells induce post-transfusion side effects. As side effects after blood transfusion, serious side effects such as graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) are known from relatively minor side effects such as headache, nausea, chills, and non-hemolytic fever reaction. . In order to prevent such side effects after blood transfusion, it is effective to remove leukocytes mixed in blood products, and the filter method with excellent leukocyte removal ability and operability and low cost is widely used as a leukocyte removal means. is doing. As a filter medium filled in the filter, a fibrous medium such as a nonwoven fabric or a sponge-like structure is used.
[0003]
Removal of leukocytes by the filter method is considered to be mainly performed by removing adhesion using the adhesion ability of leukocytes. Therefore, high performance in the conventional leukocyte removal filter has been mainly studied to increase the contact frequency between the leukocyte and the filter medium and improve the leukocyte removal ability. In order to increase the contact frequency, measures such as decreasing the fiber diameter and increasing the surface area of the filter medium have been taken. Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 2-13587 discloses a filter medium made of a nonwoven fabric having a small fiber diameter. In Japanese Patent Publication No. 7-500090, a fiber lump (small fiber piece) having a total length of about 1 mm and a width of about 0.1 to 50 μm and a fiber diameter of 0.05 to 0.75 is formed by gathering many fibers having a fiber diameter of about 0.01 μm. d, a filter medium produced by dispersing short fibers that can be spun in a fiber length of about 3 to 15 mm in a dispersion medium and removing the dispersion medium from the obtained dispersion liquid is disclosed. The above technique aims to increase the surface area of the filter medium and improve the leukocyte removal ability by using a non-woven fabric or small fiber pieces made of fibers having a small fiber diameter. However, with the prior art filter media, the improvement of leukocyte removal ability leads to prolongation of blood filtration time and increase of pressure loss, and it is difficult to achieve high leukocyte removal ability and good blood filtration characteristics at the same time. there were.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to provide a leukocyte removing material having high leukocyte removing ability and good blood filtration characteristics.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventors diligently studied a leukocyte removal material that achieves the above object. As a result, leukocyte removal material that has a structure in which an appropriate amount of ultrafine fibers with a small fiber diameter is introduced and pores close to a circle formed by the ultrafine fibers are connected in a network form has high leukocyte removal ability and good blood filtration characteristics We found that we can achieve at the same time. That is, a leukocyte-removing material containing ultrafine fibers having a fiber diameter of 0.02 μm or more and less than 0.8 μm in an amount of 0.5% by weight or more and less than 50% by weight, wherein the ultrafine fibers have a roundness of 1.7 or less and a circle converted diameter of 1 μm or more and 20 μm. The above object was achieved with a leukocyte-removing material having a network structure of less than
[0006]
Hereinafter, the leukocyte removing material of the present invention will be described in more detail.
The fiber diameter of the ultrafine fiber of the present invention, the roundness of the pores formed by the ultrafine fiber, and the circle-converted diameter are values determined by the following procedure. A portion of the leukocyte removal material that is recognized as being substantially uniform is sampled and photographed using a scanning electron microscope or the like. At the time of sampling, the effective filtration cross-sectional area of the leukocyte removal material is divided by a square having a side of about 0.5 cm, and 6 points are randomly sampled. In order to perform random sampling, for example, after specifying an address for each of the above-mentioned sections, a section of a necessary portion may be selected by a method such as using a random number table. In addition, for each sampled section, photograph at 3 or more, preferably 5 or more at a magnification of 2000 times or more. The width of the fiber perpendicular to the fiber axis of the photographed fiber is defined as the fiber diameter, and a fiber having a fiber diameter of 0.02 μm or more and less than 0.8 μm is defined as an ultrafine fiber.
[0007]
Next, the area of the pores (S 1 ) And the outer circumference (L) are measured using an appropriate device such as an image analyzer. At the time of measurement, it is preferable to obtain the area and outer circumference length after copying the shape of the pores formed by the ultrafine fibers on a trace paper or the like and then obtaining the accuracy. Next, the area of the circle (S 2 ) And S 2 The value of S 1 Divide by the value of. Such measurement is performed for a plurality of pores, specifically, 100 or more pores. S 2 The value of S 1 The value obtained by dividing the total sum of the values divided by the number of pores measured is the roundness referred to in the present invention. That is, the roundness referred to in the present invention is an index showing the circular approximation of the pores, and the smaller this value, the closer to the circle.
[0008]
Furthermore, the circle-converted diameter of the present invention is a circle when converted into a circle having the same outer peripheral length L as the outer peripheral length L of each pore formed by the ultrafine fibers in the above-described roundness measurement. The diameter of Similarly to the measurement of roundness, the measurement of the circle-converted diameter is performed for 100 or more pores, and the average value is defined as the circle-converted diameter.
[0009]
In the above measurement, a grid-like transparent sheet with vertical and horizontal lines drawn at equal intervals of about 0.1 mm to 10 mm is put on the photograph, and the fiber diameter is determined for the fiber at the intersection of the vertical and horizontal lines, that is, the fiber at the grid point. When the fiber diameter of the fiber at the lattice point is 0.02 μm or more and less than 0.8 μm, the roundness and the circle-converted diameter of the pores containing the fiber on the lattice point are obtained. However, even if the fiber diameter of the fiber on the lattice point is 0.02 μm or more and less than 0.8 μm, the fiber diameter of the fiber forming the pores may become thinner than 0.02 μm or thicker than 0.8 μm. In such a case, when it is difficult to measure the fiber diameter of a fiber that forms pores due to entanglement of a plurality of fibers, etc., these data are deleted. In addition, when a medium such as a fiber having a large fiber diameter, a sponge-like structure, or a particle coexists, pores formed by ultrafine fibers are stuck on the medium, etc. When it is regarded as a pore that is difficult to pass, it is excluded from the measurement target. That is, when the medium coexists, the fiber diameter, the roundness, and the circle-converted diameter are measured with respect to pores having a network structure formed between the media and allowing blood to pass therethrough.
[0010]
As is clear from the above definition, the leukocyte-removing material of the present invention is characterized by forming a network structure in which pores close to a circle of an appropriate size are connected by ultrafine fibers. That is, the network structure of the present invention is a structure in which pores are formed of ultrafine fibers having a fiber diameter of 0.02 μm or more and less than 0.8 μm, and are connected with pores having a roundness of 1.7 or less and a circle-converted diameter of 1 μm or more and less than 20 μm. Say.
[0011]
The fiber diameter of the ultrafine fibers forming the network structure of the present invention is 0.02 μm or more and less than 0.8 μm. If the fiber diameter is less than 0.02 μm, the strength of the fiber is insufficient, and the leukocyte and other blood cell components that collide when the leukocyte-containing liquid is processed are likely to break the fiber, which is not suitable. On the other hand, if the fiber diameter is 0.8 μm or more, the surface area per unit volume of the leukocyte-removing material becomes small, and the leukocyte-removing ability per unit volume cannot be improved, which is not suitable. A more preferable fiber diameter is suitably 0.1 μm or more and less than 0.6 μm.
[0012]
The roundness of the network structure formed by the ultrafine fibers of the present invention is 1.7 or less. When the roundness exceeds 1.7, the leukocytes cannot be efficiently removed by the mesh, and the red blood cells are forced to pass through the pores while being greatly deformed. Not suitable because it tends to occur. More preferably, the roundness is 1.5 or less, more preferably 1.3 or less, and most preferably 1.1 or less.
[0013]
Further, the circle-converted diameter of the network structure of the present invention is 1 μm or more and less than 20 μm. If the circular equivalent diameter is less than 1 μm, leukocytes are trapped on the pores and the pores are blocked, and the lower part of the blocked pores does not contribute to the removal of leukocytes, and the filtration rate due to clogging of the leukocytes It is not suitable because it may cause a decrease in When the circle-converted diameter is 20 μm or more, leukocyte removal at the mesh can hardly be expected, and the leukocyte removal ability is lowered, which is not suitable. A more preferable circular equivalent diameter is 1 μm or more and less than 10 μm, and further preferably 2 μm or more and less than 8 μm.
[0014]
In the network structure composed of the ultrafine fibers of the leukocyte-removing material of the present invention described above, it is more preferable that the coefficient of variation of the circle-converted diameter is 50% or less. The coefficient of variation here refers to the diameter of the circle converted to the horizontal axis and the standard deviation of the distribution when the frequency is plotted on the vertical axis divided by the value of the circle-converted diameter when calculating the circle-converted diameter. The smaller the value, the smaller the variation in the size of the pores formed by the ultrafine fibers. It is preferable that the coefficient of variation of the circle-equivalent diameter is small and the pores are uniform in size so that a single blood flow is less likely to occur. In other words, it includes ultrafine fibers with a fiber diameter of 0.02 μm or more and less than 0.8 μm, and with a fine fiber, the roundness is 1.7 or less, the circle conversion diameter is 1 μm or more and less than 20 μm, and the coefficient of variation of the circle conversion diameter is 50% or less. It is a leukocyte removal material forming the structure. More preferably, the coefficient of variation of the circle equivalent diameter is 40% or less, more preferably 30% or less, and most preferably 20% or less.
[0015]
The network structure by the ultrafine fibers of the present invention does not only refer to a structure having a network structure in which pores close to curved circles are connected by curved ultrafine fibers, but a roundness of 1.7 or less is a circle. If the converted diameter is 1 μm or more and less than 20 μm, even a polygonal pore shape is included in the network structure of the present invention.
Further, in order to further improve the leukocyte removal ability, it is preferable that a network structure of the ultrafine fibers of the present invention is formed on a surface perpendicular to the flow direction of the leukocyte-containing liquid. Such a network structure of the present invention is preferably formed substantially uniformly on the entire leukocyte-removing material, but may be formed on a part of the surface layer portion of the leukocyte-removing material.
[0016]
As the ultrafine fiber of the present invention, any material can be used as long as it is a fiber that hardly damages blood and blood cell components and can form a desired network structure. Specifically, natural fibers and semi-synthetic fibers can be used. , Synthetic fibers, inorganic fibers, metals and the like. Among these, organic polymer materials such as cellulose, cellulose acetate, polyacrylonitrile, polyester, polyolefin, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyamide are preferable, and cellulose is more preferable.
[0017]
Furthermore, it is preferable to use a fibril fiber obtained by dividing a splittable fiber as the ultrafine fiber of the present invention. This is because the fibril fiber is easily formed into a single-filament shape having a small fiber diameter, and a desired network structure can be easily formed by having a curved shape. Such a fibril fiber can be obtained by a very simple method, in particular, by subjecting regenerated cellulose or purified cellulose to an acid or alkali treatment, and then physically stirring it in a liquid using a mixer. In particular, the use of cellulose fibers having a dry elongation of 10% or more is most suitable because desired ultrafine fibers can be easily obtained. The dry elongation is measured according to any method of JIS-L-1013, 1069, 1095 according to the form of the yarn.
[0018]
The leukocyte-removing material of the present invention is preferably in the form of a mixture of ultrafine fibers and fibers such as thick fiber diameters, sponge-like structures, and particles. This is because the mechanical strength of the leukocyte-removing material can be increased by mixing the medium, and the handleability in the manufacturing process can be improved.
[0019]
When a fiber having a thick fiber diameter is used as the medium, the fiber diameter is suitably 1 μm or more and less than 30 μm. If the fiber diameter is less than 1 μm, the pore diameter of the medium becomes small, which may cause an increase in blood filtration time, which is not suitable. A fiber diameter of 30 μm or more is not preferable because the pore diameter of the medium increases and it may be difficult to form a network structure made of ultrafine fibers. The fiber diameter is more preferably 1 μm or more and less than 15 μm, still more preferably 1 μm or more and less than 5 μm. The leukocyte-removing material comprising the fiber medium and the ultrafine fiber of the present invention may be formed by mixing the ultrafine fiber of the present invention with a fiber medium previously processed into a nonwoven fabric, woven fabric, knitted fabric or the like to form a network structure. Alternatively, the short fiber and the ultrafine fiber of the present invention may be mixed and then processed into the form of a leukocyte removing material.
[0020]
Further, as the fiber having a large fiber diameter, either a short fiber or a long fiber may be used, but it is preferable to use a short fiber having a fiber length of several mm compared to a long fiber having a fiber length exceeding several cm. This is preferable because it is easy to form a net-like structure composed of ultrafine fibers of the whole leukocyte removal material substantially uniformly. When short fibers are used as the medium, the fiber length is 0.1 mm or more and less than 10 mm, preferably 1 mm or more and less than 7 mm, more preferably 2 mm or more and less than 5 mm. The fiber length of a short fiber here is the average value which measured the fiber length of 50 or more short fibers.
[0021]
When a sponge-like structure having continuous pores is used as a medium, the pore diameter is suitably 3 μm or more and less than 200 μm. If the pore diameter is less than 3 μm, the risk of prolonging the blood filtration time increases, which is not suitable. When the pore diameter is 200 μm or more, the pore diameter of the medium becomes large, and it becomes difficult to form a network structure composed of the ultrafine fibers of the present invention. More preferably, the pore size is 5 μm or more and less than 100 μm, more preferably 6 μm or more and less than 50 μm, and most preferably 8 μm or more and less than 15 μm. Here, the pore diameter is a value measured by a mercury intrusion method. In other words, when the pressure of mercury is in the vicinity of 2650 psia, the amount of mercury intrusion is 100%, and the hole diameter corresponds to the amount of mercury intrusion 50%.
[0022]
Furthermore, when using particles as a medium, the particle size is suitably 1 μm or more and less than 300 μm. When the particles are filled in a suitable container, if the particle size is less than 1 μm, the pore size formed between the particles may be reduced and the blood filtration time may be prolonged. On the contrary, the particle size is 300 μm. The above is not preferable because the space between the particles becomes large and it becomes difficult to form a network structure composed of the ultrafine fibers of the present invention. A more preferable particle diameter is 5 μm or more and less than 50 μm, and most preferably 6 μm or more and less than 20 μm. Here, the particle diameter is an average value obtained by photographing particles with a scanning electron microscope and is measured for 50 or more particles.
[0023]
In the leukocyte-removing material composed of an appropriate medium and ultrafine fibers as described above, it is preferable to design the ultrafine fibers to have a content of 0.5 wt% or more and less than 50 wt%. When the content is 50% by weight or more, the circle-converted diameter of the network structure is reduced, and the blood flowability may be deteriorated. If the content of ultrafine fibers is less than 0.5% by weight, the circle-converted diameter of the network structure is increased, and the leukocyte removal ability may be insufficient, which is not suitable. More preferably, the content is 2% by weight or more and less than 40% by weight, and more preferably 5% by weight or more and less than 20% by weight.
[0024]
The content of ultrafine fibers can be measured by various methods. For example, elution of ultrafine fibers with a suitable solvent and measuring the weight in the eluate, differential scanning calorimeter, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (NMR), elemental analysis, X-ray, infrared spectrum (IR) etc. and the method of measuring by the composition analysis of an eluate or leukocyte removal material etc. are mentioned. In particular, when the material of the ultrafine fiber is cellulose, the ultrafine fiber may be decomposed into glucose with an appropriate enzyme such as cellulase, and the amount of glucose may be quantified. Further, when fibers having a large fiber diameter coexist and fibers having a large fiber diameter and ultrafine fibers coexist substantially uniformly throughout the leukocyte removal material, measurement may be performed by the following method. That is, the fiber diameter and the fiber length in the photograph taken with a scanning electron microscope are measured, and a graph is drawn with the fiber diameter as the horizontal axis and the fiber length as the vertical axis. Then, the weight of each fiber diameter is obtained by further multiplying the fiber density, and the sum is taken as the fiber weight. The content may be obtained by dividing the weight of the ultrafine fiber having a fiber diameter of 0.02 μm or more and less than 0.8 μm by the total fiber weight. The fiber length here means a cumulative value, and when a plurality of fibers having the same fiber diameter are measured, the sum is used. In addition, even if there are several types of mixed fibers, if the fiber diameters of the respective fiber types can be regarded as substantially uniform, the average value of the fiber diameters of the respective fiber types may be used.
[0025]
The fiber length measurement here refers to the actual length of the fiber between the set starting points, starting from the ends of the portion of the photograph that can be regarded as a single fiber, for the fibers taken with a scanning electron microscope. Is measured using an apparatus such as an image analysis apparatus or an appropriate instrument. However, if it is entangled with other fibers in the middle and the target fiber cannot be traced or cannot be seen behind other media such as other fibers, etc. Starting from.
[0026]
The example of the manufacturing method of the ultrafine fiber which can be used for this invention is described below. The ultrafine fiber of the present invention is a fiber having a fiber diameter of 0.02 μm or more and less than 0.8 μm. As a method for producing such ultrafine fibers, in addition to splitting fibers represented by regenerated cellulose fibers, purified cellulose fibers, microporous splitting acrylic fibers, etc., known methods described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 47-37648 The splitting fiber obtained by the above method may be produced by physically agitating using a mixer or the like, spraying a high-pressure liquid stream, or treating with a high-pressure homogenizer. Further, a known sea-island type fiber is used as a raw material, and it is processed into a curved fiber by subjecting it to a heat treatment or a mechanical treatment in advance as necessary, and then sea components are dissolved and removed using various solvents. A method is also mentioned. Among these various production methods, a method of using a cellulose fiber such as regenerated cellulose fiber or purified cellulose fiber and separating it into a fibril fiber is easy to operate and has a curved shape that easily forms a network structure. It is preferable because ultrafine fibers can be obtained.
[0027]
Examples of a method for producing a leukocyte-removing material comprising ultrafine fibers having a fiber diameter of 0.02 μm or more and less than 0.8 μm, fibers having a large fiber diameter, sponge-like structures, particles, and the like include a papermaking method using a fiber dispersion. In the papermaking method, a dispersion is prepared by dispersing ultrafine fibers in a suitable dispersion medium containing water, a surfactant, a thickener, etc., and this dispersion is used as a fiber medium such as nonwoven fabric, woven fabric, knitted fabric, or sponge. A method of pouring into a container in which a medium such as a particle-like structure or particles is arranged, temporarily collecting, draining, and drying. In addition, when mixing ultrafine fibers and short fiber media, a method of preparing a dispersion in which both ultrafine fibers and short fibers are dispersed and forming the dispersion into a sheet form, A method of making a dispersion of short fibers or ultrafine fibers on a sheet obtained by preparing a dispersion of dispersed fine fibers and a dispersion of short fibers, and making a dispersion of ultrafine fibers or short fibers. Is a method of repeating each other a plurality of times. In such a papermaking method, the concentration of fibers in the dispersion is preferably from about 0.01 g / L to about 3 g / L. When a surfactant or thickener is added, the concentration is 0.001% to 5%. It is preferable that In addition, in making a dispersion of short fibers and ultrafine fibers, in order to improve the handleability of the leukocyte-removing material in the production process, it may be made on an appropriate base fabric such as a nonwoven fabric or mesh, or after making the base fabric The leukocyte removal material may be sandwiched between.
[0028]
Further, as a method for producing a leukocyte-removing material comprising ultrafine fibers having a fiber diameter of 0.02 μm or more and less than 0.8 μm and fibers having a large fiber diameter, a melt blow method can be mentioned. As an example of this method, there is a method of mixing ultrafine fibers into a fiber bundle flow during spinning when spinning a fiber having a fiber diameter of 1 μm or more and less than 30 μm by a melt blow method.
Further, when producing a sponge-like structure as described in JP-A-4-212373, ultrafine fibers are mixed in a liquid that forms the sponge-like structure, and then immersed in a suitable coagulation bath. If necessary, a method of introducing ultrafine fibers into the entire sponge-like structure by further immersing the pore-forming agent in a solvent for eluting and removing the pore-forming agent can also be mentioned.
[0029]
Among the various methods for producing leukocyte-removing materials described above, it is preferable to make paper with short fibers that can form a network structure of ultrafine fibers in the entire leukocyte-removing material and that can be produced easily.
Furthermore, as post-processing, about 3kg / cm 2 More than 200kg / cm 2 Less than high pressure liquid treatment can be applied. Such post-processing is preferable because it can increase the entanglement between fibers and increase the mechanical strength.
[0030]
Since the ultrafine fiber used in the present invention has a very small fiber diameter of 0.02 μm or more and less than 0.8 μm, the surface area per unit volume of the filter medium can be remarkably increased. Further, it is considered that leukocytes are efficiently captured by the mesh by forming a network structure having an appropriate size with ultrafine fibers on a surface perpendicular to the flow direction of the liquid containing leukocytes. Moreover, since the ultrafine fibers of the present invention are not bundled and are so-called single fibers in which each fiber is in a defibrated state, the porosity of the leukocyte removing material can be maintained high, and By forming a network structure in which pores close to a circle made of ultrafine fibers are connected, the passage resistance of leukocyte removal materials for useful blood cell components other than leukocytes, for example, blood cell components not targeted for removal, such as red blood cells, is extremely small. As a result, it seems to exhibit excellent blood filtration properties with good blood flow. This excellent blood filtration property was unexpected at first and was a marvelous effect. Red blood cells pass through the pores of the filter medium while deforming, but if the pore shape of the filter medium is close to a circle, the red blood cells can pass through without being deformed so much, and as a result, an increase in red blood cell passage resistance is seen. This is thought to be because it was possible to maintain good blood flow.
[0031]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the leukocyte removal material of the present invention will be described in more detail based on examples, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to these examples.
[0032]
[Example 1]
Regenerated cellulose fiber with a fiber diameter of about 15.4μm and a dry elongation of 13.3% (Bemberg R NP spinning fiber (manufactured by Asahi Kasei Corporation) was cut to a fiber length of about 5 mm. This cut fiber was immersed in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (8% by weight) at about 10 ° C. and stirred for 60 minutes at 60 rpm. After washing with water to remove sodium hydroxide, the regenerated cellulose fiber was dispersed in water to a concentration of 2.0 g / L, and vigorously stirred for 60 minutes at 10,000 rpm using a mixer. Thus, a suspension of fibril fibers in which the regenerated cellulose fibers were separated was prepared. When the obtained fibril fibers were photographed and observed with a scanning electron microscope, most of the fibers had a fiber diameter of 0.1 μm to 0.5 μm and were in a curved form. Next, poly (ethylene terephthalate) fiber having a fiber diameter of about 4 μm was cut into a fiber length of about 3 mm and dispersed in water. Upon dispersion, a commercially available surfactant (Tween R 20) was added to a concentration of 0.1% by weight. By adding fibril fibers to this dispersion, a dispersion in which both polyethylene terephthalate fibers and fibril fibers were dispersed was obtained. The total fiber concentration was 0.25 g / L, and the fibril fiber content in the total fiber weight was 10% by weight.
[0033]
A polypropylene mesh (# 200) was cut into a 30 cm × 30 cm square and placed on the bottom of a funnel-like paper making device, and pure water was stored up to a height of about 1 cm from the mesh surface. The above dispersion (3.6 L) was gently poured into this, and after gently stirring, it was drained from the bottom of the paper making apparatus. The web formed on the mesh was vacuum dried at 40 ° C. for 16 hours. The prepared leukocyte removal material has a basis weight of 40 g / m. 2 , Bulk density 0.17g / cm Three Met. Moreover, when the leukocyte removal material was photographed and observed with a scanning electron microscope, a plurality of curved fibril fibers were entangled to form curved pores, and a network structure in which these pores were connected was formed. Was forming. When the roundness and the circle-converted diameter were measured for 100 pores formed by fibril fibers, the roundness was 1.3 and the circle-converted diameter was 3.8 μm.
[0034]
Four layers of leukocyte-removing material prepared as described above are stacked, and the packing density is 0.20 g / cm in a cylindrical container with a diameter of 25 mm. 2 It filled so that it might become. As a red blood cell preservation solution, MAP solution (composition: sodium citrate 1.50 g / L, citric acid 0.20 g / L, glucose 7.21 g / L, sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate 0.94 / L, sodium chloride 4.97 g / L, Adenine 0.14g / L, mannitol 14.57g / L) was added, and 10mL concentrated red blood cell preparation (hematocrit 63%) stored at 4-5 ° C for 7 days was left at room temperature until 22-23 ° C. Filtered with a filter. Filtration was performed using a pump at a constant flow rate of 3 mL / min. The pressure loss accompanying filtration and the number of leukocytes before and after filtration were measured to determine leukocyte removal ability. The white blood cell count before filtration was determined by injecting a diluted solution diluted 10-fold with Turku's solution into a Barker Turku hemocytometer and counting the white blood cell count using an optical microscope. The white blood cell count after filtration was measured as follows. The diluted solution diluted 5 times with Leucoplate solution was mixed well, then allowed to stand at room temperature for 6 to 10 minutes, further centrifuged at 2750 × g for 6 minutes, and the supernatant was removed to prepare a liquid volume of 1.02 g. This solution was injected into a nadget type hemocytometer, and the number of white blood cells was counted using an optical microscope.
From the number of leukocytes before and after filtration measured as described above, leukocyte removal ability was determined from the following equation.
Leukocyte removal ability = -Log (white blood cell count after filtration / white blood cell count before filtration)
As a result, the leukocyte removal ability was 3.4 and the pressure loss was 27 mmHg.
[0035]
[Comparative Example 1]
A dispersion liquid is prepared by dispersing polyethylene terephthalate fibers having a fiber diameter of about 4 μm and a fiber length of about 3 mm as in Example 1 in water to which a surfactant is added so that the total fiber concentration is 0.25 g / L. did. Using this dispersion, paper was made in the same manner as in Example 1. However, since the leukocyte removal material had low mechanical strength, it was subjected to high-pressure fluid treatment after papermaking. For high pressure liquid processing, nozzle diameter is 0.2mm, nozzle pitch is 5mm, number of nozzle rows is 18, nozzle header rotation speed is 150rpm, pressure is 70kg / cm 2 I went there. The prepared leukocyte removal material has a basis weight of 40 g / m. 2 , Bulk density is 0.14g / cm Three Met.
When the concentrated erythrocyte preparation was filtered by the same method as in Example 1, the leukocyte removal ability was 1.4 and the pressure loss was 22 mmHg.
[0036]
[Comparative Example 2]
A dispersion comprising a polyacrylonitrile fiber having a fiber diameter of 0.2 μm to 0.6 μm and a polyethylene terephthalate fiber having a fiber diameter of about 4 μm and a fiber length of about 3 mm similar to Example 1 and having a surfactant added thereto was prepared. The total fiber concentration in the dispersion of polyacrylonitrile fiber and polyethylene terephthalate fiber was 0.25 g / L, and the content of polyacrylonitrile fiber in the total fiber weight was 10% by weight. This dispersion is made into paper and has a basis weight of 40 g / m. 2 , Bulk density 0.17g / cm Three A leukocyte removal material was prepared. In addition, when the leukocyte-removing material was photographed and observed with a scanning electron microscope, polyethylene terephthalate alone was entangled with a plurality of linear ultrafine fibers entangled with each other so that no bundled fibers or ultrafine fibers were entangled. There were many portions of the fibers sticking on the fibers, and a network structure with very fine fibers was hardly formed. A number of photographs were taken, and the roundness and circle-equivalent diameter were measured for 100 pores formed by ultrafine fibers. The roundness was 1.9 and the circle-equivalent diameter was 3.5 μm.
When the concentrated erythrocyte preparation was filtered by the same method as in Example 1, the leukocyte removal ability was 2.4 and the pressure loss was 56 mmHg.
[0037]
[Comparative Example 3]
A dispersion comprising the same fibril fiber and polyethylene terephthalate fiber as in Example 1 and a surfactant having a total fiber concentration of 0.25 g / L was prepared. However, the fibril fiber content in the total fiber weight was 60% by weight. This dispersion is made into paper and has a basis weight of 40 g / m. 2 , Bulk density 0.19g / cm Three A leukocyte removal material was prepared. Further, when the roundness and the circle-equivalent diameter of the pores formed by the ultrafine fibers were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, the roundness was 1.3 and the circle-equivalent diameter was 0.7 μm.
When the concentrated erythrocyte preparation was filtered by the same method as in Example 1, the pressure loss exceeded 300 mmHg, and blood stopped flowing halfway.
[0038]
[Comparative Example 4]
A dispersion comprising the same fibril fiber and polyethylene terephthalate fiber as in Example 1 and a surfactant having a total fiber concentration of 0.25 g / L was prepared. However, the fibril fiber content in the total fiber weight was 0.3% by weight. This dispersion is made into paper and has a basis weight of 40 g / m. 2 , Bulk density is 0.15g / cm Three A leukocyte removal material was prepared. Further, when the roundness and the circle-converted diameter of the pores formed by the ultrafine fibers were measured by the same method as in Example 1, the roundness was 1.4 and the circle-converted diameter was 23 μm.
When the concentrated erythrocyte preparation was filtered by the same method as in Example 1, the leukocyte removal ability was 1.9 and the pressure loss was 23 mmHg.
[0039]
The results of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 are summarized in Table 1.
As can be seen in Table 1, the leukocyte removal material of the example has excellent performance of high leukocyte removal ability and low pressure loss.
[0040]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004070035
[0041]
Since Comparative Example 1 did not use ultrafine fibers, the leukocyte removal ability was very low. In Comparative Example 2, since the network structure was hardly formed, the leukocyte removal ability was slightly insufficient, and the roundness was as large as 1.9, so that the passage resistance of erythrocytes increased and the pressure loss increased. In Comparative Example 3, since the content of ultrafine fibers was too large, the diameter in terms of a circle was small, and blood did not flow. In Comparative Example 4, since the ultrafine fiber content was too small, the diameter in terms of a circle was large, and the leukocyte removal ability was insufficient. On the other hand, Example 1 had a high leukocyte removal ability of 3.4 and a very low pressure loss of 27 mmHg. From the above, the leukocyte-removing material of Example 1 had excellent performance with high leukocyte-removing ability and small pressure loss.
[0042]
[Example 2]
56 mL CPD solution as an anticoagulant for 400 mL blood (composition: sodium citrate 26.3 g / L, citric acid 3.27 g / L, glucose 23.2 g / L, sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate 2.61 g / L) The platelet-rich plasma was removed from the whole blood prepared by adding the centrifugation by centrifugation within 8 hours after blood collection, and a concentrated erythrocyte preparation added with MAP as an erythrocyte preservation solution was prepared and stored at 4-5 ° C. for 10 days. Non-woven fabric with fiber diameters of 32 μm and 12 μm manufactured by the spunbond method has an effective filtration cross-sectional area of 45 cm 2 0.28g / cm in a container Three The concentrated erythrocyte preparation was filtered with a filter packed at a packing density of 5 to remove microaggregates in the blood.
[0043]
300 mL of the concentrated erythrocyte preparation from which microaggregates had been removed was left to reach room temperature of 22-25 ° C. Eight leukocyte-removing materials prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 are stacked, and the effective filtration cross-sectional area is 45 cm. 2 0.22 / cm in a container Three A filter filled with a packing density was produced. Using this filter, the concentrated erythrocyte preparation from which microaggregates were removed with a drop of 1 m was filtered. In order to start filtration, the filter was connected to a blood bag containing a concentrated red blood cell preparation through a blood circuit, and the blood bag was grasped by hand and pressurized to forcibly fill the filter with blood.
As a result of such operations, the leukocyte removal ability was 5.3 and the blood filtration time was 14 minutes.
[0044]
【The invention's effect】
The leukocyte-removing material of the present invention forms a network structure that approximates a circle made of ultrafine fibers having a small fiber diameter, and the formation of this network structure makes the leukocyte removal ability per unit volume extremely high and good Can maintain a good blood flow.

Claims (1)

繊維径が0.02μm 以上 0.8μm 未満の極細繊維を 0.5重量%以上50重量%未満含有する白血球除去材料であって、該極細繊維によって真円度が 1.7以下、円換算径が1μm 以上20μm 未満の網目状構造を形成していることを特徴とする白血球除去材料。A leukocyte-removing material containing 0.5% to 50% by weight of ultrafine fibers having a fiber diameter of 0.02 μm or more and less than 0.8 μm. A leukocyte-removing material characterized by forming a network structure.
JP18592597A 1997-06-26 1997-06-26 Leukocyte removal material Expired - Fee Related JP4070035B2 (en)

Priority Applications (11)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP18592597A JP4070035B2 (en) 1997-06-26 1997-06-26 Leukocyte removal material
EP98929710A EP1000651B1 (en) 1997-06-26 1998-06-26 Leukapheretic filter medium
AU79343/98A AU724497B2 (en) 1997-06-26 1998-06-26 Leukocyte-removing filter medium
DE1998631077 DE69831077T2 (en) 1997-06-26 1998-06-26 FILTER MEDIUM FOR THE SEPARATION OF LEUKOCYTES
CA 2294500 CA2294500C (en) 1997-06-26 1998-06-26 Leukocyte-removing filter medium
CN98806574A CN1261290A (en) 1997-06-26 1998-06-26 Filter Media for Leukocyte Removal
US09/446,536 US6267898B1 (en) 1997-06-26 1998-06-26 Leukapheretic filter medium
PCT/JP1998/002871 WO1999000172A1 (en) 1997-06-26 1998-06-26 Leukapheretic filter medium
KR1019997012232A KR20010020506A (en) 1997-06-26 1998-06-26 Leukapheretic Filter Medium
AT98929710T ATE300990T1 (en) 1997-06-26 1998-06-26 FILTER MEDIUM FOR SEPARATING LEUKOCYTES
US09/873,336 US20010027946A1 (en) 1997-06-26 2001-06-05 Leukapheretic filter medium

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JP2011194083A (en) * 2010-03-19 2011-10-06 Kaneka Corp Method for processing polyester nonwoven fabric and leukocyte removal filter comprising the nonwoven fabric processed
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JP5997173B2 (en) 2011-10-25 2016-09-28 パナソニック株式会社 Filter device and analysis device using the same
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