JP3997711B2 - Initial charging method and manufacturing method of lithium secondary battery - Google Patents
Initial charging method and manufacturing method of lithium secondary battery Download PDFInfo
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- JP3997711B2 JP3997711B2 JP2001002928A JP2001002928A JP3997711B2 JP 3997711 B2 JP3997711 B2 JP 3997711B2 JP 2001002928 A JP2001002928 A JP 2001002928A JP 2001002928 A JP2001002928 A JP 2001002928A JP 3997711 B2 JP3997711 B2 JP 3997711B2
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、リチウム二次電池の初期充電方法およびこの初期充電方法を用いたリチウム二次電池の製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
リチウム二次電池は、正極活物質としてリチウム含有酸化物等を用い、負極活物質としては炭素質材料等を用い、また電解液としてはリチウム電解質を溶解させた非水電解液等を用いて構成される。このリチウム二次電池は、充電時には正極活物質中のリチウムイオンが電解液を介して負極活物質側へと移動して吸蔵され、放電時には逆に負極から放出されたリチウムイオンが正極活物質側へと移動して捕捉される。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
通常このようなリチウム二次電池は、組み立てを終えた後、電池性能を安定させる等の目的から、充電・放電のサイクルを何度か繰り返す「コンディショニング」の工程を経て実用に供される。
【0004】
一般に、負極活物質として炭素質材料等を用いたリチウム二次電池のコンディショニングを行うと、リチウムを含む化合物等からなるSEI(Solid Electrolyte Interphase)皮膜が負極表面に形成される。このとき、電池を構成するリチウムの一部がSEI皮膜の形成により消費されるので、電池反応に利用可能なリチウム(以下、「可動リチウム」ともいう。)の量が減少する。すなわち、正極から負極に移動したリチウムイオンの一部は負極表面に固定され、負極から正極に戻って来ることができない。
正極から負極に移動したリチウムイオン量をL0(モル)、負極から正極に戻ってきたリチウムイオン量をL1(モル)とすると、正極から負極に移動したが正極に戻って来ないリチウムイオン量(以下、「不可逆容量」ともいう。)は、(L0−L1)/L0で表すことができる。この不可逆容量は、コンディショニングにおける一サイクル目が最も高く(例えば20モル%程度)、二サイクル目以降には大幅に低下する(例えば5モル%以下、好ましくは2モル%以下)ことが知られている。したがって、SEI皮膜の形成は一サイクル目の充電時にほぼ終了するものと推察される。
【0005】
このSEI皮膜は、いったん負極表面を覆った後はほとんど成長しないため、SEI皮膜の状態が変わらなければこの段階で電池容量は安定する。したがって、SEI皮膜の形成に消費されるリチウム量を見越して電池を設計すれば、コンディショニングを済ませた後において所定の電池容量をもつ電池を得ることが可能である。
ところが、経時や充放電等により、いったん形成されたSEI皮膜の一部または全部が剥がれ落ちて負極表面が露出されると、この露出部分に新たなSEI皮膜を形成するためにリチウムが消費される。その結果、可動リチウムの量が減少して電池の容量劣化が起こる。
【0006】
このような機構による可動リチウム量の減少を防止するためには、負極表面に形成されるSEI皮膜を強固な(負極表面から剥がれ落ちにくい)ものにすればよいと考えられる。コンディショニング時の充電(これを「初期充電」ともいう。)において充電速度を低くすることは、この強固なSEI皮膜の形成に有効であると推察される。特開平6−84545号公報には、この初期充電における初回または2回目の充電電流を0.15C以下に規制することにより、充電容量が大きく、全体的に均等に充電反応を進行させることのできる薄型非水電解液二次電池の製造法が開示されている。
しかし、上記公報に記載の製造法によると、初回または2回目には充電開始から終了までの広い電位範囲にわたって微小な電流で充電するので、この充電に長時間を要することから製造効率が低下するという問題がある。
【0007】
本発明の目的は、容量維持率等の電池性能を向上させることができ、かつ効率のよいリチウム二次電池の初期充電方法を提供することにある。
本発明の他の目的は、上記初期充電方法を用いたリチウム二次電池の製造方法を提供することにある。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者は、初期充電の際にSEI皮膜が形成される時期を調べ、このSEI皮膜の形成時期に合わせて充電電流を少なくすることにより、強固なSEI皮膜を効率よく形成させる方法を見出して本発明を完成した。
【0009】
すなわち、本発明のリチウム二次電池の初期充電方法は、一サイクル目の充電時において、充電開始からリチウム基準の負極電位が0.3〜0.5Vになるまでの充電範囲内に、充電電流を0.025〜0.2Cとする低速充電期間を設け、且つ一サイクル目の充電時間を250〜270分とすることを特徴とする。そして、本発明では、負極活物質として炭素質材料を用いる。
【0010】
「負極活物質にリチウムが挿入されるステージ」が始まる電位は、サイクリックボルタンメトリーのチャートから読み取る等の方法により知ることができる。例えば、図1に示すチャートでは、負極電位が約0.4V以下となるまで充電が進行すると電流の値が大きく変動し、負極活物質にリチウムが挿入されていることが判る。上記リチウムが挿入されるステージが始まる電位は、負極活物質の組成(例えばグラファイト)等により異なるが、通常は0.3〜0.5V程度である。なお、この図1はグラファイトを負極活物質とする、後述する実施例および比較例に用いた負極を用いて得られた結果である。
上記「負極活物質にリチウムが挿入されるステージ」よりも前の充電範囲では、図2(図1の部分拡大図)に示すように、一サイクル目には二サイクル目以降に比べて多くの電流が流れる現象がみられ、この電流がSEI皮膜の形成に用いられていると考えられる。したがって、一サイクル目におけるSEI皮膜の形成は、主に「負極活物質にリチウムが挿入されるステージ」よりも前の充電範囲で起こっているものと推察される。
【0011】
本発明の初期充電方法では、上記充電範囲のうち一部または全部を、充電電流0.025〜0.2Cの低速で充電を行う低速充電期間とする。この低速充電期間における充電電流は0.15C以下とすることが好ましく、0.1C以下とすることがさらに好ましい。充電電流の下限は、0.05C以下では効果がほぼ飽和することや製造効率等の点から、0.025C以上とすることが好ましい。
SEI皮膜が形成される充電範囲において0.2C以下の低速で充電を行うことにより、SEI皮膜がゆっくりと形成されて、強固なSEI皮膜とすることができる。これにより、実用開始後におけるSEI皮膜の耐久性(負極からの剥がれにくさ)が向上するので、剥離後に新たなSEI皮膜を形成するためのリチウム消費も防止され、電池の容量劣化を抑えることができる。
【0012】
また、一サイクル目の充電時において、充電開始からリチウム基準の負極電位が0.3V(好ましくは0.4V、より好ましくは0.5V)になるまでの充電範囲内に、充電電流を0.2C以下とする低速充電期間を設けることができる。上述のように、「負極活物質にリチウムが挿入されるステージ」の開始は通常0.3〜0.5V程度なので、上記充電範囲のうち一部または全部を低速充電期間とすることにより、請求項1記載の発明と同様に、強固なSEI皮膜を形成させることができる。
【0013】
上記充電範囲のうち上記低速充電期間をどの範囲とするかは、得られる電池の性能(SEI皮膜の耐久性)および製造効率を考慮して決めることができる。SEI皮膜の耐久性を重視する場合には低速充電期間を長くすればよく、例えば、上記充電範囲内の全体を低速充電期間とすることが好ましい。一方、製造効率を重視する場合には低速充電期間を短くすればよい。このとき、SEI皮膜の耐久性に及ぼす影響を抑えつつ低速充電期間を短くするには、リチウム基準の負極電位が1.5V(より低速充電期間を短くする場合には1.2V、さらに短くする場合には1.0V)に到達した時点から上記充電範囲が終了するまでを低速充電期間とすることが好ましい。
【0014】
上記低速充電期間以外の初期充電時は、一サイクル目であるか、二サイクル目以降であるかを問わず、この低速充電期間の充電電流よりも高い充電電流とすることができる。これにより充電時間、ひいてはコンディショニングに要する時間が短縮されるので、電池の製造効率が向上する。すなわち、低速充電期間以外の充電電流は、0.2Cを超える充電電流とすることができ、0.25C以上の充電電流としてもよく、さらに0.5C以上としてもよい。また、低速充電期間以外の初期充電時のうち一サイクル目は0.2Cを超える(例えば0.25C以上、より好ましくは0.5C以上)充電電流とし、二サイクル目以降はさらに高い充電電流(例えば1C以上)としてもよい。
【0015】
本発明の初期充電方法は、負極活物質として炭素質材料を用いたリチウム二次電池に用いられる。この炭素質材料としては、アモルファスカーボン、グラファイト等が挙げられる。
このアモルファスカーボンおよびグラファイトにつき、充電電流を一定として初期充電を行った場合の充電時間と負極電位との関係を図3に模式的に示す。図3から判るように、アモルファスカーボンに比べてグラファイトでは、高電位側(充電開始側)では負極電位の低下が速いが、低電位側では電位の低下が急速に遅くなるという特徴がある。本発明の初期充電方法は、SEI皮膜の形成が終わった後(低電位側)には充電電流を高くすることができるので、負極活物質がグラファイトである場合において、充電時間短縮の効果が特に大きくなるため好ましい。
【0016】
本発明のリチウム二次電池の製造方法は、本発明の初期充電方法によりコンディショニングを行うことを特徴とする。この製造方法によると、上述のように、SEI皮膜の耐久性への影響を抑えつつ初期充電に要する時間を短縮することができるので、リチウム二次電池を効率よく製造することができる。
【0017】
本発明の初期充電方法または製造方法を適用するリチウム二次電池の他部は、従来公知の材料等を用いて構成することができる。
例えば、正極活物質としてはリチウム含有酸化物等が好ましく用いられ、具体例としてはLiMn2O4等のリチウムマンガン酸化物、LiNiO2等のリチウムニッケル酸化物、LiCoO2等のリチウムコバルト酸化物、LiFeO2等のリチウム鉄酸化物等の、従来のリチウム二次電池の正極活物質に用いられている化合物等が挙げられる。
また、正極または負極用の集電体としてはアルミニウム箔、ニッケル箔、銅箔等の金属箔を、正極活物質層または負極活物質層を形成するためのバインダとしてはポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)等を、正極活物質層を形成するための導電化材としてはカーボンブラック、黒鉛、ピッチコークス等を用いることができる。
【0018】
本発明を適用するリチウム二次電池に用いられる電解液としては、従来のリチウム二次電池に用いられる各種非プロトン性溶媒から選択される一種または二種以上、例えばエチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、γ−ブチロラクトン、1,2−ジメチルエタン、テトラヒドロフラン、1,3−ジオキサン、酢酸メチル、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)等を用いることができる。また電解質としては、従来のリチウムイオン二次電池に用いられる各種リチウム塩、例えばLiPF6、LiBF4、LiCF3SO3、LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiC4F9SO3、LiN(CF3SO2)2、SiC(CF3SO2)3等を用いることができ、これらのうちLiPF6、LiBF4が好ましい。電解液中における電解質濃度は通常0.05〜10mol/L程度であり、好ましくは0.1〜5mol/L程度である。
【0019】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、実施例および比較例により本発明をさらに具体的に説明する。
(1)リチウム二次電池の作製
正極集電体としてアルミニウム箔、正極活物質としてリチウムマンガン酸化物、導電化材としてカーボンブラック、バインダとしてPVDFを使用して正極を作製した。一方、負極集電体として銅箔、負極活物質としてグラファイトを用いて負極を作製した。また、セパレータとして多孔質ポリエチレンフィルムを、電解液として1mol/LのLiPF6を含むECとDECとの重量比=3:7の混合溶媒を用いた。これらの材料を用いて18650型の巻回型リチウム二次電池を組み立てた。なお、このリチウム二次電池の容量Cは700mA・hである。
なお、上記で作製された負極につきサイクリックボルタンメトリーを行ったところ、図1に示すチャートが得られた。図1から判るように、この負極において負極活物質にリチウムが挿入されるステージが始まる電位は約0.4Vである。
【0020】
(2)コンディショニング条件
上記(1)により組み立てられたリチウム二次電池につき、下記表1の初期充電条件(SOC=100%)により、4サイクルのコンディショニングを行った。なお、表中の「0.4V」は、リチウム基準の負極電位が0.4Vとなるまで充電が進行した時点を示す。また、「初期」とは負極の初期浸漬電位を指し、ここではいずれも3.3V前後であった。二サイクル目以降の充電電流は、いずれも全電位範囲において1Cとした。
【0021】
【表1】
【0022】
(3)容量維持率の評価
上記(2)によりコンディショニングを終了したリチウム二次電池を60℃で1ヶ月間保存した。その後、各電池の残存容量を測定することにより容量維持率を求めた。得られた容量維持率を表1および図4に示す。
【0023】
この結果から判るように、一サイクル目の充電時に、充電開始から負極活物質にリチウムが挿入されるステージ(0.4V)よりも前までの充電範囲内において低速で(充電電流0.2C以下)充電を行った実施例1〜3では、この範囲を急速に(充電電流1Cで)充電した比較例1および3に比べて容量維持率が明らかに向上した。これは、SEI皮膜が形成される電位範囲において充電速度を低くしたことにより、耐久性に優れたSEI皮膜が負極表面にゆっくりと形成されたためと考えられる。
一方、一サイクル目の充電時に、全ての電位範囲にわたって低速で(充電電流0.1Cで)充電した比較例2では、実施例2と同程度の容量維持率が得られたものの、一サイクル目の充電に要する時間が長く、コンディショニングの効率が低下した。
【0024】
【発明の効果】
本発明の初期充電方法およびこれを用いたリチウム二次電池の製造方法によると、SEI皮膜が形成される充電範囲において0.2C以下の低速で充電を行うので、負極表面に形成されるSEI皮膜を強固なものとすることができる。これにより、電池の実際の使用期間中においてSEI皮膜が負極から剥がれにくくなるので、剥離後に新たなSEI皮膜を形成するためのリチウム消費も防止される。したがって、実用開始後の可動リチウム量の減少による電池の容量劣化が抑えられて電池寿命が向上する。また、上記充電範囲以外は0.2Cを超える充電電流とすれば、SEI皮膜の耐久性を維持しつつ、コンディショニングに要する時間を短縮することができる。これにより、コンディショニング効率および電池の製造効率が向上する。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】負極活物質(グラファイト)を用いて作製された実施例および比較例の負極につき、サイクリックボルタンメトリーを行って得られた特性図である。
【図2】図1の部分拡大図である。
【図3】充電電流を一定として初期充電を行った場合の、充電時間と負極電位との関係を模式的に示す特性図である。
【図4】実施例および比較例のリチウム二次電池につき測定された、初期充電条件と容量維持率との関係を示す特性図である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an initial charging method for a lithium secondary battery and a method for manufacturing a lithium secondary battery using the initial charging method.
[0002]
[Prior art]
The lithium secondary battery is composed of a lithium-containing oxide or the like as the positive electrode active material, a carbonaceous material or the like as the negative electrode active material, and a nonaqueous electrolytic solution in which a lithium electrolyte is dissolved as the electrolytic solution. Is done. In this lithium secondary battery, lithium ions in the positive electrode active material move to the negative electrode active material side through the electrolytic solution during charging and are occluded. On the other hand, lithium ions released from the negative electrode are discharged from the negative electrode during discharge. Moved to and captured.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Normally, such a lithium secondary battery is put to practical use through a “conditioning” process in which a charge / discharge cycle is repeated several times for the purpose of stabilizing the battery performance after assembly.
[0004]
In general, when a lithium secondary battery using a carbonaceous material or the like as a negative electrode active material is conditioned, a SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interphase) film made of a lithium-containing compound or the like is formed on the negative electrode surface. At this time, since a part of lithium constituting the battery is consumed by the formation of the SEI film, the amount of lithium available for battery reaction (hereinafter also referred to as “movable lithium”) decreases. That is, some of the lithium ions that have moved from the positive electrode to the negative electrode are fixed on the negative electrode surface and cannot return from the negative electrode to the positive electrode.
When the amount of lithium ions transferred from the positive electrode to the negative electrode is L 0 (mol) and the amount of lithium ions returned from the negative electrode to the positive electrode is L 1 (mol), lithium ions that have moved from the positive electrode to the negative electrode but do not return to the positive electrode The amount (hereinafter also referred to as “irreversible capacity”) can be expressed by (L 0 −L 1 ) / L 0 . It is known that this irreversible capacity is highest in the first cycle in conditioning (for example, about 20 mol%), and decreases significantly after the second cycle (for example, 5 mol% or less, preferably 2 mol% or less). Yes. Therefore, it is presumed that the formation of the SEI film is almost completed when the first cycle is charged.
[0005]
Since this SEI film hardly grows once the negative electrode surface is covered, the battery capacity is stabilized at this stage unless the state of the SEI film changes. Therefore, if the battery is designed in anticipation of the amount of lithium consumed for the formation of the SEI film, it is possible to obtain a battery having a predetermined battery capacity after conditioning.
However, when part or all of the SEI film once formed is peeled off due to aging or charge / discharge, and the negative electrode surface is exposed, lithium is consumed to form a new SEI film on the exposed part. . As a result, the amount of movable lithium is reduced, resulting in battery capacity degradation.
[0006]
In order to prevent a decrease in the amount of movable lithium due to such a mechanism, it is considered that the SEI film formed on the negative electrode surface should be made strong (it is difficult to peel off from the negative electrode surface). It is presumed that lowering the charging speed in charging during conditioning (also referred to as “initial charging”) is effective in forming this strong SEI film. In Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 6-84545, by limiting the initial or second charging current in this initial charging to 0.15 C or less, the charging capacity is large and the charging reaction can be promoted evenly as a whole. A method of manufacturing a thin non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is disclosed.
However, according to the manufacturing method described in the above publication, since charging is performed with a minute current over a wide potential range from the start to the end of charging for the first time or the second time, this charging takes a long time, and thus manufacturing efficiency is reduced. There is a problem.
[0007]
An object of the present invention is to provide an efficient method for initial charging of a lithium secondary battery, which can improve battery performance such as a capacity maintenance ratio.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of manufacturing a lithium secondary battery using the initial charging method.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventor has found out a method for efficiently forming a strong SEI film by investigating the time when the SEI film is formed at the time of initial charging and reducing the charging current in accordance with the formation time of the SEI film. The present invention has been completed.
[0009]
That is, in the initial charging method of the lithium secondary battery of the present invention, at the time of charging in the first cycle, the charging current is within the charging range from the start of charging until the lithium-based negative electrode potential becomes 0.3 to 0.5 V. A low-speed charging period of 0.025 to 0.2 C is provided, and the charging time of the first cycle is 250 to 270 minutes. In the present invention, a carbonaceous material is used as the negative electrode active material.
[0010]
The potential at which “the stage in which lithium is inserted into the negative electrode active material” can be known by a method such as reading from a cyclic voltammetry chart. For example, in the chart shown in FIG. 1, it can be seen that when charging proceeds until the negative electrode potential becomes about 0.4 V or less, the current value greatly fluctuates, and lithium is inserted into the negative electrode active material. The potential at which the stage where lithium is inserted begins depending on the composition of the negative electrode active material (eg, graphite), but is usually about 0.3 to 0.5V. In addition, this FIG. 1 is the result obtained using the negative electrode used for the Example and comparative example which mention a graphite as a negative electrode active material later.
In the charging range before the above “stage where lithium is inserted into the negative electrode active material”, as shown in FIG. 2 (partially enlarged view of FIG. 1), the first cycle is more than the second cycle and thereafter. A phenomenon in which current flows is observed, and this current is considered to be used for forming the SEI film. Therefore, the formation of the SEI film in the first cycle is presumed to occur mainly in the charge range before “the stage where lithium is inserted into the negative electrode active material”.
[0011]
In the initial charging method of the present invention, a part or all of the charging range is a low-speed charging period in which charging is performed at a low speed of a charging current of 0.025 to 0.2C. The charging current during the low-speed charging period is preferably 0.15 C or less, and more preferably 0.1 C or less. The lower limit of the charging current is preferably 0.025 C or more from the viewpoint of substantially saturating the effect at 0.05 C or less and manufacturing efficiency.
By performing charging at a low speed of 0.2 C or less in the charging range in which the SEI film is formed, the SEI film is slowly formed and a strong SEI film can be obtained. As a result, the durability of the SEI film after the start of practical use (hardness to peel off from the negative electrode) is improved, so lithium consumption for forming a new SEI film after peeling is also prevented, and battery capacity deterioration is suppressed. it can.
[0012]
Further, at the time of charging in the first cycle, the charging current is set to 0. 0 within the charging range from the start of charging until the lithium-based negative electrode potential becomes 0.3 V (preferably 0.4 V, more preferably 0.5 V). A slow charging period of 2C or less can be provided. As described above, since the start of “the stage in which lithium is inserted into the negative electrode active material” is usually about 0.3 to 0.5 V, the charge range can be charged by setting a part or all of the charging range as a slow charging period. As in the invention described in
[0013]
The range of the low-speed charging period in the charging range can be determined in consideration of the performance of the obtained battery (the durability of the SEI film) and the manufacturing efficiency. When importance is attached to the durability of the SEI film, the low-speed charging period may be lengthened. For example, the entire charging range is preferably set as the low-speed charging period. On the other hand, when the manufacturing efficiency is important, the low-speed charging period may be shortened. At this time, in order to shorten the slow charging period while suppressing the influence on the durability of the SEI film, the lithium-based negative electrode potential is 1.5 V (1.2 V if the slower charging period is shortened, and further shortened). In this case, it is preferable to set the low-speed charging period from the time when the voltage reaches 1.0 V) until the end of the charging range.
[0014]
During initial charging other than the low-speed charging period, a charging current higher than the charging current in the low-speed charging period can be set regardless of whether it is the first cycle or the second and subsequent cycles. As a result, the charging time and thus the time required for conditioning are shortened, so that the battery manufacturing efficiency is improved. That is, the charging current other than the low-speed charging period can be a charging current exceeding 0.2C, may be a charging current of 0.25C or more, and may be 0.5C or more. In addition, during the initial charge other than the slow charge period, the first cycle exceeds 0.2C (for example, 0.25C or more, more preferably 0.5C or more), and the second and subsequent cycles have a higher charge current ( For example, it may be 1C or more.
[0015]
The initial charging method of the present invention is used for a lithium secondary battery using a carbonaceous material as a negative electrode active material. Examples of the carbonaceous material include amorphous carbon and graphite.
FIG. 3 schematically shows the relationship between the charging time and the negative electrode potential when the amorphous carbon and graphite are initially charged with a constant charging current. As can be seen from FIG. 3, graphite has a feature that the negative electrode potential decreases more rapidly on the high potential side (charging start side) than the amorphous carbon, but the potential decrease rapidly slows on the low potential side. Since the initial charging method of the present invention can increase the charging current after the formation of the SEI film (on the low potential side), the effect of shortening the charging time is particularly effective when the negative electrode active material is graphite. Since it becomes large, it is preferable.
[0016]
The method for manufacturing a lithium secondary battery of the present invention is characterized in that conditioning is performed by the initial charging method of the present invention . According to this manufacturing method, as described above, the time required for the initial charging can be shortened while suppressing the influence on the durability of the SEI film, so that the lithium secondary battery can be manufactured efficiently.
[0017]
The other part of the lithium secondary battery to which the initial charging method or the manufacturing method of the present invention is applied can be configured using a conventionally known material or the like.
For example, a lithium-containing oxide or the like is preferably used as the positive electrode active material, and specific examples include lithium manganese oxide such as LiMn 2 O 4 , lithium nickel oxide such as LiNiO 2 , lithium cobalt oxide such as LiCoO 2 , LiFeO such lithium iron oxide of 2, such as, compounds are used in the positive electrode active material of conventional lithium secondary battery, and the like.
Further, as a current collector for a positive electrode or a negative electrode, a metal foil such as an aluminum foil, a nickel foil or a copper foil, and as a binder for forming a positive electrode active material layer or a negative electrode active material layer, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), Carbon black, graphite, pitch coke, or the like can be used as a conductive material for forming the positive electrode active material layer using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or the like.
[0018]
The electrolyte used in the lithium secondary battery to which the present invention is applied is one or more selected from various aprotic solvents used in conventional lithium secondary batteries, such as ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate. (PC), γ-butyrolactone, 1,2-dimethylethane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxane, methyl acetate, diethyl carbonate (DEC) and the like can be used. As the electrolyte, various lithium salts used in the conventional lithium ion secondary battery, for example LiPF 6, LiBF 4, LiCF 3 SO 3, LiClO 4, LiAsF 6, LiSbF 6, LiC 4 F 9 SO 3, LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , SiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 or the like can be used, and among these, LiPF 6 and LiBF 4 are preferable. The electrolyte concentration in the electrolytic solution is usually about 0.05 to 10 mol / L, preferably about 0.1 to 5 mol / L.
[0019]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples and comparative examples.
(1) Production of lithium secondary battery A positive electrode was produced using aluminum foil as a positive electrode current collector, lithium manganese oxide as a positive electrode active material, carbon black as a conductive material, and PVDF as a binder. On the other hand, a negative electrode was produced using copper foil as the negative electrode current collector and graphite as the negative electrode active material. Further, a porous polyethylene film was used as the separator, and a mixed solvent of EC and DEC containing 1 mol / L LiPF 6 as the electrolytic solution = 3: 7 was used. Using these materials, a 18650-type wound lithium secondary battery was assembled. The capacity C of this lithium secondary battery is 700 mA · h.
In addition, when the cyclic voltammetry was performed about the negative electrode produced above, the chart shown in FIG. 1 was obtained. As can be seen from FIG. 1, in this negative electrode, the potential at which the stage where lithium is inserted into the negative electrode active material starts is about 0.4V.
[0020]
(2) Conditioning Condition The lithium secondary battery assembled according to the above (1) was conditioned for 4 cycles under the initial charging condition (SOC = 100%) shown in Table 1 below. In addition, “0.4V” in the table indicates a time point at which charging has progressed until the negative electrode potential based on lithium becomes 0.4V. “Initial” refers to the initial immersion potential of the negative electrode, and here it was around 3.3V. The charging current after the second cycle was 1 C in the entire potential range.
[0021]
[Table 1]
[0022]
(3) Evaluation of Capacity Maintenance Rate The lithium secondary battery that had been conditioned according to (2) above was stored at 60 ° C. for 1 month. Thereafter, the capacity retention rate was determined by measuring the remaining capacity of each battery. The obtained capacity retention ratio is shown in Table 1 and FIG.
[0023]
As can be seen from this result, at the time of charging in the first cycle, at a low speed in the charging range from the start of charging to the stage before lithium is inserted into the negative electrode active material (0.4 V) (charging current of 0.2 C or less) ) In Examples 1 to 3 in which charging was performed, the capacity retention rate was clearly improved as compared with Comparative Examples 1 and 3 in which this range was rapidly charged (with a charging current of 1 C). This is considered because the SEI film excellent in durability was slowly formed on the negative electrode surface by lowering the charging speed in the potential range where the SEI film was formed.
On the other hand, in Comparative Example 2 in which charging was performed at a low speed (with a charging current of 0.1 C) over the entire potential range at the time of charging in the first cycle, a capacity retention rate similar to that in Example 2 was obtained, but the first cycle The time required for charging was long, and the efficiency of conditioning was reduced.
[0024]
【The invention's effect】
According to the initial charging method of the present invention and the method of manufacturing a lithium secondary battery using the same, charging is performed at a low speed of 0.2 C or less in the charging range in which the SEI film is formed. Can be made strong. This makes it difficult for the SEI film to be peeled off from the negative electrode during the actual use period of the battery, so that lithium consumption for forming a new SEI film after peeling is also prevented. Therefore, the battery capacity deterioration due to the decrease in the amount of movable lithium after practical use is suppressed, and the battery life is improved. In addition, if the charging current exceeds 0.2 C outside the above charging range, the time required for conditioning can be shortened while maintaining the durability of the SEI film. Thereby, conditioning efficiency and battery manufacturing efficiency are improved.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a characteristic diagram obtained by performing cyclic voltammetry on negative electrodes of Examples and Comparative Examples manufactured using a negative electrode active material (graphite).
FIG. 2 is a partially enlarged view of FIG.
FIG. 3 is a characteristic diagram schematically showing a relationship between a charging time and a negative electrode potential when initial charging is performed with a constant charging current.
FIG. 4 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the initial charging conditions and the capacity retention rate measured for the lithium secondary batteries of Examples and Comparative Examples.
Claims (4)
負極活物質として炭素質材料を用いたリチウム二次電池の初期充電方法。 At the time of charging in the first cycle, a slow charging period with a charging current of 0.025 to 0.2 C is provided in the charging range from the start of charging to the lithium-based negative electrode potential becoming 0.3 to 0.5 V. And an initial charging method of a lithium secondary battery in which the charging time of the first cycle is 250 to 270 minutes ,
An initial charging method for a lithium secondary battery using a carbonaceous material as a negative electrode active material.
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| CN106450471A (en) * | 2016-10-14 | 2017-02-22 | 四川赛尔雷新能源科技有限公司 | Forming and capacity grading method for nude cells of lithium battery based on high-temperature pressure clamp |
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| JP2004185931A (en) * | 2002-12-02 | 2004-07-02 | Japan Storage Battery Co Ltd | Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| JP4617702B2 (en) * | 2004-04-15 | 2011-01-26 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Lithium secondary battery and manufacturing method thereof |
| JP4229062B2 (en) | 2004-12-22 | 2009-02-25 | ソニー株式会社 | Lithium ion secondary battery |
| US9331513B2 (en) * | 2008-04-11 | 2016-05-03 | Apple Inc. | Adaptive surface concentration battery charging |
| JP5320854B2 (en) * | 2008-06-25 | 2013-10-23 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Method for producing non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| FR2974675B1 (en) | 2011-04-29 | 2013-05-17 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | METHOD FOR MONITORING AN LI-ION BATTERY AND MONITORING DEVICE FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION |
| KR101683206B1 (en) * | 2012-04-30 | 2016-12-06 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | Negative electrode for rechargeable lithium battery and rechargeable lithium battery including the same |
| WO2014016900A1 (en) | 2012-07-24 | 2014-01-30 | 株式会社日本マイクロニクス | Charging/discharging device |
| JP6029002B2 (en) * | 2012-11-13 | 2016-11-24 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Secondary battery and manufacturing method thereof |
| JP6361291B2 (en) * | 2014-05-30 | 2018-07-25 | 株式会社豊田自動織機 | Initial charging method for lithium ion secondary battery |
| JP6315259B2 (en) * | 2014-06-04 | 2018-04-25 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Method for producing non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| JP6299623B2 (en) | 2015-02-10 | 2018-03-28 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Initial charging method for lithium-ion battery |
| DE102015205228A1 (en) | 2015-03-23 | 2016-09-29 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | METHOD FOR DETERMINING A REFERENCE ENERGY PROFILE AND DEVICE FOR FORMING A BATTERY |
| CN106299461B (en) * | 2016-09-20 | 2018-10-12 | 东莞锂威能源科技有限公司 | A kind of high energy density lithium ion battery core chemical synthesis technology |
| CN109478696B (en) * | 2017-02-22 | 2022-02-22 | 丰田自动车欧洲公司 | Lithium ion battery formation process |
| JP7325471B2 (en) * | 2021-03-30 | 2023-08-14 | プライムプラネットエナジー&ソリューションズ株式会社 | Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery and method for manufacturing nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
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