JP2018046200A - Element unit - Google Patents

Abstract

Provided is an element unit which is hardly displaced when used when fixed to a housing and can be used for molding without any problem. An element unit (1) includes a sensor element (21), a molded part (25) that seals the sensor element (21), and extends to both sides from the molded part (25), and is fixed to a fixed part. A pair of fixing arm portions (27) each having a portion (27A) and a stress relaxing portion (27B) provided on the mold portion (25) side of the fixing portion (27A). [Selection] Figure 3

Description

  The present invention relates to an element unit used in various detection devices.

  Various detection devices are used to detect various physical quantities. As an example, a rotation angle detection device that detects a rotation angle of a rotating member that rotates in conjunction with a driver's operation on the operated member in order to detect an operation amount of the operated member such as an accelerator pedal or a brake pedal of an automobile. Is used. In such a rotation angle detection device, the sensor element housed in the housing may be fixed to the housing in a state of being sealed by the mold part. For example, Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2015-159224 (Patent Document 1) discloses an element unit including a sensor element [IC chip 5] and a mold part [package 6] in which the sensor element is sealed.

  The element unit of Patent Document 1 is further sealed by a resin housing [package container 7] (see FIG. 1 of Patent Document 1), or a cover member [cap] covering the element housing space [accommodating space 8] 9] (see FIG. 4 of Patent Document 1). In the former case, since there is no part for positioning in the mold part, an external force for positioning during molding of the housing acts on the element unit. In the latter case, such a situation does not occur. However, when the housing expands or contracts in accordance with a change in ambient temperature during use, the element unit (especially the sensor element here) is displaced in the housing. there is a possibility. If the element unit is displaced, it is not preferable because the detection accuracy of the detection object is lowered.

JP, 2015-159224, A

  It is desired to realize an element unit that is less likely to be displaced during use when fixed to a housing and can be used for molding without problems.

The element unit according to the present invention is:
A sensor element;
A mold part sealing the sensor element;
A pair of fixing arm portions each extending from the mold portion on both sides, each having a fixing portion for the fixed portion and a stress relaxation portion provided on the mold portion side from the fixing portion;
Is provided.

  According to this configuration, the element unit can be fixed to, for example, a fixed portion provided in the housing by the fixing portion of the fixing arm portion extending to both sides from the mold portion in which the sensor element is sealed. At this time, the fixing arm portion is provided with a stress relaxation portion closer to the mold portion than the fixing portion, so that even when the housing expands and contracts in accordance with a change in ambient temperature during use, The stress relaxation part relieves stress acting on the fixed part. Therefore, by incorporating and using the element unit of this configuration in the detection device, it is possible to suppress the displacement of the sensor element when the detection device is used. Since the fixing portion of the fixing arm portion can function as a position for positioning when it is further sealed by a resin housing, it can be used for molding without problems.

  Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described. However, the scope of the present invention is not limited by the preferred embodiments described below.

As one aspect,
It is preferable that the fixing portions and the sensor elements of the pair of fixing arm portions are arranged in the same straight line.

  According to this configuration, the sensor element is arranged on or near a straight line connecting the fixed portions of the pair of fixing arm portions. Therefore, high positional accuracy of the sensor element in the housing can be maintained regardless of the thermal expansion / contraction of the housing.

As one aspect,
The fixing arm portion is preferably composed of a metal lead frame, and is fixed to the fixed portion provided in the resin housing by the fixing portion.

  Usually, a conductive lead terminal is connected to the sensor element, and the lead terminal may be formed of, for example, a metal lead frame. By configuring the fixing arm portion with a lead frame, the fixing arm portion can be formed simultaneously with the formation of the lead terminal connected to the sensor element, and the fixing arm portion can be provided without impairing manufacturability. it can. Since the positioning of the sensor element is easy, as a result, the positional accuracy of the sensor element in the housing can be improved. Since the linear expansion coefficient differs between the metal fixing arm and the resin housing, the sensor element is likely to be affected by the thermal expansion and contraction of the housing. The displacement of the element can be effectively suppressed.

As one aspect,
The stress relieving portion includes a bending portion that is curved so as to protrude in a direction intersecting with the extending direction of the fixing arm portion, and the bending portion bends when stress acts on the fixing portion. It is preferable to absorb relative movement of the mold part with respect to the fixed part by deformation.

  According to this configuration, the position accuracy of the sensor element can be achieved with a simple structure by simply forming a part of the fixing arm so as to protrude in a direction intersecting the extending direction of the fixing arm. Can be kept high.

  Further features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description of exemplary and non-limiting embodiments described with reference to the drawings.

Sectional drawing of the rotation angle detection apparatus which concerns on embodiment Exploded perspective view of rotation angle detector Partially transparent plan view of the element unit The exploded perspective view which looked at the element unit and the housing from the back side Schematic diagram of another form of element unit Schematic diagram of another form of element unit Schematic diagram of another form of element unit Schematic diagram of another form of element unit

  An embodiment of an element unit will be described with reference to the drawings. In the present embodiment, as an example, an element unit 1 used in a rotation angle detection device 100 used for detecting an operation amount of an operated member 95 such as an accelerator pedal or a brake pedal of an automobile will be described. The rotation angle detection device 100 includes a rotation member 50 that rotates in conjunction with a driver's operation on the operated member 95, and is configured to detect the rotation angle of the rotation member 50. The element unit 1 is fixed inside a housing 30 provided in the rotation angle detection device 100.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the rotation angle detection device 100 includes an element unit 1, a housing 30, a permanent magnet 40, a rotation member 50, a support member 60, a return spring 70, and a drive member 80. And as a main part.

  As shown in FIG. 3, the element unit 1 includes a sensor element 21, a mold part 25 that seals the sensor element 21, and a pair of fixing arm parts 27 that extend from the mold part 25 to both sides. . The sensor element 21 is an element that can detect a predetermined physical quantity. In this embodiment, the magnetic detection element 22 that can detect the magnitude of magnetism is used. The magnetic detection element 22 can be configured using, for example, a Hall element or a magnetoresistive element. In the present embodiment, the magnetic detection element 22 is a Hall element. Further, the sensor element 21 (magnetic detection element 22) of the present embodiment is configured using a Hall IC in which a Hall element and an amplifier circuit are integrated. The sensor element 21 (magnetic detection element 22) can be composed of a pair of Hall ICs.

  A plurality of lead terminals 23 are connected to the sensor element 21. In the present embodiment, three lead terminals 23 for power supply, ground, and signal output are connected to each of the pair of Hall ICs. Thus, the element unit 1 is provided with a total of six lead terminals 23. The plurality of lead terminals 23 are arranged in parallel at equal intervals. The lead terminal 23 can be formed of a metal (for example, copper or copper alloy) lead frame. The sensor element 21 and the plurality of lead terminals 23 are integrated by a resin mold part 25. Thus, the sensor element 21 is sealed by the mold part 25. The plurality of lead terminals 23 extend in the same direction from a mold portion 25 formed in a rectangular parallelepiped shape.

  The element unit 1 of the present embodiment includes a pair of fixing arm portions 27 extending from the mold portion 25 to both sides. The pair of fixing arm portions 27 are provided so as to extend in directions opposite to each other while being orthogonal to the extending direction of the lead terminal 23. The element unit 1 is fixed to the housing 30 by the fixing arm portion 27. A more detailed configuration of the fixing arm portion 27 will be described later.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the housing 30 includes the element unit 1 internally. The housing 30 includes a main body portion 31 and a terminal portion 33. The housing 30 is integrally formed using a resin material. The main body 31 is formed in a cylindrical shape as a whole. A storage chamber R is formed inside the main body 31, and at least the element unit 1 including the sensor element 21 is stored in the storage chamber R. In the present embodiment, a fixed portion 36 for fixing the element unit 1 is integrally formed with the main body 31 in the accommodation chamber R (see FIG. 4). The fixed portion 36 is formed to protrude from the ceiling surface of the main body portion 31 toward the internal space side of the storage chamber R. The fixed portion 36 is, for example, a columnar protrusion having a predetermined height.

  As shown in FIG. 2, a plurality of connection terminals 34 (the same number as the number of lead terminals 23; six in this example) are arranged in the terminal portion 33 in a state in which the tip portion is exposed. The other end of each connection terminal 34 is connected to the lead terminal 23 (see FIG. 4). And the element unit 1 and an external apparatus (not shown) are electrically connected through the terminal part 33 and the connector 90 fitted to it.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the permanent magnet 40 is disposed opposite to the element unit 1 (sensor element 21) in the accommodation chamber R. The permanent magnet 40 is disposed to face the element unit 1 with a predetermined gap therebetween. The material of the permanent magnet 40 is not particularly limited, and for example, a neodymium magnet, an alnico magnet, a ferrite magnet, or the like can be widely used. Moreover, the manufacturing method of the permanent magnet 40 is not particularly limited, and a bond magnet (plastic magnet), a sintered magnet, or the like can be widely used. The permanent magnet 40 is formed in a flat rectangular parallelepiped shape as a whole.

  In the following description, for convenience, the direction along the short side of the cuboid permanent magnet 40 as a whole is referred to as the X direction, the direction along the long side is referred to as the Y direction, and the thickness direction is referred to as the Z direction. The X direction, the Y direction, and the Z direction are orthogonal to each other.

  The permanent magnet 40 is held by the rotating member 50. The rotating member 50 includes a holding portion 51 that holds the permanent magnet 40, and a shaft portion 53 that protrudes from the holding portion 51. The rotating member 50 is integrally formed using a resin material. The holding part 51 is formed in a disc shape. In this embodiment, the permanent magnet 40 is hold | maintained at the holding | maintenance part 51 in the state embedded so that one surface might be exposed.

  The shaft portion 53 of the rotating member 50 is provided at the center position of the disc-shaped holding portion 51. The shaft portion 53 is disposed along the Z direction, which is a direction orthogonal to the extending surface of the sensor element 21. The rotating member 50 holds the permanent magnet 40 and is rotatable about the Z direction that is the extending direction of the shaft portion 53. At the tip of the shaft portion 53, for example, an engaging portion 54 having a two-surface width is formed. An arcuate locking projection 56 is formed on the back surface of the holding portion 51.

  The rotation member 50 is supported via the support member 60 so as to be rotatable with respect to the housing 30. The support member 60 includes a support main body portion 62 having a bearing portion 61 at the center, and a pair of flange portions 68 extending from the support main body portion 62 to both sides. The support member 60 is integrally formed using a resin material. The bearing portion 61 is formed in a cylindrical shape into which the shaft portion 53 of the rotating member 50 can be inserted, and supports the rotating member 50 in the radial direction. The support main body portion 62 has a cylindrical tubular portion 63 that protrudes from the upper surface thereof. The tubular portion 63 is fitted to the main body portion 31 of the housing 30. By this fitting, the permanent magnet 40 is positioned with respect to the sensor element 21. In this state, the housing 30 and the support member 60 are fixed by, for example, laser welding.

  The support body 62 has an annular recess 65 around the bearing 61. A return spring 70 is accommodated in the annular recess 65. An arcuate locking protrusion 66 is formed on the bottom surface of the annular recess 65. An attachment hole 69 is formed in the flange portion 68, and the rotation angle detection device 100 is attached to the attachment portion (for example, the vehicle body) by a fastening member such as a bolt inserted through the attachment hole 69.

  A return spring 70 is interposed between the support member 60 and the rotation member 50. The return spring 70 is, for example, a metal coil spring. One end of the return spring 70 is locked to the locking protrusion 56 of the rotating member 50, and the other end is locked to the locking protrusion 66 of the support member 60. The return spring 70 plays a role of returning the position (phase) of the rotation member 50 in the rotation direction to a predetermined reference position (reference phase; zero rotation angle) in a state where no external force is applied to the rotation member 50. Fulfill.

  The shaft portion 53 of the rotating member 50 is disposed so as to penetrate the support member 60. A drive member 80 is connected to the tip (engagement portion 54) of the shaft portion 53. The drive member 80 includes a connecting portion 81 connected to the shaft portion 53 and a lever portion 84 that extends in parallel to the shaft portion 53 at a position different from the shaft portion 53. The connecting portion 81 and the lever portion 84 are integrally formed. For example, an engagement hole 82 having a two-sided width is formed in the connecting portion 81, and the engagement portion 54 at the tip of the shaft portion 53 is engaged with the engagement hole 82. Thus, the rotation member 50 and the drive member 80 are connected so as not to be relatively rotatable. An operated member 95 such as an accelerator pedal or a brake pedal is engaged with the lever portion 84.

  When the operated member 95 is displaced by the driver's stepping operation, the driving member 80 engaged with the operated member 95 is also displaced. Then, in conjunction with the displacement of the operated member 95 and the drive member 80, the rotation member 50 rotates about the shaft portion 53 as the rotation center. At this time, with respect to the sensor element 21 (magnetic detection element 22) fixed in the housing 30, the permanent magnet 40 held by the rotating member 50 is centered on the rotation axis orthogonal to the extending surface of the sensor element 21. As a relative rotation. A change in the angle of the parallel magnetic field generated by the rotation of the permanent magnet 40 is detected by the sensor element 21 (magnetic detection element 22) as a rotation angle, and an output signal thereof is connected to the external device (via the connector 90 connected to the connection terminal 34). For example, it is supplied to a vehicle ECU). The external device detects the operation amount of the operated member 95 by the driver based on the obtained rotation angle information.

  Hereinafter, a more detailed configuration of the fixing arm portion 27 provided in the element unit 1 of the present embodiment will be described.

  As shown in FIG. 3, the pair of fixing arm portions 27 extending from the mold portion 25 to both sides in the X direction have fixing portions 27 </ b> A that are fixed to the fixed portion 36. The fixing arm portion 27 is fixed to a fixed portion 36 provided in the resin housing 30 by a fixing portion 27A. The fixing portion 27 </ b> A is provided at a tip portion of each fixing arm portion 27 on the side opposite to the mold portion 25. The fixed portion 27A is formed of a rectangular flat plate. An insertion hole 27h having a shape corresponding to the outer shape of the fixed portion 36 is formed in the central portion of the fixing portion 27A. As shown in FIG. 4, the element unit 1 (sensor element 21) can be easily positioned with respect to the housing 30 by inserting the fixed part 36 through the insertion hole 27h of each fixing part 27A. Then, in this state, the housing 30 is pressed in a state where the element unit 1 (sensor element 21) is accurately positioned by pressing the front end portion of the resin fixed portion 36 while heating (so-called thermal caulking). Can be fixed to.

  As shown in FIG. 3, in the present embodiment, the pair of Hall ICs that constitute the sensor element 21 are arranged side by side in the X direction. The pair of fixing arm portions 27 are arranged along the X direction at the same position in the Y direction as the sensor element 21. Thus, the fixing portions 27A of the pair of fixing arm portions 27 and the sensor elements 21 are arranged in the same straight line. That is, the center of each insertion hole 27h of the pair of fixing portions 27A and the center of the sensor element 21 (in the case where a pair of Hall ICs are provided as in this example) are aligned in a straight line. A pair of fixing arm portions 27 are provided for the sensor element 21. In the present embodiment, the arrangement direction of the pair of fixing portions 27A and the sensor elements 21 is coincident with the extending direction of the fixing arm portion 27 (X direction in FIG. 3).

  Note that “arranged in the same straight line” means not only a mode in which the lines are arranged completely on the same straight line, but the lines are substantially arranged on the same straight line even if there is some distortion. It is a concept including the aspect arrange | positioned in the state which can be considered as. For example, assuming two virtual line segments that connect the sensor element 21 and each of the pair of fixed portions 27A, if the angle formed by the two virtual line segments is within a range of, for example, 170 ° to 190 °, “the same It can be considered that they are arranged in a straight line.

  Similarly to the lead terminal 23, the fixing arm portion 27 can be formed of a metal lead frame. With such a configuration, the fixing arm portion 27 can be formed simultaneously with the formation of the lead terminal 23, and the fixing arm portion 27 can be provided without impairing manufacturability. Moreover, since the positioning of the sensor element 21 is easy, as a result, the positional accuracy of the sensor element 21 in the housing 30 can be increased. Note that the fixing arm portion 27 is not electrically connected to the sensor element 21. For example, the lead terminal 23 and the fixing arm portion 27 are formed by a common lead frame, the sensor element 21 is disposed at a predetermined position, and after the sensor element 21 is sealed by the mold portion 25, unnecessary portions are removed. By doing so, the fixing arm 27 can be separated from the sensor element 21 so as to be electrically insulated.

  By the way, when the rotation angle detection device 100 is used in a vehicle as in the present embodiment, the surroundings of the rotation angle detection device 100 may become high temperature while the vehicle is traveling. In such a case, each part which comprises the rotation angle detection apparatus 100 expands / contracts according to a surrounding temperature change. When attention is paid particularly to the portion of the element unit 1 (sensor element 21) housed in the housing 30, the element unit 1 is fixed to the fixed portion 36 of the resin housing 30 by a pair of metal fixing arm portions 27. ing. At this time, since the constituent material is different between the fixing arm portion 27 and the housing 30 and the linear expansion coefficients are different, the degree of thermal expansion / contraction of both of them becomes unequal, and the element unit 1 (sensor element) in the housing 30 21) may be misaligned. Such a displacement is not preferable because it leads to a decrease in detection accuracy.

  In view of this, the pair of fixing arm portions 27 of the present embodiment has a stress relaxation portion 27B provided on the mold portion 25 side of the fixing portion 27A in addition to the fixing portion 27A provided at the distal end portion. Yes. The stress relieving portion 27B relieves the stress acting on the fixing portion 27A via the fixed portion 36, for example, when the housing 30 expands / contracts according to a change in ambient temperature. Thereby, the stress relaxation part 27B reduces the stress transmitted to the mold part 25 (sensor element 21) side, and preferably makes it almost zero. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the influence of the thermal expansion / contraction of the housing 30 from reaching the mold portion 25 (sensor element 21). As a result, it is possible to effectively suppress the displacement of the mold part 25 (sensor element 21), and it is possible to effectively suppress a decrease in detection accuracy.

  The stress relaxation portion 27B includes a curved portion 27c that is curved so as to protrude in a direction intersecting with the extending direction of the fixing arm portion 27 (the X direction in FIG. 3) (the direction orthogonal in this example). . In the present embodiment, the stress relaxation portion 27B (curved portion 27c) is formed in the extending direction of the fixing arm portion 27 within the extending surface (XY plane in FIG. 3) of the lead frame constituting the fixing arm portion 27. A curve is formed so as to protrude in a direction perpendicular to the direction (Y direction in FIG. 3). Furthermore, in the present embodiment, a pair of curved portions 27 c that protrude in opposite directions toward one side and the other side in the Y direction are provided for each fixing arm portion 27. The pair of curved portions 27c in each fixing arm portion 27 is a straight line connecting the respective fixing portions 27A of the pair of fixing arm portions 27 when viewed from the Z direction which is a direction orthogonal to the extending surface of the sensor element 21. On the other hand, they are provided in line symmetry.

  Such a curved portion 27c is bent and deformed in the XY plane when a stress is applied to the fixed portion 27A via the fixed portion 36 due to thermal expansion / shrinkage of the housing 30, thereby forming a mold for the fixed portion 27A. The relative movement of the part 25 (sensor element 21) is absorbed. Therefore, the positional deviation of the sensor element 21 can be effectively suppressed regardless of the thermal expansion / contraction of the housing 30, and the positional accuracy of the sensor element 21 in the housing 30 can be maintained high. Moreover, the position accuracy of the sensor element 21 can be improved with a simple structure by simply forming a part of the fixing arm portion 27 while forming the fixing arm portion 27 using a lead frame common to the lead terminal 23. Can be kept high. As a result, the detection accuracy of the rotation angle by the rotation angle detection device 100 can be maintained high.

  When the element unit 1 is further sealed by the housing 30, the fixing arm 27 can be used for positioning the element unit 1 (sensor element 21) in the mold during molding. . Therefore, if it is the element unit 1 of this embodiment, not only the aspect fixed to the housing 30 via the to-be-fixed part 36 as mentioned above but also the aspect sealed in the housing 30 has a rotation angle without a problem. The detection device 100 can be incorporated.

[Other Embodiments]
(1) In the above-described embodiment, the configuration in which each fixing arm portion 27 includes a pair of curved portions 27c that protrude in opposite directions toward one side and the other side in the Y direction has been described as an example. . However, the present invention is not limited to such a configuration. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, each of the fixing arm portions 27 sequentially curves toward one side and the other side in the Y direction. The unit 27c may be included. Alternatively, for example, as shown in FIG. 6, each fixing arm portion 27 may be configured to include one bending portion 27 c that curves toward one side in the Y direction. In this case, the protruding direction of the curved portion 27c of one fixing arm portion 27 and the protruding direction of the curved portion 27c of the other fixing arm portion 27 may be opposite to each other as shown in FIG. Although not shown, they may be in the same direction.

(2) In the above embodiment, the configuration in which one fixing arm portion 27 is provided on each side of the mold portion 25 has been described as an example. However, the present invention is not limited to such a configuration. For example, as shown in FIG. 7, a plurality of (but the same number of) fixing arm portions 27 may be provided on both sides of the mold portion 25. That is, the element unit 1 may be configured to include a plurality of pairs of fixing arm portions 27 extending from the mold portion 25 to both sides.

(3) In the above embodiment, the stress relaxation portion 27B (curved portion 27c) is curvedly formed in the extending surface (XY plane in FIG. 3) of the lead frame constituting the fixing arm portion 27. As explained. However, without being limited to such a configuration, for example, as shown in FIG. 8, the stress relaxation portion 27 </ b> B (curved portion 27 c) is formed in the thickness direction of the lead frame constituting the fixing arm portion 27 (the Z direction in FIG. 8). ) May be curved.

(4) In the above embodiment, the configuration in which the alignment direction of the pair of fixing portions 27A and the sensor elements 21 arranged in the same straight line is aligned with the extending direction of the fixing arm portion 27 has been described as an example. . However, without being limited to such a configuration, for example, a pair of fixing arm portions 27 on both sides of the mold portion 25 are arranged in parallel to each other at symmetrical positions around the sensor element 21 in the Y direction. These arrangement directions and the extending direction of the fixing arm portion 27 may intersect each other.

(5) In the above embodiment, the configuration in which the fixing portions 27A of the pair of fixing arm portions 27 and the sensor elements 21 are arranged in the same straight line has been described as an example. However, without being limited to such a configuration, for example, the pair of fixing portions 27 </ b> A and the sensor element 21 may be arranged in a polygonal line with the arrangement position of the sensor element 21 as the center.

(6) In the above-described embodiment, the example in which the fixing arm portion 27 is configured by the lead frame common to the lead terminal 23 has been described. However, without being limited to such a configuration, for example, the fixing arm portion 27 is different from the dedicated thin plate member (not limited to the metal and the housing 30), which is different from the lead frame constituting the lead terminal 23. Any material may be used.

(7) In the above embodiment, the sensor element 21 is the magnetic detection element 22, and the rotation angle detection device 100 detects the angle change of the parallel magnetic field generated by the permanent magnet 40 held by the rotation member 50 as the rotation angle. The element unit 1 provided in the interior has been described as an example. However, the present technology is not limited to such a configuration, and the present technology can be applied to the element unit 1 used in all types of detection devices. What element is specifically used as the sensor element 21 may be appropriately selected according to the physical quantity to be detected.

(8) The configurations disclosed in each of the above-described embodiments (including the above-described embodiments and other embodiments; the same applies hereinafter) are applied in combination with the configurations disclosed in the other embodiments unless a contradiction arises. It is also possible to do. Regarding other configurations as well, the embodiments disclosed in the present specification are examples in all respects, and can be appropriately modified without departing from the gist of the present disclosure.

1 element unit 21 sensor element 25 mold part 27 fixing arm part 27A fixing part 27B stress relaxation part 27c bending part 30 housing 36 fixed part

Claims (4)

A sensor element;
A mold part sealing the sensor element;
A pair of fixing arm portions each extending from the mold portion on both sides, each having a fixing portion for the fixed portion and a stress relaxation portion provided on the mold portion side from the fixing portion;
An element unit comprising:   The element unit according to claim 1, wherein each of the fixing portions of the pair of fixing arm portions and the sensor element are arranged in the same straight line.   The element unit according to claim 1, wherein the fixing arm portion is configured by a metal lead frame, and is fixed to the fixed portion provided in a resin housing by the fixing portion.   The stress relieving portion includes a bending portion that is curved so as to protrude in a direction intersecting with the extending direction of the fixing arm portion, and the bending portion bends when stress acts on the fixing portion. The element unit according to claim 1, wherein the element unit absorbs a relative movement of the mold part with respect to the fixed part by deformation.

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