JP2016198721A - Hydrocarbon fuel modification liquid catalyst - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a liquid fuel modification catalyst cutting a chain of carbon and micronizing it by generating excitation on hydrocarbon fuel by a catalyst effect and promoting the excitation by time, temperature and added amount of the catalyst, enhancing propagation efficiency of flame during burning of the hydrocarbon fuel and largely enhancing combustion efficiency.SOLUTION: There is provided a liquid catalyst used for modification of hydrocarbon liquid fuel and having a constitution with combining each transition metals of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) with each inorganic typical elements of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si) and further cutting and micronizing a chain of carbon of unsaturated hydrocarbon of the hydrocarbon liquid fuel by using effect generating an activation reaction by potential difference between ions of the transition metals and hydrocarbon by liquid ionization of the same.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

  The present invention relates to a hydrocarbon fuel reforming liquid catalyst used for reforming hydrocarbon liquid fuels such as gasoline, light oil, kerosene, kerosene, alcohol, regenerated oil, heavy oil, vegetable oil, etc., for example, automobiles, trucks, ships It is used for internal combustion engines such as generators and airplanes, boilers, burners, and incinerators.

  2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, as a fuel reforming catalyst for improving combustion efficiency of an internal combustion engine such as an automobile or a boiler, a first method uses a ceramic material. This type of material combines a predetermined inorganic component into a ceramic material, and uses a material such as a granular material after sintering. As an inorganic component of the conventional fuel reformer, it is selected in consideration of a metal or the like used for petroleum reforming. Specifically, calcium, copper, aluminum, platinum, nickel or the like is used. The content ratio of these components is set according to the surface area of the particles and the like.

  As a second method, from the viewpoint that petroleum-based hydrocarbons are organic substances as liquid additives, a method is used in which a plant is subjected to septic fermentation and an appropriate amount of the subsequent enzyme is added to petroleum-based hydrocarbons.

  As a third method, a substance containing a material that generates low-cycle radiation is fixed to a part of the fuel supply system, and each molecule of petroleum-based hydrocarbons is excited by powerful radiation, There is a way to activate.

Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-228906

  However, in the first method, the conventional solid fuel reformer cannot obtain a sufficient fuel reforming effect depending on the installation location. For example, if a fuel reformer is introduced into a gasoline tank of an automobile, the effect of promoting gasoline combustion tends to become unstable. In addition, it is worn out inside the tank, and fine impurities are generated, causing the fuel filter to be clogged. In addition, it is difficult for the fuel flowing inside the fuel reformer to flow evenly and constantly to achieve a stable fuel activation state. Furthermore, the hose band is loosened due to the installation of a jig for fixing the fuel reformer and the installation of a hose that allows fuel to pass through.

  In the second method, it is difficult to obtain a stable concentration, and even if it is obtained, it is only a fuel reduction effect of about 2% to 3% in the manufacturer catalog data. In fact, it is difficult to measure the effect at that level. It is.

  The third method has a problem that the use of a radioactive substance itself is a socially accepted problem and cannot be commercialized.

  The present inventor examined that the reforming action of the fuel is not sufficient as the problem of the second method, and found that there is a difference in the properties of the particles of the fuel before reforming and the fuel after reforming. I found out. That is, before reforming, several carbon molecules in the hydrocarbon fuel molecules gather to form an aggregate, which is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Aggregates of various sizes are formed in the hydrocarbon fuel, but in the reformed hydrocarbon fuel, the carbon molecules of the fuel forming the unsaturated hydrocarbon are dispersed, and the fuel is in a homogeneous excited state. Must be. However, in the case of the second method, the carbon molecules of the fuel are not dispersed, and the density, kinematic viscosity and the like are not changed.

  Therefore, the present invention was created in view of the existing circumstances as described above, and promotes the excited state of the hydrocarbon fuel in proportion to time by the butterfly action, and is hardly affected by the installation location. An object of the present invention is to provide a hydrocarbon fuel liquid catalyst that greatly improves the combustion efficiency of hydrocarbon fuel.

  In order to solve the above-described problems, the present invention provides a liquid catalyst used for reforming a hydrocarbon liquid fuel, at least each transition of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe). It is characterized by being formed by liquid ionization of an inorganic component containing a metal.

  Further, it is a liquid catalyst used for reforming hydrocarbon liquid fuel, and each inorganic substance of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si) It is characterized in that a typical element is combined with transition metals such as manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe), and this is liquid ionized.

  Furthermore, the liquid catalyst has the function of breaking and saturating the carbon chain of the unsaturated hydrocarbon of the hydrocarbon liquid fuel by utilizing the action of an activation reaction due to the potential difference between each ion of the transition metal and the hydrocarbon. It is characterized by having.

As described above, according to the hydrocarbon fuel liquid catalyst of the present invention, the following excellent effects are achieved.
(A) The excited state of the fuel after reforming increases in proportion to time, temperature and quantity. It means that the fuel gets better over time. The fine fuel can easily be combined with oxygen molecules during combustion, and can be easily burned by smoothly propagating the combustion, thereby reducing fuel consumption.
(B) If the combustion efficiency is improved, the output of the engine increases, which helps to improve fuel consumption.
(C) Saturation of unsaturated hydrocarbons in the fuel is likely to oxidize, but when used for long-term storage fuel, an oxide film is formed on the fuel surface of the fuel tank, and the fuel below the inside contacts the atmosphere It becomes difficult to do. Therefore, long-term stockpiling is possible and loss during stockpiling is reduced.

  That is, according to the present invention, the transition metal is in a form that is most accessible to the molecular level of the hydrocarbon liquid fuel, and is in a liquid state that can be contacted in a more balanced manner. The excited state of the hydrocarbon liquid fuel is maintained for a long time by the butterfly action, is hardly affected by the installation location, and the combustion efficiency of the hydrocarbon liquid fuel can be greatly improved. In addition, as for transition metals, any substance containing these inorganic components in place of these solids is effective because of its catalytic action.

It is a schematic block diagram which shows the apparatus which verifies the effect of the fuel reforming liquid catalyst in one form for implementing this invention. The comparison data in the case of the presence or absence of a catalyst are shown, (a) is a comparison diagram of data at the time of stable operation, (b) is a comparison diagram of fuel energy saving. FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram when a bench test is performed by introducing a fuel reforming liquid catalyst into a fuel tank in order to test a combustion promotion effect of the fuel reforming liquid catalyst. (A) The figure which shows the test result by the thermogravimetry TG according to the presence or absence of the fuel reforming liquid catalyst of heavy oil, and the differential thermal analysis DTA, (b) The thermogravity according to the presence or absence of the fuel reforming liquid catalyst of heavy oil It is a figure which shows the test result by measurement TG and differential thermal analysis DTA, (c) It is a figure which shows the test result by thermogravimetry TG according to the presence or absence of the fuel reforming liquid catalyst of heavy oil, and differential thermal analysis DTA. It is a figure which shows the ignition and combustion characteristic result by FCA analysis. It is explanatory drawing which shows the comparative example of the conventional combustion and the combustion which added the fuel reforming liquid catalyst. (A) And (b) is a figure which shows a kinematic viscosity analysis result. It is a figure which shows the measurement result of the torque comparison (a) before and behind use of a fuel reforming liquid catalyst, and a horsepower comparison (b). (A) Exhaust gas measurement record showing measurement results such as carbon monoxide (CO) and air ratio during combustion after the fuel reforming liquid catalyst is charged in the boiler combustion experiment, (b) Fuel in the boiler combustion experiment during combustion of carbon dioxide after the introduction of reforming liquid catalyst (CO _2), a diagram of an exhaust gas measuring record of the measurement results, such as air ratio and mechanical efficiency. In a boiler combustion test, it is a figure of the exhaust gas measurement record which shows the measurement result of the carbon monoxide (CO) at the time of combustion after using a fuel reforming liquid catalyst for kerosene fuel, and an air ratio.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. The fuel reforming liquid catalyst used in the present embodiment includes potassium (K: outermost electron orbit 4s1), calcium (Ca: outermost electron orbit 4s2), sodium (Na: outermost electron orbit 3s1), Each inorganic typical element of magnesium (Mg: outermost electron orbit 3s2), aluminum (Al: outermost electron orbit 3p1), silicon (Si: outermost electron orbit 3p2), manganese (Mn: d5s2), iron It takes the form which combined each transition element (transition metal) of (Fe: d6s2) and copper (Cu: d10s1), and also is making it a liquid catalyst by liquid-ionizing this. In addition, a catalyst is defined as what changes an other party component, without an own component changing.

  Here, manganese (Mn: d5s2), iron (Fe: d6s2), and copper (Cu: d10s1), which are transition metals in the present embodiment, are inside the outermost shell of the electron orbit constituting the atomic structure as is well known. The incomplete d-shells are sequentially filled in the main transition element. Manganese is paramagnetic, iron is ferromagnetic, and copper is diamagnetic.

  When the fuel reforming liquid catalyst is put into the hydrocarbon liquid fuel, the liquid catalyst comes into contact with carbon molecules constituting the hydrocarbon liquid fuel. The fuel reforming liquid catalyst contains transition metals having positive potentials such as manganese (Mn: d5s2), iron (Fe: d6s2), and copper (Cu: d10s1), and the potential is higher than that of carbon molecules. The difference is great.

Specifically, the single-bond chain hydrocarbon of the petroleum-based liquid fuel takes a form in which C _n H _{2n + 2} molecules (alkanes) are colloidal. This colloid is aggregated by the weak intermolecular bond force called van der Waals force (long-distance dispersion attractive force) that is a liquid cohesive force in proportion to the passage of time, and this aggregate increases in proportion to time and temperature. It becomes so-called sludge. Further, this sludge is combined with oxygen in the atmosphere, and moisture is increased in the oil to promote an increase in the sludge. In order to disperse and decompose (activate) this sludge into the original colloid, the fuel reforming liquid catalyst of this embodiment is used.

  That is, the periphery of the colloid formed of C (carbon) has a high negative potential, whereas the transition metal contained in the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P is manganese (Mn: d5s2), iron (Fe: d6s2) and copper (Cu: d10s1) have a positive potential. Since the colloid aggregate (sludge) described above is an aggregate due to the weak intermolecular bond force, there is a high potential difference between C (carbon atom) and the transition metal. It weakens the intermolecular weak binding force of colloids and promotes dispersion decomposition into colloidal single molecules that have become active molecules.

  As for the means for adding and adding the fuel reforming liquid catalyst into the fuel, when the hydrocarbon liquid fuel is pumped to the fuel tank container of the engine or the combustor, an appropriate amount is put into the pumping hose and then pumped. Thus, it can diffuse into liquid fuel on average. Also, if the tank is a huge stockpile, the fuel reforming liquid catalyst is transported by a pipeline at a long distance, so an insertion valve is provided on the pipeline and the fuel reforming liquid catalyst is used by using a mechanical injector. It is possible to input an appropriate amount. Also, when fuel reforming liquid catalyst is injected into the main fuel tank of a business establishment etc. by tank lorry, the fuel reforming liquid catalyst is introduced into the fuel tank of the tank lorry and then pumped and injected into the main fuel tank. To do.

  FIG. 1 shows an apparatus for verifying the effect of a specific fuel reforming liquid catalyst P. A drum comprising a double pipe flow meter 3a at the upper part through a valve 4a and a make-up water flow meter 3b at a lower part through a valve 4b. Boiler 1 (300,000 kcal / h), a pressure-resistant stainless steel fuel subtank 6 connected to the boiler 1 via a fuel flow meter 5 and a valve 5a, and a branch pipe disposed above the fuel subtank 6 6a, an infusion flow rate regulator 7 and an infusion device 8 connected via a valve 7a. The branch pipe 6a is connected to a hydrocarbon fuel through a valve 6a.

  An appropriate amount of a fuel reforming liquid catalyst P (trade name: Tank Tiger PS-1B) is placed in the drip device 8 and the flow rate is adjusted by the drip flow rate regulator 7 below. The pressure at which the fuel from the boiler 1 flows into the fuel sub-tank 6 is detected, a negative pressure is generated, and the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P is mixed from the drip device 8. The fuel sub-tank 6 can make a stable mixed solution of at least about 20 minutes for the purpose of mixing. In this case, a value obtained by subtracting the double-pipe water amount from the integrated makeup water amount and dividing the value by the integrated fuel amount is calculated.

  FIG. 2 (a) shows a comparison data in the above-described apparatus for verifying the effect of the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P in the presence or absence of a catalyst in which the operation is stable (use of catalyst, unused) except immediately after the start of operation. It is shown. Thus, energy saving is 12.8% in the stable period, and the boiler 1 has the most stable continuous operation time since the start-up (see also FIG. 2B).

  As for the combination of transition metals such as manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe), as a result of experiments using various inorganic components, the combustion efficiency is the highest, and the sustained effect of the excited state of the fuel A combination of large components was selected, and the properties of the catalyst that were proportional to the contact time, temperature, and amount of catalyst were confirmed by experiments. Even if liquids of components other than these components are contained, sufficient catalytic action can be expected. In addition, as for transition metals, any substance containing these inorganic components in place of these solids is effective because of its catalytic action.

  Next, a test was conducted on the combustion promotion effect of the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P according to the present embodiment, which will be described with reference to FIG. In the test, a bench test was performed by introducing the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P into a fuel tank of an automobile.

  FIG. 8 shows a comparative measurement result of torque and horsepower before and after use of the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P by the vehicle engine. Thus, when the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P is used as compared with the case where the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P is not used as the engine speed (rpm) increases, torque (kgm), horsepower (PS) Both are increasing.

  In a boiler combustion experiment (installation location: A, tank capacity 20 kL), an exhaust gas measurement record showing measurement results such as carbon monoxide (CO) and air ratio during combustion after the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P is introduced into A heavy oil fuel Is shown in FIG. In this case, the ratio of the supply amount of the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P (trade name: Tank Tiger PS-1B) is set to about 1/10000, and the fuel consumption is set to 1200 L per hour. In this result, the minimum value of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions is 10 ppm (air ratio 1.62 m).

In a boiler combustion experiment (installation location: A, tank capacity 20 kL), exhaust gas showing measurement results such as carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) during combustion after injection of the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P into heavy fuel oil A, air ratio, and mechanical efficiency The gas measurement record is shown in FIG. In this case as well, as in Example 2, the ratio of the supply amount of the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P (trade name: Tank Tiger PS-1B) is set to about 1/10000, and the fuel consumption is set to 1200 L per hour. . In this result, the carbon monoxide (CO) is 0 ppm, and the maximum efficiency of the machine is 94.6 (air ratio 1.29 m).

Incidentally, in FIG. 10, in the boiler combustion test (installation location: B, tank capacity 2 kL), carbon monoxide during combustion after using the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P (PS-1: supply amount 300 cc) as kerosene fuel ( An exhaust gas measurement record showing measurement results such as CO), carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ), air ratio, and combustion efficiency is shown. In the test in this case, the save operation is performed so that the combustion is low at 15 degrees or less from the set temperature. According to this result, it is understood that the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) discharged during combustion after the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P is charged is 0 ppm, the combustion efficiency is 81.4%, and the air ratio is 1.15 m.

  Measurement was performed before and after the use of the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P with a C heavy oil combustion gas analyzer (see FIG. 5 described later).

  Changes in kinematic viscosity before and after use of the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P for kerosene were measured (see FIG. 7 described later).

  The example shown in FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram when the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P is introduced into the fuel tank 2 for a gasoline engine. The fuel reforming liquid catalyst P contacts the carbon molecules in the gasoline molecules inside the fuel tank 2 to excite the carbon molecules in the fuel tank 2. Gasoline, which is a hydrocarbon, is oxidized and sludged over time. If excited by the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P at this time, unsaturated hydrocarbons in the sludged gasoline are also saturated (sludge reduction, finer ).

  As shown in Example 2 and Example 3 above, under any condition, the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) in the exhaust gas decreases before and after the use of the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P, and the air The combustion efficiency was improved because the ratio approached the ideal value of 1.2 m to 1.3 m.

  4A, 4B, and 4C show test results obtained by thermogravimetry TG and differential thermal analysis DTA. Here, TG is defined as a method of measuring the mass of a sample as a function of temperature while changing the temperature of the sample according to a fixed program. When the sample is heated or cooled, the mass change of the sample is continuously measured. It is a method to do. On the other hand, DTA is defined as a method of detecting a thermal change generated in a sample accompanying a physical change or a chemical change that occurs when the sample is heated or cooled as a temperature difference from a reference substance. The temperature difference from the reference material is detected by a thermocouple welded to a sample holder heat sensitive plate or the like.

  FIG. 4 (c) confirms that the lump of carbon component in the A heavy oil has decomposed. Since the combustion peak when A fuel oil is not added with fuel reforming liquid catalyst P is 348.4 ° C and the combustion peak when fuel reforming liquid catalyst P is added is 330.8 ° C, the dissolution of sludge components It is judged that the top of combustion is leveled. In this way, when the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P is added, the endothermic point is higher by 8.8 deg. Is estimated to have increased. In addition, the fuel oil in the case of adding the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P has a low combustion temperature, but because of the sustainability of combustion, it affects the reference material, the temperature of the reference material rises, The difference is obvious. Incidentally, the difference in area is the difference in heat quantity.

  As shown in FIG. 5, when the combustion characteristics of the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P before and after use of the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P were compared with C heavy oil (sample oil name: HF0 (500 cSt)) by the FCA analyzer, Before use and after use, the maximum heat generation rate (pressure increase rate) was improved by 9.4% compared to before use. This shows that the combustion efficiency is improved. FIA-100 / FCA is an ignition and combustion test system based on the test standard IP541 / 06 “Measurement of ignition and combustion characteristics of marine residual fuel oil – constant volume combustion vessel method” established by the UK Energy Association in February 2006. is there.

  Next, the principle of operation of the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P in the present embodiment using transition metals will be described.

When the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P is introduced into the hydrocarbon liquid fuel, the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P comes into contact with carbon molecules constituting the hydrocarbon liquid fuel. The fuel reforming liquid catalyst P is a transition metal, and as described above, when compared with a carbon molecule having a negative potential, the potential is positive and opposite, and the potential difference is large. Continue to excite and saturate. Taking A heavy oil as an example, if the molecule is C ₂₀ H ₄₂ , the combustion is “C ₂₀ H ₄₂ + 30.5O ₂ = 20CO ₂ + 21H ₂ O”, and the molecule C ₂₀ H ₄₂ of A heavy oil is Oxidizes and no longer generates combustion heat. The structural formula is as shown in FIG.

  FIG. 6 shows a comparative example of the conventional combustion and the combustion to which the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P is added. That is, as shown in the figure, the pre-combustion petroleum has 19 C—C bonds and 42 C—H bonds. In the C—H bond, the bonding force is different in the inner 36 as compared with the outer six. The sum of these binding forces is called heat of formation. For example, in the C—C bond, 109.4 kcal / mol at 449.4 kj / mol, in the C—H bond (outside), 109.2 kcal / mol in 457.0 kj / mol, and in the C—H bond (middle), It becomes 79.94 kcal / mol at 334.7 kj / mol. In conventional combustion, hydrogen burns first and carbon burns later. Accordingly, incomplete combustion is likely to occur, and black smoke is likely to be generated, causing pollution.

  As shown in FIG. 6, the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P of the present embodiment acts on the carbon chains constituting the hydrocarbon molecules to weaken or break the bonds. If the carbon bond of heavy oil breaks or weakens, the heat of decomposition of heavy oil decreases and the heat of combustion increases. Specifically, the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P is nano-sized even when added in a small amount of 1 / 10,000, so it enters heavy oil molecules and breaks the C—C bond before combustion. At this time, the cut portion is in a radical (free radical) state and is very easily oxidized and easily burned. Moreover, when heavy oil burns, heavy oil molecules are decomposed and lost, but when burned, the heat of decomposition of heavy oil is drawn from the combustion heat. The fact that the heavy oil molecules are disconnected by the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P means that the minus decomposition heat is reduced. Therefore, when the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P is added, the heat of combustion is increased by the amount that the minus is reduced. Therefore, by introducing the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P (that is, causing a homogeneous catalytic reaction), if the heat of decomposition of heavy oil decreases, the heat of combustion increases, thereby increasing the energy.

  For example, when the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P breaks 3 C—C bonds, 1 C—H bond, and 2 C—H bonds, the heat of combustion is 10880 kcal / kg. This is a 19.3% fuel reduction.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 7 (a), if the dynamic viscosity analysis result as a general property analysis is seen, an appropriate amount of the fuel reforming liquid catalyst P is charged at a normal temperature into a fuel having a high viscosity of about 500 cSt, which is C heavy oil. 1st, 5th and 8th, when the kinematic viscosity is 516.3 cSt without addition, it continues to change from 509.8 cSt to 512.7 cSt to 518.1 cSt Increased. As shown in FIG. 7 (b), on the first day, the carbon chain is broken and saturated hydrocarbons and hydrocarbons with a large molecular mass are mixed, but the fifth day is a molecule. The molecular density is increased by changing the mass of the particles. Further, on the 8th day, the viscosity increases because the molecular density increases, and the kinematic viscosity increases. Such an increase in kinematic viscosity indicates that the carbon chain of the hydrocarbon has been broken.

As described above, in the present embodiment,
(A) The excited state of the fuel after reforming increases in proportion to time, temperature and quantity. It means that the fuel gets better over time. The fine fuel can easily be combined with oxygen molecules during combustion, and can be easily burned by smoothly propagating the combustion, thereby reducing fuel consumption.
(B) If the combustion efficiency is improved, the output of the engine increases, which helps to improve fuel consumption.
(C) Saturation of unsaturated hydrocarbons in the fuel is likely to oxidize, but when used for long-term storage fuel, an oxide film is formed on the fuel surface of the fuel tank, and the fuel below the inside contacts the atmosphere It becomes difficult to do. Therefore, long-term stockpiling is possible and loss during stockpiling is reduced.

P fuel reforming liquid catalyst 1 boiler 2 fuel tank 3a double pipe flow meter 3b makeup water flow meter 4a, 4b valve 5 fuel flow meter 5a valve 6 fuel sub tank 6a branch pipe 6b valve 7 drip flow regulator 7a valve 8 drip device 9 Backflow meter

Claims (3)

  A liquid catalyst used for reforming a hydrocarbon liquid fuel, characterized in that it is formed by liquid ionization of an inorganic component containing at least each of transition metals such as manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe). Hydrocarbon fuel reforming liquid catalyst.   A liquid catalyst used for reforming a hydrocarbon liquid fuel, and each inorganic typical element of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), and silicon (Si) A hydrocarbon fuel reforming liquid catalyst characterized by having a structure in which manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) transition metals are combined and liquid ionized.   The liquid catalyst has an action of breaking and saturating the carbon chain of the unsaturated hydrocarbon of the hydrocarbon liquid fuel by utilizing the action of an activation reaction due to a potential difference between each ion of the transition metal and the hydrocarbon. The hydrocarbon fuel reforming liquid catalyst according to claim 1 or 2.

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