JP2015078204A - 免疫調節剤粒子および処置方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
[001] 本出願は、米国仮特許出願No.61/068,227、2008年3月4日
出願、に基づく優先権を主張し、それの全体を本明細書に援用する。
[002] 本発明は、ある態様において、迅速無細胞製造方法により作製した合成ワクチ
ンナノ粒子に関する。より詳細には、ある態様において、ナノ粒子は抗原および/または免疫増強作用物を含む。
スマ症、クシジオイデス症、ウイルス性出血熱、腺ペスト、ウイルス性脳炎、黄熱病、ならびにウイルス性および細菌性胃腸炎を含めた多くの感染性疾患について、依然としてワクチンが無いか、または有効なワクチンが無い。これらの疾患に対処するために新たなワクチンが求められている。さらに、抗原変動性および免疫タイプにおける挑戦は新たな研究方法を必要とする。
ョン統合性ならびに免疫原エピトープおよび抗原部位を無傷のまま保存することが必須である。これらの分子および化合物の立体構造、化学的電荷、または空間配向の変化は、抗原としての活性および有用性を部分的または完全に失う結果となる可能性がある。付随するキャリヤー粒子がワクチンの不都合な反応を最小限にしなおかつ抗原性化合物と免疫系の相互作用を促進する能力は、主要な関心事である。ワクチンとして使用するコンジュゲートとして、または特定の受容体を認識するための生体材料として、組成物を調製する際には、これらの要因をすべて考慮に入れなければならない。
トまたは他の免疫増強作用物が必要である。最適な免疫応答を獲得するためには、抗原および作用物(1以上)をしばしば共送達しなければならない。共送達のための技術には2つのタンパク質を融合させることが含まれているが、これらの技術は欠点を含む;これには、他の欠点のうち特に、それら2成分間の物理的干渉、免疫系への各成分の提示が制御されないこと、この技術に利用できる融合タンパク質および組成物が制限されることが含まれる。
子およびウイルス様粒子を含有する組成物の使用が含まれる。そのような技術は著しい欠点をもち、これには、物理的および化学的安定性、広範な抗原との適合性、抗原と免疫調節剤を共送達できないこと、ならびに細胞または卵をベースとする製造に起因する安全性の問題、ならびに組換えウイルスについてのリスクが含まれる。したがって、抗体と細胞性応答の両方をもたらし、広範な抗原と適合性であり、共送達および多価性が可能であり、かつ一貫した製品を確保するための安全で再現性のある製造方法をもつ、新たなワクチンが求められている。
の粒子を投与することを含み、その際、各粒子は免疫刺激作用物およびタンパク質とカッ
プリングしている。1態様において、前記の複数の粒子の投与により、粒子とカップリングしていない免疫刺激作用物およびタンパク質の投与により起きるものより抗体価が少なくとも約10倍大きくなる。1態様において、実質的に、前記の複数の粒子の各粒子は、約200nm×約200nm×約200nmの寸法を有する粒子を含む。他の態様において、実質的に、前記の複数の粒子の各粒子は、約2μm×約2μm×約2μmの寸法を有する粒子を含み、その際、複数の粒子の投与により、粒子とカップリングしていない免疫刺激作用物およびタンパク質の投与により起きるものより抗体価が少なくとも約100倍大きくなる。
カップリングしたマイクロメートルサイズの粒子を対象に投与することを含み、その際、マイクロメートルサイズの粒子のアスペクト比の増大は免疫応答を増大させる。1態様において、マイクロメートルサイズの粒子のアスペクト比は約3:1であり、約1:1のアスペクト比を有する粒子の投与により起きるものより免疫応答が約2〜約3倍大きい。1態様において、マイクロメートルサイズの粒子は、約1マイクロメートル×約1マイクロメートル×約3マイクロメートルの寸法を有する粒子を含む。他の態様において、マイクロメートルサイズの粒子は、約2マイクロメートル×約2マイクロメートル×約6マイクロメートルの寸法を有する粒子を含む。他の態様において、マイクロメートルサイズの粒子のアスペクト比は約10:1であり、約1:1のアスペクト比を有する粒子の投与により起きるものより免疫応答が約3〜約4倍大きい。そのような1態様において、マイクロメートルサイズの粒子は、約1マイクロメートル×約1マイクロメートル×約10マイクロメートルの寸法を有する粒子を含む。
原により起きる免疫応答を低下させる方法は、ナノメートルサイズの粒子のアスペクト比を増大させることを含む。
ノ粒子は、目的とする細胞をスクリーニングし、結合し、またはそれから遮蔽するために、多様なタイプおよび量の表面作用物を含有することができる。本発明のある態様によるナノ粒子は、ナノ粒子のポリマーマトリックスを制御することにより、ナノ粒子が分解する前に抗原を細胞内空間へ送達するように設計することもでき、これにより抗原および/または抗原/免疫増強作用物の細胞内送達が得られる。本発明のある態様による組成物は、生分解性材料、親水性材料、GRAS(generally regarded as
safe)材料などを含有することができる。ある態様において、本発明の粒子はポリ(エチレングリコール)、ポリ(乳酸−co−グリコール酸)、ポリカプロラクトンなどを含有するか、またはそれらから形成することができる。
合タンパク質の必要性を避けることができる。ある態様において、本発明のナノ粒子は、フラジェリンおよび/または免疫原の適正なコンホメーションの維持、APCターゲティングの向上、投与要求量の減少、反応原性の低下、その組合わせなどを増強する。ある態様においては、粒子を作製した後、すべての水性条件および化学を使用した後に、免疫原および/またはフラジェリンを粒子に付着させるので、フラジェリンおよび/または免疫原の適正なコンホメーションが本発明のナノ粒子において増強される。
クト比の粒子は、より低いアスペクト比をもつ粒子より大きな免疫原応答を誘発する。他の場合、より低いアスペクト比がより大きな免疫原応答を誘発する。アスペクト比は、粒子の最短軸に対する最長軸の比を表わす。ある態様において、好ましい粒子形状は、取込み機序、抗原、免疫刺激作用物、応答のタイプなどの関数である可能性がある。ある態様においては、より大きな表面−対−体積比をもつ粒子形状が好ましい。
ることができる。ある態様によれば、約30:1のアスペクト比をもつワクチン粒子を作製することができる。さらに他の態様においては、約40:1のアスペクト比をもつワクチン粒子を作製することができる。さらに他の態様においては、約50:1のアスペクト比をもつワクチン粒子を作製することができる。さらに他の態様においては、約60:1のアスペクト比をもつワクチン粒子を作製することができる。さらに他の態様においては、約60:1より大きなアスペクト比をもつワクチン粒子を作製することができる。
006年11月7日出願;ならびにPCT国際特許出願Nos.:PCT/US04/42706、2004年12月20日出願;PCT/US/06/23722、2006年6月19日出願;PCT/US06/34997、2006年9月7日出願;PCT/US06/43305、2006年11月7日出願;およびPCT/US07/02476、2007年1月29日出願;そのそれぞれの全体を本明細書に援用する。下記も参照されたい:米国仮特許出願Nos.:60/531,531、2003年12月19日出願;60/583,170、2004年6月25日出願;60/604,970、2004年8月27日出願;60/691,607、2005年6月17日出願;60/714,961、2005年9月7日出願;60/762,802、2006年1月27日出願;60/798,858、2006年5月9日出願;60/734,228、2005年11月7日出願;60/757,411、2006年1月9日出願;60/799,876、2006年5月12日出願;60/833,736、2006年7月27日出願;60/979,710、2007年10月12日出願、および60/828,719、2006年10月9日出願;そのそれぞれの全体を本明細書に援用する。
Drug and Vaccine Delivery,” J. Anat. 189: 503-505 (1996)、これは特に非脂質組成物について記載している;これらのそれぞれをそこに開示されるすべてについて全体として本明細書に援用する。
molecule)を含む組成物を表わすことができる;それの目的は、そのような組成物を対象に投与して、特異的にその抗原に対する免疫応答を刺激し、好ましくは対象が将来いつかその抗原に遭遇した際に免疫応答の装着(mounting)をもたらす免疫
記憶を生じさせることである。他の補助分子の例は、非特異的免疫刺激分子であるアジュバント、および抗原の薬物動態特性および/または薬力学的特性を改善する他の分子である。一般に、ワクチンは通常、疾患を引き起こす生物(適切に弱毒化または死滅させたもの)または病原性生物のある部分を抗原として含む。弱毒化した生物、たとえば弱毒化したウイルスまたは弱毒化した細菌は、それらの自然宿主におけるそれらの増殖能の一部または全部を失うように操作されている。現在では、ワクチンの製造のために用いられる広範なバイオテクノロジー方法がある(たとえばW. Bains (1998) Biotechnology From A to Z, Second Edition, Oxford University Press参照);これの全体を本明細書に援用する。
ウイルス、サルモネラ(Salmonella)、ナイセリア(Neisseria)、ボレリア(Borrelia)、クラミジア(Chlamydia)、ボルデテラ(Bordetella)、およびプラスモジウム(Plasmodium)およびトキソプラズマ(Toxoplasma)、クリプトコッカス(Cryptococcus)、連鎖球菌(Streptococcus)、ブドウ球菌(Staphylococcus)、ヘモフィルス(Haemophilus)、ジフテリア(Diptheria)、破傷風(Tetanus)菌、百日咳(Pertussis)菌、エシェリキア(Escherichia)、カンジダ(Candida)、アスペルギルス(Aspergillus)、体内寄生性アメーバ(Entamoeba)、ジアルジア(Giardia)、ならびにトリパノソーマ(Trypanasoma)。
1(J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (1983) 71: 77-86)およびCry j 2(FEBS Letters (1988) 239: 329-332);これらの全体を本明細書に援用する;ならびにブタクサアレルゲンAmb a I.1、Amba I.2、Amb a I.3、Amnb a I.4、Amb a IIなど;真菌(アスペルギルス属(Aspergillus)、カンジダ属(Candida)、アルテルナリア属(Alternaria)など)に由来するアレルゲン;ダニに由来するアレルゲン(ヤケチリダニ(Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus)、コナチリダニ(Dermatophagoides farinae)などに由来するアレルゲン;ダニアレルゲンの具体例には、Der p I、Der p II、Der p III、Der p VII、Der
f I、Der f II、Der f III、Der f VIIなどが含まれる);ハウスダスト;動物の皮膚片、糞および毛に由来するアレルゲン(たとえば、ネコアレルゲンFel d I);昆虫に由来するアレルゲン(たとえば、ガ、チョウ、ユスリカ科(Chironomidae)などの鱗毛または鱗粉、スズメバチ科(Vespidae)、たとえばオオスズメバチ(Vespa mandarinia)の毒);食物アレルゲン(卵、牛乳、食肉、海産食物、マメ類、穀類、果実、ナッツ類および野菜など);寄生生物(たとえば回虫および線虫、たとえばアニサキス属(Anisakis))に由来するアレルゲン;ならびにタンパク質またはペプチドをベースとする薬物(たとえばインスリン)。
れらの全体を本明細書に援用する。したがって、本発明のナノ粒子ワクチン中に用いるキメラ構築体は、アミロイドベータペプチド、またはアミロイドベータペプチドの抗原性ドメインを構築体の抗原部分として含むことができる。
al (1997) Current Opinion in Immunology 9: 4-9); The European Medicines Agency Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use, January 20, 2005, http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/vwp/13471604en.pdf;これらそれぞれの全体を本明細書に援用する。
et al. (1996) Microbiol. Review 60: 316)、免疫系により認識されることが示されて
いる(Aliprantis et al. (1999) Science 285: 763)からである;これらそれぞれの全体
を本明細書に援用する。
としてフラギングすることができ、したがってその細胞、タンパク質またはウイルスを生物から分離するのが容易になる。他の態様において、ナノ粒子は、目的とする免疫系成分を刺激してナノ粒子の方向または周囲に集合、凝集または移行させる免疫刺激作用物を含むことができ、これにより、ナノ粒子の捕獲リガンドが免疫系細胞と結合し、非自己としてフラギングし、その結果その細胞を対象から分離するのが容易になる。ある態様において、認識されないタンパク質コートで遮蔽された自己の細胞またはタンパク質またはウイルスをフラギングする方法は、自己作用物と結合したナノ粒子を現時点では非自己作用物として免疫系が認識するのを容易にし、これにより抗原を対象から分離するのを容易にすることによって、対象を処置することができる。
[0068] タンパク質の修飾:タンパク質を、[スクシンイミジル 2−(ビオチンアミ
ド)−エチル−1,3’−ジチオプロピオネート](分解性ジスルフィドビオチンリンカー)またはスルホスクシンイミジル−6−[ビオチンアミド]ヘキサノエート(非分解性ビオチンリンカー)で、下記の標準法により修飾した。
(16K x g,10分)によりペレット化し、上清を除去し、次いで70:30 エタノール:水に音波処理により再分散させた。この操作を3回繰り返し、粒子を70%エタノールに10mg/mLで再分散させ、4℃に保存した。
)−エチル−1,3’−ジチオプロピオネート](分解性ジスルフィドビオチンリンカー)またはスルホスクシンイミジル−6−[ビオチンアミド]ヘキサノエート(非分解性ビオチンリンカー)で、下記の標準法により表面修飾した。200nm x 200nm x 200nmの粒子の70%エタノール中における懸濁液(1mL,10mg/mL)をペレット化し、次いで1mLの無水DMFに3回再懸濁した。10mgの[スクシンイミジル 2−(ビオチンアミド)−エチル−1,3’−ジチオプロピオネート]および70mgのトリエチルアミンを0.5mLのDMF中に含有する溶液を粒子懸濁液に添加し、次いで混合物を振とう台に1時間乗せた。次いで混合物を遠心と70%エタノール中への再懸濁(3 x 1mL)の繰返しにより精製し、70%エタノールに懸濁して10mg/mLにした。
>95%のタンパク質が上清から除去される)。粒子を1%マウスアルブミンに懸濁した場合、粒子上のアビジンへのビオチニル化タンパク質の結合の化学量論を用いて、粒子の結合容量を間接的に測定した。アビジンコートした粒子を蛍光標識タンパク質(ビオチンとHylite 647の両方で標識したウシIgG)で処理した。粒子をペレット化し、粒子処理の前と後の蛍光強度を比較し、作成した標準曲線に対して検量した。各粒子について結合容量を計算し、次いで、測定した結合容量と同等またはそれ未満の値のHAおよびIL−12を、粒子に付与した。本発明のビオチン−アビジンナノ粒子の模式図を図7に示す。
Fast(商標)p−ニトロフェニルホスフェート錠(Sigma,カタログ番号N2770−50SET)で発色させ、Molecular Devices SpectraMax M5プレートリーダーで読み取った。
認識された。過剰の二次抗体を洗浄し、粒子を蛍光顕微鏡検査によりイメージングして、粒子表面のHAの存在の指標となる緑色蛍光、および粒子表面のIL12の存在の指標となる赤色蛍光を検出した;図8に示す。
[0083] HAおよびIL12を表面に含むワクチン粒子(79%のポリ(エチレングリコール)ジメタクリレート、20%のアミノエチルメタクリレートHCl、1%のHCPKからなり、次いで分解性ビオチンリンカーで表面処理したもの)を、それらがインターフェロンガンマを刺激する能力について試験した。第1に、脾細胞をマウス全脾臓(BALB/cマウス,Charles River Laboratoriesから)から分離し、96ウェルプレートに接種した。被験粒子を脾細胞に付与し、一夜インキュベートしておいた。これらの細胞からの上清を、インターフェロンガンマの産生について標準ELISAキット(マウスINFg ELISAキット,eBiosciences,カタログ番号88−7314−77)により分析した。表1に述べるデータは、IL12が粒子上にあり、機能性を保持していることを示す。
[0086] 可溶性タンパク質として、またはワクチン粒子に付着して送達された場合に、インフルエンザHAタンパク質(免疫刺激作用物IL−12を含むもの、および含まないもの)に対して発生する免疫応答を測定するためのインビボ試験法を設計した。架橋ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)ベースのPRINT(商標)粒子(79%のポリ(エチレングリコール)ジメタクリレート、20%のアミノエチルメタクリレートHCl、1%のHCPKからなり、次いで分解性ビオチンリンカーで表面処理したもの)を用いて、HA抗原およびIL−12タンパク質を提示した。HA:IL12は100:1である。
追加抗原刺激注射した。0、8、21日目にすべてのグループについて眼窩後放血により血液を採取した。動物を29日目にCO2窒息により安楽死させ、全採血により確認した。それぞれの放血血液から血清試料を採取し、ELISAにより抗体価を測定した。
[0089] この試験は、可溶性タンパク質として、または多様なサイズおよび形状のワクチン粒子に付着させて送達した場合に、インフルエンザHAタンパク質に対して発生する免疫応答を評価するために設計された。架橋ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)ベースの(79%のポリ(エチレングリコール)ジメタクリレート、20%のアミノエチルメタクリレートHCl、1%のHCPKからなり、次いでビオチンリンカー表面修飾により処理したもの)PRINT粒子システムを、HA抗原提示のために使用する。
[0092] この試験は、可溶性タンパク質として、または異なるリンカー基化学を用いてワクチン粒子に付着させて送達した場合に、インフルエンザHAタンパク質に対して発生する免疫応答を評価するために設計された。架橋ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)(79%のポリ(エチレングリコール)ジメタクリレート、20%のアミノエチルメタクリレートHCl、1%のHCPKからなり、次いで分解性ビオチンリンカーで処理したもの)ベースのPRINT粒子システムを、HA抗原提示のために使用する。
Claims (15)
- 対象において免疫応答を刺激する方法であって、
抗原とカップリングしたマイクロメートルサイズの粒子を対象に投与することを含み、その際、マイクロメートルサイズの粒子のアスペクト比の増大が免疫応答を増大させる方法。 - マイクロメートルサイズの粒子のアスペクト比が約3:1であり、約1:1のアスペクト比を有する粒子の投与により起きるものより免疫応答が約2〜約3倍大きい、請求項1に記載の方法。
- マイクロメートルサイズの粒子が、約1マイクロメートル×約1マイクロメートル×約3マイクロメートルの寸法を有する粒子を含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- マイクロメートルサイズの粒子が、約2マイクロメートル×約2マイクロメートル×約6マイクロメートルの寸法を有する粒子を含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- マイクロメートルサイズの粒子のアスペクト比が約10:1であり、約1:1のアスペクト比を有する粒子の投与により起きるものより免疫応答が約3〜約4倍大きい、請求項1に記載の方法。
- マイクロメートルサイズの粒子が、約1マイクロメートル×約1マイクロメートル×約10マイクロメートルの寸法を有する粒子を含む、請求項5に記載の方法。
- ナノメートルサイズの粒子にカップリングした抗原により起きる免疫応答を低下させる方法であって、
ナノメートルサイズの粒子のアスペクト比を増大させることを含む方法。 - 対象に投与した免疫刺激作用物により起きる免疫応答を実質的に阻害する方法であって、
免疫刺激作用物を対象に投与する前に、免疫刺激作用物を非分解性リンカーにより粒子にカップリングさせることを含む方法。 - 該方法により、免疫刺激作用物を対象に初回投与した後の免疫応答が実質的に阻害される、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 該方法により、免疫刺激作用物を対象に追加抗原刺激投与した後の免疫応答が実質的に阻害される、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 第1タンパク質を第1速度で放出しかつ第2タンパク質を第2速度で放出するように構築され、かつ1回量で初回抗原刺激能および追加抗原刺激能を備えるように構築された複数の粒子を含む、ワクチン粒子組成物。
- 対象において免疫応答を刺激する方法であって、
対象に複数の粒子を投与することを含み、その際、各粒子が免疫刺激作用物およびタンパク質とカップリングしている方法。 - 複数の粒子の投与により、粒子とカップリングしていない免疫刺激作用物およびタンパク質の投与により起きるものより抗体価が少なくとも約10倍大きくなる、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 複数の粒子の各粒子が、実質的に、約200nm×約200nm×約200nmの寸法を有する粒子を含む、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 実質的に、複数の粒子の各粒子が、約2μm×約2μm×約2μmの寸法を有する粒子を含み、その際、これらの複数の粒子の投与により、粒子とカップリングしていない免疫刺激作用物およびタンパク質の投与により起きるものより抗体価が少なくとも約100倍大きくなる、請求項1に記載の方法。
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| US20110151015A1 (en) | 2011-06-23 |
| US20150273079A1 (en) | 2015-10-01 |
| JP2011525477A (ja) | 2011-09-22 |
| EP2262480A1 (en) | 2010-12-22 |
| CN102014874A (zh) | 2011-04-13 |
| WO2009111588A1 (en) | 2009-09-11 |
| EP2262480B1 (en) | 2018-02-14 |
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