JP2014182890A - 負極活物質とその製造方法及び蓄電装置 - Google Patents
負極活物質とその製造方法及び蓄電装置 Download PDFInfo
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/582—Halogenides
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- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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Abstract
【解決手段】ケイ素原子で構成された六員環が複数連なった構造をなし組成式(SiH)nで示される層状ポリシランを熱処理することで製造され、ケイ素のモル量を100としたときハロゲン元素のモル量が11.5以下の量で含まれたナノシリコン材料からなる負極活物質を用いる。
【選択図】図1
Description
ナノシリコンのSi結晶子は、蓄電装置の電極活物質として用いるには、1nm〜100nmが好ましく、1nm〜10nmの範囲が特に好ましい。また、ナノシリコンに含まれる酸素量は、30質量%以下であることが好ましく、20質量%以下であることが特に好ましい。
上記ナノシリコンからなる負極活物質を用いて、例えば非水系二次電池の負極を作製するには、負極活物質粉末と、炭素粉末などの導電助剤と、バインダーと、適量の有機溶剤を加えて混合しスラリーにしたものを、ロールコート法、ディップコート法、ドクターブレード法、スプレーコート法、カーテンコート法などの方法で集電体上に塗布し、バインダーを乾燥あるいは硬化させることによって作製することができる。
濃度36重量%のHCl水溶液20mlを氷浴中で0℃とし、アルゴンガス気流中にてそこへ2gの二ケイ化カルシウム(CaSi2)を加えて撹拌した。発泡が完了したのを確認した後に室温まで昇温し、室温でさらに17時間撹拌した。このとき黄色粉末が浮遊した。
得られた反応液に濃度10質量%の重炭酸ナトリウム水溶液を中和後の濾液のpHが1.5となるまで加えた。得られた溶液を濾過し、残渣を10mlの蒸留水で3回洗浄した後、10mlのエタノールで洗浄し、真空乾燥して2gの層状ポリシランを得た。この層状ポリシランのラマンスペクトルを測定したところ、341cm-1、360cm-1、498cm-1、638cm-1にピークが存在した。
この層状ポリシラン粉末を1g秤量し、O2を1体積%以下の量で含むアルゴンガス中にて500℃で1時間保持する熱処理を行い、ナノシリコン粉末を得た。このナノシリコン粉末に対してCuKα線を用いたX線回折測定(XRD測定)を行った。XRD測定によれば、Si微粒子由来と考えられるハローを観測した。Si微粒子は、X線回折測定結果の(111)面の回折ピークの半値幅からシェラーの式より算出される結晶粒径が約7nmであった。
得られたナノシリコン粉末45質量部と、天然黒鉛粉末40質量部と、アセチレンブラック5質量部と、バインダー溶液33質量部とを混合してスラリーを調製した。バインダー溶液には、ポリアミドイミド(PAI)樹脂がN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)に30質量%溶解した溶液を用いている。このスラリーを、厚さ約20μmの電解銅箔(集電体)の表面にドクターブレードを用いて塗布し、銅箔上に負極活物質層を形成した。その後、ロールプレス機により、集電体と負極活物質層を強固に密着接合させた。これを200℃で2時間真空乾燥し、負極活物質層の厚さが16μmの負極を形成した。
不純物除去工程を行わなかったこと以外は実施例1と同様にして層状ポリシラン粉末を調製し、この層状ポリシランを用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にしてナノシリコン粉末を調製し、このナノシリコン粉末を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
濃度46質量%のHF水溶液7mlと、濃度36質量%のHCl水溶液56mlとの混合溶液を氷浴中で0℃とし、アルゴンガス気流中にてそこへ3.3gの二ケイ化カルシウム(CaSi2)を加えて撹拌した。発泡が完了したのを確認した後に室温まで昇温し、室温でさらに2時間撹拌した。このとき黄色粉末が浮遊した。
実施例1〜3及び比較例1,2のナノシリコン粉末について、酸素・窒素・水素分析装置(HORIBA社製「EMGA」)を用いて酸素(O)量をそれぞれ分析し、蛍光X線分析(XRF)によって塩素(Cl)、カルシウム(Ca)及びシリコン(Si)の量をそれぞれ分析して、各元素の組成比率をそれぞれ算出した。結果を表1に示す。
実施例1〜3及び比較例1,2のリチウムイオン二次電池について、温度25℃、電流0.2mAの条件で充電した際の初期の充電容量(初期容量)を測定した結果を表2に示す。また電流0.2mAの条件で放電させた際の放電容量を測定して、初期効率(充電容量/放電容量)を算出した結果を表2に示す。
Claims (13)
- ケイ素原子で構成された六員環が複数連なった構造をなし組成式(SiH)nで示される層状ポリシランを熱処理することで製造され、ケイ素のモル量を100としたときハロゲン元素のモル量が11.5以下の量で含まれたナノシリコン材料からなることを特徴とする負極活物質。
- 前記ナノシリコン材料には、ケイ素のモル量を100としたときカルシウムのモル量が1.5以下の量で含まれている請求項1に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記層状ポリシランは、ラマンスペクトルにおいてラマンシフトの341±10cm-1、360±10cm-1、498±10cm-1、638±10cm-1にピークが存在する請求項1又は請求項2に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記ナノシリコン材料のナノシリコンは、X線回折測定結果の(111)面の回折ピークの半値幅からシェラーの式より算出される結晶粒径が1〜100nmである請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の負極活物質。
- 含まれる酸素量が30質量%以下である請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の負極活物質。
- 塩化水素(HCl)水溶液と二ケイ化カルシウムとを反応させて層状ポリシランを得る反応工程と、該層状ポリシランからハロゲン元素を除去して不純物低減層状ポリシランとする不純物除去工程と、不純物低減層状ポリシランを非酸化性雰囲気下にて100℃を超える温度で熱処理してナノシリコン粉末を得る焼成工程を含むことを特徴とする負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記反応工程は、塩化水素(HCl)水溶液とフッ化水素(HF)水溶液の混合物と、二ケイ化カルシウムと、を反応させて行う請求項6に記載の負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記不純物除去工程は、前記反応工程後に前記層状ポリシラを含む反応溶液を塩基によって中和することで行う請求項6又は請求項7に記載の負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記不純物除去工程は、中和後の濾液のpHが0.5〜8.0となるように行う請求項8に記載の負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記不純物除去工程は、中和後の濾液のpHが0.5〜7.0となるように行う請求項8に記載の負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記焼成工程は400℃以上で熱処理する請求項6〜10のいずれかに記載の負極活物質の製造方法。
- 請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載の負極活物質を含む負極を有することを特徴とする蓄電装置。
- リチウムイオン二次電池である請求項12に記載の蓄電装置。
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