JP2013238029A - Glass pane and glass door - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a glass pane and a glass door having a mesh-like conductive layer with a periodical mesh pattern such as a lattice pattern for heating a translucent surface, which reduces a Moire effect when periodical patterned object such as a screen door or an image display panel is superimposed and prevents variation in shading of the mesh.SOLUTION: A glass pane 10 has a translucent surface heating element 3 including a mesh-like conductive layer 2 having a mesh pattern 2P which defines many openings A on a transparent glass base plate 1. The mesh pattern is formed from many boundary lines L for defining an opening extending between two branch points B, satisfying the following three conditions: (a) 3.0≤N<4.0, where N represents the average of the number of boundary lines extending from one branch point; (b) the shapes of openings include a plurality of polygons selected from a pentagon, a hexagon, and a heptagon, with the largest number of hexagonal openings; and (c) the shapes of polygons having the same number of sides are not equal. A glass door 20 includes the glass pane and a frame 4.

Description

  The present invention relates to a glass plate and a glass door provided with a translucent surface heating element.

  Glass plates used for window glass and door glass for buildings, vehicles, etc., protective glass for liquid crystal display devices, etc., provided with a translucent surface heating element on the glass plate to prevent fogging due to temperature difference between the front and back It has been known. On such a glass plate, a glass substrate in which a net-like conductor layer made of a conductor is laminated as a translucent surface heating element and heated by Joule heat has been proposed (Patent Documents 1 and 2).

  In the plan views of FIGS. 14A and 14B and the cross-sectional view of FIG. 14C, the conductor layer 32 composed of the lattice-like mesh pattern 32P is formed on one surface of the transparent glass substrate 31. The glass door 40 which fixed the glass plate 30 laminated | stacked as a translucent surface heat generating body with the frame-shaped ridge | line | mouth (curve) 33 is illustrated. The conductor layer 32 can be laminated on the glass substrate 31 by directly forming the conductor layer 32 on the glass substrate 31 as shown in the figure, and although not shown, the conductor is formed by a transparent adhesive layer. The layer 32 and the glass substrate 31 may be laminated, or a light-transmitting surface heating element having a configuration in which the conductor layer 32 is laminated on a transparent resin film may be attached to the glass substrate 31 and laminated.

JP 2006-49006 A JP 2010-251230 A

  However, as disclosed in Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2, the glass plate 30 on which the conductor layer 32 having the lattice-like periodic mesh pattern 32P is laminated, or the glass door 40 using the glass plate 30, As shown in the partially enlarged view of FIG. 14B, the openings 32A defined by the periodic mesh pattern 32P are arranged at a repetition period Ty in the vertical direction in the vertical direction of the drawing, and the horizontal direction in the horizontal direction of the drawing. In the direction, they are arranged with a repetition period Tx. In this way, the conventional mesh pattern 32P has the openings 32A arranged vertically and horizontally with the repeating periods Tx and Ty, so that the glass plate 30 or the glass door 40 having the mesh pattern 32P has a longitudinal direction or a lateral direction. For example, when light-transmitting periodic pattern objects such as screen doors and lace curtains overlap with each other, the repetition periods of both interfere with each other, causing moire (striped pattern), Become. Moreover, as a periodic pattern thing which can produce a moire, there exists a translucent thing, such as a sag (gutter), a screen door, an armor door or a blind, and a woven cloth with a coarse mesh.

In order to make such moire inconspicuous, with respect to the periodic mesh pattern 32P of the conductor layer 32, the direction having the periodicity of the periodic mesh pattern 32P and the direction having the periodicity of the periodic pattern object are inclined with respect to each other. It is known that a measure for adjusting the so-called bias angle is effective.
However, in such conventional moiré prevention measures, the bias angle that minimizes the moiré is determined by the parameters of both mesh patterns, for example, the repetition cycle of the periodic mesh pattern 32P and the repetition cycle of the periodic pattern object. It also depends on the return period ratio, the line width ratio of both mesh patterns, and the like. For this reason, when it is assumed to be used for an unspecified number of buildings such as windows, there is no general-purpose periodic mesh pattern 32P in which moire is not conspicuous with respect to all types of periodic pattern objects. For this reason, it is necessary to separately arrange the mesh pattern 32P having an optimally designed bias angle so as to minimize the moire for each periodic pattern object. However, if a variety of glass plates corresponding to the moiré pattern are made inconspicuous for each of the periodic pattern objects derived from the user's preference, such as lace knitted curtains, etc., productivity will be reduced and product loss will occur. Product costs have risen due to the increase in sales and the complexity of distribution and inventory management, which is virtually impossible.

  Therefore, the present inventors tried to make the arrangement of the openings 32A a non-periodic random pattern so that the moire pattern does not occur in the mesh pattern 32P.

  For example, a random mesh pattern disclosed in a pamphlet of International Publication No. 2007/114076 proposed for a conductive mesh for an electromagnetic wave shielding filter installed on a screen of a plasma display panel in the field of image display devices, or Various random mesh patterns such as the random mesh pattern disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 121974 were tried.

The mesh pattern disclosed in the former publication is a random pattern with higher randomness, and moire is completely eliminated, but the size (area) of the opening is greatly varied, and the scenery and exhibits to be seen through, Alternatively, a new problem has been found that light and dark unevenness is visually recognized on a fluoroscopic object such as an image display panel.
In addition, the mesh pattern disclosed in the former gazette extends into the opening portion of the conductor layer constituting the mesh pattern and stops at the middle without the tip being connected to another line segment. Some things also occur. Since such a dead-end line segment does not constitute a closed circuit, there is a problem in that it does not contribute to electrical conductivity, and the translucency is lowered.
On the other hand, the mesh pattern disclosed in the latter publication is a random pattern having a higher periodicity than the former, and although the shading unevenness caused by the variation in the size of the opening is eliminated, the problem that moire remains is found. .

  In this way, conventionally, the periodic arrangement of the openings causes moiré with periodic pattern objects such as screen doors, and even with conventional non-periodic random patterns, prevention of moiré and shading unevenness. It was not possible to achieve both.

  That is, an object of the present invention is to prevent the occurrence of moiré due to the periodic arrangement of openings defined by the mesh-like conductor layers of glass plates and glass doors, and to arrange the openings to prevent moiré. It is also possible to prevent the occurrence of density unevenness when the period is non-periodic, and to achieve both prevention of moire and density unevenness.

Therefore, in the present invention, the glass plate and the glass door are configured as follows.
(1) A glass plate having a transparent glass substrate and a translucent surface heating element laminated on the transparent glass substrate and including a network conductor layer,
The planar view shape when the network conductor layer is observed from the normal direction of the plate surface of the transparent glass substrate exhibits a mesh pattern that defines a large number of openings,
This mesh pattern is formed from a number of boundary segments extending between two branch points to define the opening,
(A) The average value N of the number of boundary line segments extending from one branch point is 3.0 ≦ N <4.0.
(B) The shape of the opening includes two or more polygons selected from a pentagon, a hexagon, and a heptagon, and the number of openings included in the mesh pattern is a hexagonal opening. It is the most.
(C) The polygons constituting the mesh pattern are not constant in the shape of polygons having the same number of sides.
A glass plate comprising a mesh pattern satisfying the three conditions.
(2) The mesh pattern further includes:
(D) A pattern including a region where there is no direction having periodicity in the arrangement of the openings.
The glass plate of said (1) which satisfy | fills these conditions.
(3) The glass plate according to (1) or (2), wherein the translucent surface heating element includes a transparent resin film and the network conductor layer laminated on the transparent resin film.
(4) A glass door comprising the glass plate according to any one of (1) to (3) and a gutter that fixes an outer peripheral portion of the glass plate.

  According to the present invention, the mesh pattern exhibited by the mesh-like conductor layer constituting the translucent surface heating element of the glass plate has a specific arrangement of the openings defined by the mesh pattern. In addition, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of density unevenness due to the density (area) of the opening, and to prevent both moire and density unevenness.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS It is the top views (A) and (B) and sectional drawing (C) explaining one Embodiment of the glass door by this invention, (A) is a general view, (B) is a partial enlarged view. The top view explaining the example of a shape of the opening part of a mesh pattern. The top view which shows an example of a mesh pattern. The top view explaining that the direction which has periodicity does not exist in arrangement | positioning of the opening part defined by a mesh pattern. The figure which shows the method of determining a generating point in the method of designing a mesh pattern. The figure which shows the method of determining a generating point in the method of designing a mesh pattern. The figure which shows the method of determining a generating point in the method of designing a mesh pattern. The figure explaining the degree of dispersion | distribution of the determined mother point group by an absolute coordinate system and a relative coordinate system. The figure which shows the method of creating a Voronoi diagram from the determined generating point and determining a mesh pattern. The top view which shows the mesh pattern by this invention. The top view which shows the mesh of the screen of a screen as an example of a periodic pattern thing. The top view which shows the state which accumulated FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B. The top view which shows the periodic mesh pattern (square lattice shape) in the conventional mesh-like conductor layer. The top view which shows the mesh of the screen of a screen door. The top view which shows the state which accumulated FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B. Sectional drawing which shows two forms (there is no transparent resin film in a translucent surface heating element) of the glass plate by this invention. The top view which shows an example by which the mesh pattern was repeated as a unit pattern area | region of the magnitude | size of 1/3 or more of the dimension of a glass plate. The top view (A) and (B) which illustrate the conventional glass plate and the net-like conductor layer of a glass door, and sectional drawing (C).

    Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. Note that the drawings are conceptual diagrams, and the scale relations, aspect ratios, and the like of components may be exaggerated as appropriate for convenience of explanation.

《Glass plate and glass door》
First, a glass plate and a glass door according to the present invention will be described with reference to an embodiment shown in FIG.

The glass door 20 shown in the plan views of FIGS. 1 (A) and 1 (B) and the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1 (C) includes a glass plate 10 and a flange 4 that fixes the outer peripheral portion of the glass plate 10. Become. The cross-sectional view of FIG. 1C is a cross-sectional view taken along line CC in FIG.
The glass plate 10 includes a transparent glass substrate 1 and a translucent surface heating element 3 including a net-like conductor layer 2 laminated on one surface of the transparent glass substrate 1. The planar view shape when the network conductor layer 2 is observed from the normal direction of the plate surface of the transparent glass substrate 1 exhibits a network pattern 2P. In FIG. 1, the plate surface is parallel to the XY plane, and the normal direction is the Z-axis direction. The mesh pattern 2P defines a large number of openings A, and even though the mesh conductor layer 2 itself is made of metal or the like and is opaque, the mesh pattern 2P has translucency as the translucent surface heating element 3. As a result, translucency is ensured as a whole glass plate 10. Further, the mesh pattern 2P is a pattern in which the periodicity unique to the present invention is disturbed.

Here, definitions of main terms used in the present invention will be described.
“Plate surface” means the glass surface of the transparent glass substrate 1. The “plate surface” is usually one surface or the other surface of the transparent glass substrate 1, and in FIG. 1, is a surface parallel to the XY plane. When the “plate surface” such as concavo-convex glass is a concavo-convex surface, the “plate surface” means an envelope surface of the concavo-convex surface, and the envelope surface is a surface parallel to the XY plane.
The “planar shape” means a shape on a plate surface or a plane parallel to the plate surface. In other words, the “planar shape” means a shape when the object is observed from the direction of the normal line standing on the “plate surface”. In FIG. 1, the Z-axis direction is the normal direction.
The envelope surface of the plate surface is usually a flat surface, but depending on the application of the glass plate 10, a part or all of the plate surface may be a non-planar surface such as a curved surface. In such a non-planar plate surface, the normal line of the plate surface means a normal line on the target plate surface (a line perpendicular to the tangential plane at the target point of the plate surface).

  As shown in FIG. 1 (B), the mesh pattern 2P defines a large number of openings A, and extends between two branch points B to define a large number of boundary line segments L that define the openings A. Consists of

Moreover, the mesh pattern 2P is a pattern that satisfies the following three conditions (a), (b), and (c).
(A) The average value N of the number of boundary line segments extending from one branch point is 3.0 ≦ N <4.0.
(B) The shape of the opening A includes two or more polygons selected from a pentagon, a hexagon, and a heptagon, and the number of openings included in the mesh pattern 2P is a hexagonal opening. The department is the most.
(C) The polygons forming the mesh pattern 2P are not constant in the shape of polygons having the same number of sides.

Further, in the present embodiment, the mesh pattern 2P is a pattern that also satisfies the following condition (d).
(D) A pattern including a region where the opening A has no periodic direction.

  In the present embodiment, the mesh pattern 2P, which is a planar view shape of the mesh conductor layer 2, is formed into such a pattern, so that the mesh pattern 2P disturbs its periodicity as compared with a conventional periodic pattern. In order to obtain a pattern with disordered periodicity that includes a region that does not have a direction having periodicity that satisfies the conditions (a), (b), and (c), and also satisfies the condition (d), Moire generated due to the periodic pattern can be effectively improved. In addition, it is possible to effectively improve moire while effectively suppressing the occurrence of shading unevenness in the mesh pattern 2P.

  Hereinafter, the mesh pattern 2P characteristic of the present invention will be described in detail first, and then each component, its material, formation method and the like will be described.

[Mesh pattern 2P and opening A defined thereby]
The mesh pattern 2P is a planar view shape of the mesh conductor layer 2 when the mesh conductor layer 2 is observed from the normal direction of the plate surface (Z-axis direction in FIG. 1). Hereinafter, the mesh pattern 2P will be described with reference mainly to FIG. 1, FIG. 3, and FIG.

  As shown in FIG. 3, the mesh pattern 2P is formed from a large number of boundary line segments L that extend between the two branch points B to define the opening A, and includes a mesh pattern that satisfies at least the following three conditions. Become.

(A) The average value N of the number of boundary line segments L extending from one branch point B is 3.0 ≦ N <4.0, that is, 3.0 or more and less than 4.0.
(B) The shape of the opening A is two or more types selected from the shape of the opening A in which the number of boundary line segments L surrounding each opening A is 5, 6, and 7. In addition, the opening A included in the mesh pattern 2P has the largest number of openings A in which the number of boundary line segments L surrounding each opening A is six.
Here, the number of boundary line segments L surrounding the periphery is the same as the number of corners (or the number of sides) of the polygon when the opening A is a polygon. That is, when all the boundary line segments L constituting each opening A are composed of only straight lines, the condition (b) is that the shape of the opening A is selected from two types selected from pentagon, hexagon and heptagon. It means that the above polygon is included. Moreover, the opening A in which the number of boundary line segments L is six is a hexagon.

  Here, FIG. 2 shows an example of a polygonal shape, FIG. 2A shows an example of a pentagon, FIG. 2B shows a hexagon, and FIG. 2C shows an example of a heptagon.

Incidentally, about the mesh pattern 2P illustrated in FIG. 3, a total of 4631 openings A (polygon) were measured.
Triangle 0
79 squares
1141 pentagons
2382 hexagons
927 heptagons
94 octagons
Eight 9-sided
The number of hexagonal openings A was the largest, and the number of hexagonal openings was 0.

(C) The shape of the opening A having the same number of boundary line segments L surrounding the periphery is a non-constant pattern. That is, the openings A constituting the mesh pattern 2P are not all the same shape, and at least a part includes a shape different from the others. When the boundary line segments L constituting each opening A are all composed only of straight lines, this condition means that the polygons constituting the mesh pattern 2P are not constant in the shape of the polygons having the same number of sides.
In particular, in the present embodiment, in addition to the above, the mesh pattern 2P is a pattern in which there is no periodic direction in the arrangement of the openings A.
(D) A pattern including a region where the opening A has no periodic direction.
The condition of is also satisfied.
Note that the absence of a direction having periodicity in the arrangement of the openings A is also referred to as an arrangement in which the direction in which the openings A have a repeating period does not exist.

  As shown in FIGS. 3 and 9, the line portion Lt of the mesh pattern 2P includes a large number of branch points B. The line portion Lt of the mesh pattern 2P is composed of a number of boundary line segments L that form branch points B at both ends. That is, the line portion Lt of the mesh pattern 2P is composed of a number of boundary line segments L extending between the two branch points B. Then, at the branch point B, the boundary line segment L is connected, so that the opening A is defined. In other words, it is surrounded by a boundary line segment L and is partitioned to define an opening A as one closed region.

  As shown in FIGS. 3 and 9, since the line portion Lt is composed only of the boundary line segment L, there is no line portion Lt that extends into the opening A and becomes a dead end. According to such an aspect, it is possible to effectively realize simultaneously imparting a sufficiently low surface resistivity and high translucency to the network conductor layer 2.

The mesh pattern 2P is a pattern including a region where there is no direction having periodicity in the arrangement of the opening A. In order to sufficiently exhibit the effect of improving moire, the entire region is It is preferable that the shape of the opening A having the same number of boundary line segments L to surround is not constant. Preferably, 50% or more of the openings A having the same number of boundary line segments L surrounding the periphery are made to have different shapes. More preferably, the openings A having the same number of boundary line segments L surrounding the periphery are spread over the entire area of the mesh pattern 2P so that the shapes thereof are different from each other. Note that the opening A included in the mesh pattern 2P is not uniform in shape in addition to the shape of the opening A having the same number of boundary line segments L surrounding the periphery thereof, and the area thereof is also not constant. It is more preferable. In other words, among the openings A included in the mesh pattern 2P, the shape of the opening A or the shape and area of the opening A with respect to the opening A having the same boundary line segment surrounding the periphery. Means that they are not all the same and at least some will be different.
In the above description, even when the two openings A are congruent figures and have different directions, the shapes of the two openings A are considered to be different from each other.

  In order to surely eliminate moiré, it is preferable that the entire area of the mesh pattern 2P is composed of only such areas. The present embodiment has such a configuration. As a result of intensive research, the inventors of the present invention do not simply make the pattern of the mesh pattern 2P irregular, but the opening A of the mesh pattern 2P has a direction in which the arrangement of the openings A has periodicity. By defining the pattern of the mesh pattern 2P so that the number of boundary lines L that do not exist and the number of boundary lines L surrounding the periphery is the same, more preferably the area and shape are not constant, It has been found that moire generated in the conventional glass plate 30 having a periodic pattern configuration can be extremely effectively improved.

[No repeat cycle]
In FIG. 4, the shape of the opening A having the same number of boundary line segments L surrounding the periphery of the many openings A defined by the mesh pattern 2 </ b> P is not constant. Then, it is explained that there is no region where the openings A are arranged at a constant period, and there is no repeating period, in other words, there is no direction having periodicity in the arrangement of the openings A. It is a top view in the board surface parallel to XY plane. Within this plane of the plate surface, in the figure, one imaginary straight line di that faces an arbitrary direction at an arbitrary position is selected.
This one straight line di intersects with the boundary line segment L of the line portion Lt to form an intersection. The intersections are shown as intersections c1, c2, c3,..., C9 in order from the lower left in the drawing. The distance between adjacent intersections, for example, the intersection c1 and the intersection c2, is the dimension t1 on the straight line di of the certain opening A. Next, the dimension t2 on the straight line di is similarly determined for another opening A adjacent to the opening A having the dimension t1 on the straight line di. Then, for a straight line di in an arbitrary direction at an arbitrary position, from the boundary line segment L intersecting with the straight line di, a large number of openings A that meet the straight line di are t1, t2, t3 as dimensions on the straight line di. , ..., t8 is determined. And the sequence of numerical values of t1, t2, t3,..., T8 has no periodicity.
In FIG. 4, these t1, t2, t3,..., T8 are drawn separately from the mesh pattern 2P along with the straight line di at the bottom of the drawing for easy understanding.

When the straight line di is rotated at an arbitrary angle from the position shown in FIG. 4 to obtain the dimensions t1, t2,... Of each opening A in other directions, the straight line di is also the same as in FIG. There is no repetitive periodicity in the di direction.
That is, there is no direction having a repeating cycle in the opening A defined by the boundary line segment L, as in the sequence of numerical values of t1, t2, t3,.
In other words, in the arrangement of the openings A, the number sequence of the arrangement of the dimensions ti of the openings A on the virtual line segment di in any direction passing through any position becomes an aperiodic function. That is, there is no M that satisfies t (i) = t (i + M) (i and M are independent positive integers).
Thus, the absence of a direction having periodicity in the arrangement of the openings A is expressed as the absence of a direction in which the openings A are arranged at a constant repetition period.

  Furthermore, in the mesh pattern 2P according to the present embodiment, the average value N of the number of boundary line segments L extending from one branch point B is 3.0 ≦ N <4.0. Thus, when the average value N of the number of boundary line segments L extending from one branch point B is 3.0 ≦ N <4.0, the arrangement pattern of the mesh pattern 2P is shown in FIG. The square lattice pattern (N = 4.0) shown in FIG. In addition, when the average value N of the number of boundary line segments L extending from one branch point B is 3.0 <N <4.0, it is also large from the honeycomb arrangement (N = 3.0). Different patterns can be used. Then, after setting the average value N of the number of boundary line segments L extending from one branch point B to 3.0 ≦ N <4.0, the arrangement of the openings A is made irregular, It has been confirmed that the direction having periodicity in the arrangement can be prevented from stably existing, and as a result, the moire can be improved extremely effectively.

  The average value N of the number of boundary line segments L extending from one branch point B is strictly determined by examining the number of boundary line segments L extending for all branch points B included in the mesh pattern 2P. The average value is calculated. However, in actuality, the total number of boundary line segments L extending from one branch point B is considered in consideration of the size of the opening A per line defined by the line portion Lt. It extends about a branch point B included in a section having an area that is expected to reflect a tendency (for example, a portion of 10 mm × 10 mm in the mesh pattern 2P in which an opening A is formed in a dimension example described later). The number of boundary line segments L to be output is checked to calculate the average value, and the calculated value is handled as the average value N of the number of boundary line segments L extending from one branch point B for the mesh pattern 2P. May be.

  Actually, in the mesh pattern 2P shown in FIG. 3, the average value N of the number of boundary line segments L extending from one branch point B is 3.0 <N <4.0. For example, in the case of the mesh pattern 2P of FIG. 3, when a total of 387 branch points B are measured, the boundary line segment L has three branch points B and the boundary line segment L has four branches. There are 14 points B (0 is the number of branch points where the number of branch line segments L to be branched is 5 or more), and the average number of boundary line segments L coming from the branch point B (the number of plain branches) is 3.04. Met.

[Method of creating pattern shape of mesh pattern 2P]
Here, an example of a method for creating the mesh pattern 2P unique to the present invention will be described below.

  The method described here includes a step of determining a generating point, a step of creating a Voronoi diagram from the determined generating point, and a boundary line segment extending between two Voronoi points connected by one Voronoi boundary in the Voronoi diagram. Determining a path of L, determining a thickness (line width) of the determined path, demarcating each boundary line segment L, and determining a pattern of the mesh pattern 2P (line portion Lt). Have. Hereinafter, each step will be described in order. Note that the pattern shown in FIG. 3 described above is a pattern actually determined by the method described below.

  First, the process of determining a generating point will be described. First, as shown in FIG. 5, an absolute coordinate system O-XY (abbreviated as XY for short). This coordinate system O-XY is a normal two-dimensional plane, but a relative coordinate system described later. The first generating point (hereinafter referred to as “first generating point”) BP1 is arranged at an arbitrary position of “Absolute” in order to distinguish it from the head. Next, as shown in FIG. 6, the second generating point BP2 is arranged at an arbitrary position separated from the first generating point BP1 by a distance r. In other words, at any position on the circumference of a circle with a radius r centered on the first generating point BP1 on the absolute coordinate system XY (hereinafter referred to as “first circumference”), the second A generating point BP2 is arranged. Next, as shown in FIG. 7, the third mother point BP3 is arranged at an arbitrary position away from the first mother point BP1 by the distance r and away from the second mother point BP2 by the distance r or more. Thereafter, the fourth generating point is arranged at an arbitrary position separated from the first generating point BP1 by the distance r and from the other generating points BP2 and BP3 by the distance r or more.

  In this way, the mother point is arranged at an arbitrary position away from the first mother point BP1 by the distance r and away from the other mother points until the next mother point cannot be arranged. Go. Thereafter, this operation is continued based on the second generating point BP2. That is, the next generating point is arranged at an arbitrary position separated from the second generating point BP2 by the distance r and from the other generating points by the distance r or more. Based on the second generating point BP2, until the next generating point cannot be arranged, it is at an arbitrary position away from the second generating point BP2 by the distance r and from the other generating points by the distance r or more. Place the mother point. Thereafter, the base point as a reference is sequentially changed, and the base point is formed in the same procedure.

  With the above procedure, the mother point is arranged until the mother point cannot be arranged in the region where the mesh pattern 2P is to be formed. When the mother point cannot be arranged in the region where the mesh pattern 2P is to be formed, the step of producing the mother point is completed. By the processing so far, the mother point group irregularly arranged on the two-dimensional plane (XY plane) is uniformly dispersed in the region where the mesh pattern 2P is to be formed.

With respect to the generating point groups BP1, BP2,..., BP6 (see FIG. 8A) distributed in the two-dimensional plane (XY plane) in such a process, the distances between the individual generating points are not constant. Have However, the distribution of the distance R between any two adjacent generating points is not a complete random distribution (uniform distribution), but a range ΔR between the upper limit value R _MAX and the lower limit value R _MIN with the average value R _AVG in mind. = R _MAX -R _MIN is distributed. Note that, here, when two Voronoi regions XA are adjacent after creating a Voronoi diagram from the generating point groups BP1, BP2,... (See FIG. 9). It is defined that the generating points of two Voronoi regions XA are adjacent to each other.
In FIG. 8A, a Voronoi boundary (see FIG. 9) obtained from these generating point groups is shown by a broken line for reference.

That is, the coordinate point group described here is referred to as a coordinate system having the respective origins as origins (referred to as a relative coordinate system oxy, while a coordinate system defining an actual two-dimensional plane is referred to as an absolute coordinate system O -X-Y.) On the top, graphs of FIG. 8 (B), FIG. 8 (C),..., In which all the generating points adjacent to the generating point placed at the origin are plotted, are obtained for all generating points. . Then, when the graph of the adjacent generating points on all the relative coordinate systems is displayed with the origin o of each relative coordinate system superimposed, a graph as shown in FIG. 8D is obtained. The distribution pattern of adjacent mother point groups on this relative coordinate system is that the distance between any two adjacent mother points constituting the mother point group is not a uniform distribution from 0 to infinity, but the distance from the origin o. Is distributed in a finite range from R _AVG −ΔR to R _AVG + ΔR (a donut-shaped region from radius R _MIN to R _MAX ).

  As described above, by setting the distance between each generating point, the Voronoi region XA obtained from the generating point group by the method described below, and the size of the opening A obtained from this (or The distribution of the area of the opening A) is not uniform (completely random) but distributed within a finite range.

As can be seen from FIG. 8D, the orientation (angle) distribution of another generating point BP viewed from an arbitrary generating point BP is isotropic (or substantially isotropic). This corresponds to the orientation (angle) distribution of the opening A in the mesh pattern 2P generated from such generating point (group) BP being isotropic (or substantially isotropic).
By constituting in this way, the uneven density of the see-through object seen through the glass plate 10 can be made even more inconspicuous.

In order to make the shading unevenness more uniform while preventing moire, the distribution of the size D of the opening A is
D _AVG −3σ ≦ D ≦ D _AVG + 3σ
Where D _AVG is the average value of magnitude D and σ is the standard deviation of the distribution of magnitude D,
3σ = 0.1D _{AVG to} 0.5D _AVG
Is preferable.

Here, the size D of the opening A is defined as follows for all the openings A.
(1) When a circle passing through all the branch points B (all vertices in the case of a polygon) belonging to a certain opening A can be drawn, the size D is determined by the circumscribed circle diameter of the opening A. And
(2) If a circle passing through all branch points B belonging to a certain opening A (all vertices in the case of a polygon) cannot be drawn, the maximum distance between the two branch points B belonging to this opening A The value D (longest diagonal length in the case of a polygon) is used as the size D.

  In the step of determining the generating point, the size D of each opening A can be adjusted by changing the size of the distance r. Specifically, by reducing the size of the distance r, the size D of each opening A can be reduced, and conversely by increasing the size of the distance r, The size D of the opening A can be increased.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 9, a Voronoi diagram is created based on the arranged generating points. As shown in FIG. 9, the Voronoi diagram is a diagram composed of line segments that draw a perpendicular bisector between two adjacent generating points BP and BP and connect the intersections of the bisectors. is there. Here, a line segment composed of vertical bisectors is called a Voronoi boundary XB, an intersection of Voronoi boundaries XB forming the ends of the Voronoi boundary XB is called a Voronoi point XP, and a region surrounded by the Voronoi boundary XB is called a Voronoi boundary XB. This is called area XA.

  In the Voronoi diagram created as shown in FIG. 9, each Voronoi point XP forms a branch point B of the mesh pattern 2P. Then, one boundary line segment L is provided between two Voronoi points XP forming the end of one Voronoi boundary XB. At this time, the boundary line segment L may be determined so as to extend linearly between the two Voronoi points XP as in the example shown in FIG. Various paths (for example, circle (arc), ellipse (arc), fence line, hyperbola, sine curve, hyperbolic sine curve, elliptic function curve, Bessel function curve, etc.) between the two Voronoi points XP without It may be extended by a broken line or the like. In addition, when the boundary line segment L is determined so as to extend linearly between the two Voronoi points XP as in the example shown in FIG. 9, each Voronoi boundary XB constitutes the boundary line segment L. become.

  After determining the path of each boundary line segment L, the line width (thickness) of each boundary line segment L is determined. The line width of the boundary line segment L is determined in consideration of the surface resistivity and translucency obtained by the reticulated conductor layer 2 exhibiting the created reticulated pattern 2P. As described above, the pattern of the mesh pattern 2P can be determined.

[Moire generation due to interference with screen 6]
10A to 10C and FIGS. 11A to 11C show a glass plate 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Or it is drawing explaining the moire generation | occurrence | production situation when the conventional glass plate 30 is piled up on the net 6 of the screen door.

  FIG. 10C shows a state in which the mesh pattern 2P shown in FIGS. 3 and 10A is overlapped with the mesh 6 of the screen door shown in FIG. 10B in the glass plate 10 according to the present invention. The mesh 6P of the screen door mesh 6 shown in FIG. 10B has a square lattice pattern with equal vertical and horizontal periods.

As can be understood from FIG. 10C, when the mesh pattern 2P shown in FIGS. 3 and 10A is actually produced and superimposed on the mesh 6 of the screen door, a striped pattern that can be visually recognized, that is, moire is Did not occur.
Here, the mesh pattern 2P according to the present embodiment (the present invention) in FIG. 10A has a line width (thickness) of 100 μm and an average value D _AVG of the size D of the opening A D 1000 μm. A square lattice made of a square having a line width of 300 μm and an opening size of 1200 μm (length of one side of 1500 μm) was used.

  On the other hand, FIGS. 11A to 11C exemplify the occurrence of moire in the case of a conventional periodic mesh pattern 32P in which the arrangement of the defined openings A has periodicity.

FIG. 11A shows a square mesh-like periodic mesh pattern 32P exhibited by the mesh-like conductor layer 32 in the conventional glass plate 30, and is different from the mesh pattern 2P of the present invention.
FIG. 11C shows a state in which the periodic mesh pattern 32P shown in FIG. 11A is overlapped with the screen 6 of the screen door shown in FIG. 11B. As can be understood from FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 11C, when a glass plate having a periodic mesh pattern 32P is overlapped with the mesh 6 of the screen door, the mesh exhibited by the periodic mesh pattern 32P and the mesh of the screen door 6 is exhibited. By the interference with the 6P periodic pattern, light and dark streaks (light and dark streaks extending from the upper left to the lower right and from the upper right to the lower left in the example shown in FIG. 11C) are visually recognized as moire.
Here, the conventional periodic mesh pattern 32P shown in FIG. 11A is a square lattice made of a square having a line width of 100 μm and an opening size of 1200 μm (length of one side of 1300 μm). The screen 6 of the screen door is the same as that shown in FIG. 10B.

  In the example shown in FIG. 11A and FIG. 11C, the direction having the periodicity of the large number of openings A defined by the periodic mesh pattern 32P has the periodicity of the mesh 6P exhibited by the screen door mesh 6. Inclined by 5 degrees with respect to the direction. This inclination angle is referred to as a bias angle (degree). Such an inclination is a technique that is widely used in general to make moire inconspicuous. However, as can be understood from the fact that moire is visible in FIG. 11C, the degree of moire generation is not determined solely by the bias angle. In addition, the repetition period of the mesh 6P and the periodic mesh pattern 32P. It also depends on factors such as the ratio and the line width of the periodic mesh pattern 32P. When trying to eliminate moiré with only the bias angle of the periodic mesh pattern 32P, overlap with various periodic pattern objects such as the screen mesh 6P size, lace curtains, image display panels of various screen sizes and resolutions, etc. Assuming that it is necessary to prepare a different bias angle for each periodic pattern object, it is not realistic.

According to the present embodiment as described above, the mesh pattern 2P which is a planar view shape of the mesh conductor layer 2 of the glass plate 10 and the glass door 20 defines a large number of openings A and has two branches. It is composed of a number of boundary line segments L extending between the points B to define the opening A, and (a) the average value N of the number of boundary line segments L extending from one branch point B is 3.0. ≦ N <4.0. (B) The shape of the opening A includes two or more polygons selected from a pentagon, a hexagon, and a heptagon, and the number of the openings A included in the mesh pattern 2P is a hexagon. The number of openings A is the largest. (C) The polygons forming the mesh pattern 2P are not constant in shape with the same number of sides. (D) It is a pattern including a region where there is no periodic direction in the arrangement of the openings A. The four conditions are said to be met.
As a result, in a conventional glass plate or glass door, moire that occurs because the mesh pattern is a periodic pattern can be effectively improved while suppressing the occurrence of shading unevenness.

  Hereinafter, each component will be described in detail.

[Transparent glass substrate 1]
The transparent glass substrate 1 may be a resin plate made of a resin such as an acrylic resin, a polycarbonate resin, or a styrene resin as long as it is transparent, in addition to a so-called glass plate such as soda glass or quartz glass. With the resin plate, a curved glass plate is also easy. The transparent glass substrate 1 may be colored as long as it is transparent. Moreover, the non-formation surface of the net-like conductor layer 2 of the transparent glass substrate 1 may be a smooth and flat plane, or may be a light diffusing rough surface or a patterned uneven surface. The thickness of the transparent glass substrate 1 is, for example, about 0.5 to 20 mm depending on the application.

[Translucent surface heating element 3]
In the present embodiment as the glass door 20 illustrated in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1C, the translucent surface heating element 3 includes only the net-like conductor layer 2. Such a reticulated conductor layer 2 can be directly formed on the transparent glass substrate 1 by printing, electroless plating, vacuum deposition or the like.
However, in the present invention, the translucent surface heating element 3 may be a single reticulated conductor layer 2 but may include other layers. For example, as shown in FIG. 12B, the translucent surface heating element 3 includes a transparent resin film 5 and a net-like conductor layer 2 laminated on the transparent resin film 5. Can do.
Therefore, the glass plate 10 may have a form in which the network conductor layer 2 is directly formed on the surface of the transparent glass substrate 1 as the translucent surface heating element 3 as shown in FIG. The layer 2 may be formed on the transparent resin film 5 to form the translucent surface heating element 3, and the translucent surface heating element 3 may be laminated on the transparent glass substrate 1.

[Transparent resin film 5]
As the transparent resin film 5, a film made of a resin such as a polyester resin, a polyvinyl chloride resin, an acrylic resin, a polycarbonate resin, or a styrene resin can be used. The transparent resin film 5 may be colored as long as it is transparent. Although there is no restriction | limiting in particular in the thickness of the transparent resin film 5, For example, it is about 12-500 micrometers. By using such a transparent resin film 5, it is possible to efficiently produce a translucent surface heating element 3 in which the network conductor layer 2 is continuously formed with the transparent resin film 5 in the form of a flexible belt-like film. .

  In the present invention, “film” and “sheet” are merely different in terms of designation, and their meanings are not distinguished. Therefore, it can be said that the resin film is a resin sheet. Further, the distinction between “film” and “plate” refers to “film” or “sheet” having flexibility so that it can be wound around a roll. “Plate” refers to a rigid piece that is not flexible enough to be wound around a roll.

Therefore, the translucent surface heating element 3 is laminated on the transparent glass substrate 1 by providing the translucent surface heating element 3 with flexibility so that it can be wound around a roll including the net-like conductor layer 2 and the transparent resin film 5. The translucent surface heating element 3 in a state before being produced can be continuously and efficiently produced by a so-called roll-to-roll method, which is advantageous in terms of product cost. In addition, unlike the conventional periodic mesh pattern, it is not necessary to prepare the translucent surface heating element 3 having various bias angles in order to prevent moire.
The roll-to-roll method is a production method in which a strip-shaped object to be processed is unwound from a roll, subjected to predetermined processing, and then wound around the roll again. In the present invention, the above-mentioned band-shaped processing object is the transparent resin film 5 or the transparent resin film 5 that has already undergone some processing.

For the lamination of the translucent surface heating element 3 including the net-like conductor layer 2 and the transparent resin film 5 and the transparent glass substrate 1, a transparent adhesive or pressure-sensitive adhesive can be used. For example, a transparent adhesive made of a two-component curable urethane resin is used. In FIG. 12B, illustration of the transparent adhesive layer or the transparent adhesive layer between the translucent surface heating element 3 and the transparent glass substrate 1 is omitted. The said transparent adhesive layer thru | or transparent adhesive layer can also be made into a part of structural layer of the translucent surface heating element 3. FIG. For example, the translucent surface heating element 3 includes a network conductor layer 2, a transparent resin film 5, a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer, and a release film that protects the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer until it is attached. It can be. The pressure-sensitive adhesive layer may be formed on both the front and back surfaces in addition to one surface of the translucent surface heating element 3.

[Reticulated conductor layer 2]
The net-like conductor layer 2 has a net pattern 2P unique to the present invention in plan view, and the layer itself is a conductor layer that is opaque to visible light. As such a net-like conductor layer 2, the shape in plan view is different, but a conventionally known one can be appropriately employed. For example, a network conductor layer 2 having a predetermined mesh pattern 2P made of a metal foil or a metal thick film made of a conductive metal such as copper, aluminum, tin, nickel, nickel-chromium alloy or the like by a chemical etching method or the like is used. it can. Alternatively, the reticulated conductor layer 2 is formed by (a) a printing method of a conductive composition (also referred to as a conductive paste) containing conductive metal particles such as copper, silver, aluminum, nickel-chromium alloy and a resin binder, (b) After printing with catalyst ink containing plating catalyst such as palladium, plating method to apply conductive metal plating to the printed part, (c) Printing method and plating method to apply conductive metal plating to the printed part after printing the conductive paste It may be formed by a method combining the above.
In the printing method including the case where it is combined with the plating method, it is preferable to use a so-called “pulling primer type intaglio printing method” disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 4436441 by the applicant of the present invention in terms of high definition.

  The network conductor layer 2 has a line width of, for example, about 10 to 500 μm and a thickness of, for example, about 2 to 100 μm. The opening area ratio, which is the area ratio of the opening A with respect to the area of the region where the network conductor layer 2 is formed, is, for example, about 50 to 95% in view of the balance between translucency and conductivity. For the same reason, the average value of the size D of the opening A is about 50 to 5000 μm.

[框 4]
The gutter 4 is a member for fixing the outer peripheral portion of the glass plate 10 in the glass door 20. As the cage 4, various types of cage structures and materials in conventionally known glass doors can be appropriately adopted, and there is no particular limitation. The flange 4 in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 has a structure that surrounds the entire periphery of the vertical and horizontal outer peripheral portions of the glass plate 10.
In addition, in this invention, as shown to FIG. 1 (A), the glass plate 10 is a part of the glass door 20, for example, upper half other than the structure provided in the substantially whole area of the glass door 20. The structure which has the glass plate 10 by which the outer peripheral part was fixed to the surface with the ridge 4 may be sufficient. Moreover, the collar 4 does not need to be the whole periphery of the outer peripheral part of the glass plate 10, For example, only the upper and lower parts may be sufficient. The position and structure of the ridge 4 depends on the structure of the glass door 20 incorporating the glass plate 10.
Further, examples of the material for the firewood include wood such as firewood, firewood and cedar, iron alloys such as iron, carbon steel and stainless steel, aluminum alloys such as aluminum and duralumin, and metal materials such as titanium.
In the present invention, the glass door 20 means both a glass window and a glass door.

<Deformation>
The glass plate 10 and the glass door 20 of the present invention can take various forms other than the above-described forms. Some of them will be described below.

[Repetition as unit pattern area of mesh pattern 2P]
In the embodiment described above, the direction in which the openings A defined by the mesh pattern 2P of the mesh conductor layer 2 have periodicity in the entire area of the mesh conductor layer 2 in the glass plate 10 is arranged. An example has been described in which the area and shape of the opening A that does not exist and has the same number of boundary line segments L surrounding the periphery are not constant.
However, as shown in FIG. 13, the entire area of the mesh pattern 2P included in the mesh-like conductor layer 2 in the interior of the mesh pattern 2P is composed of a plurality of unit pattern areas S to constitute the entire area of the mesh pattern 2P. In each unit pattern region S, a plurality of openings A may be formed of regions arranged in a pattern having no predetermined repetition period.

  In the example shown in FIG. 13, the glass plate 10 is divided into six unit pattern regions S having the same shape, and in each unit pattern region S, a mesh pattern 2P included in each mesh conductor layer 2 is formed. It is configured identically. In the six unit pattern regions S, three regions are arranged in the vertical direction (vertical direction in the drawing) in FIG. 13 at the repetition cycle SP1, and two regions are arranged in the horizontal direction in FIG. 13 at the repetition cycle SP2. Are arranged as follows.

  That is, in this embodiment, when viewed locally, the entire area of the mesh pattern 2P includes two or more unit pattern areas S in which openings are arranged in the same pattern. In this case, if there are no repetitions of four or more locations in a certain cycle in a specific direction, the joints between the unit pattern regions S are substantially inconspicuous and can be ignored in terms of appearance. Of course, neither moire nor shading unevenness occurs in the unit pattern region S. In this example, the pattern of the mesh pattern 2P in one unit pattern region S can be created in the same manner as the pattern creation method described with reference to FIGS.

  In particular, for the glass plate 10 or the glass door 20 having a large area in accordance with the window or door to be applied, the mesh pattern 2P is composed of an array of a plurality of unit pattern regions S, and each unit. In the pattern area S, it is much easier to create the mesh pattern 2P by including a plurality of unit pattern areas S in which openings A are arranged in the same pattern. It is preferable in that it becomes possible.

  In particular, in the example in which a single type of unit pattern region S is arranged in a plurality of vertical and horizontal directions as shown in FIG. 13, there is a repetition as the unit pattern region S in a specific direction (two directions in the drawing vertical direction and horizontal direction). . In the embodiment of FIG. 13, the unit pattern region S is repeated with a repetition period SP2 in the horizontal direction and a repetition period SP1 in the vertical direction. Under this condition, the dimension of the unit pattern area S in a specific direction is Ls, and the unit pattern area S has M openings A in the dimension Ls on an arbitrary virtual straight line dj extending in the specific direction. When attention is paid to a certain opening A on the straight line dj, there is always an opening A having exactly the same size tj and shape at a position where the number of the opening A is separated by M on the straight line dj. Has regularity. That is, for the dimension tj of the opening A on the straight line dj, the kth dimension tj (k) counted in order on the straight line dj, and the Mth (k + M) th dimension tj (k + M) from there. Is the same, and the relationship of tj (k) = tj (k + M) is established (k and M are independent positive integers).

  However, this regularity is based on the repetition period (the dimension Ls corresponds to the repetition period in the above description) as the unit pattern region S, and the repetition period (periodicity) as the opening A. Instead, in each unit pattern region S, the opening A does not have periodicity in the arrangement in the specific direction. In addition, the repetition cycle as the unit pattern region S is not close to the dimensional relationship in which moire is generated because the size differs by, for example, 10 times or more from the cycle of a periodic pattern object such as a screen door.

[Both sides]
In the above-described embodiment, the translucent surface heating element 3 including the net-like conductor layer 2 is laminated only on one surface (one surface) of the transparent glass substrate 1. The translucent surface heating element 3 including the net-like conductor layer 2 can be laminated on the surface (both front and back surfaces). As described above, the specific network conductor layer 2 of the present invention does not substantially cause moiré even when it is overlapped with other periodic pattern objects. Of course, two such specific network conductor layers 2 are stacked. In some cases, moire does not occur. For this reason, in this modification, not only for other periodic pattern objects, but also for the net-like conductor layers 2 on the front and back surfaces of the transparent glass plate 1, especially considering the bias angle, etc. Without generating moiré.
In the present invention, the glass plate 10 is formed by laminating the transparent glass substrate 1 on both the front and back surfaces of the translucent surface heating element 3 including the network conductor layer 2, and the transparent glass substrate 1 is the translucent surface heating element. 3 may have a double-sided configuration.

[Addition of metal plating layer and blackening layer to reticulated conductor layer 2]
The network conductor layer 2 may form a metal plating layer on the surface thereof. The metal plating layer can be usually performed by plating the surface of the network conductor layer 2 with a metal containing at least one of copper, silver, chromium and the like. The metal plating layer can reduce the area resistivity when the mesh conductor layer 2 alone has a large area resistivity.
The net-like conductor layer 2 or the metal plating layer may have a blackened layer formed on the surface thereof. The blackening layer can be formed by a known blackening treatment. The blackened layer can reduce the reflected light from the surface of the mesh-like conductor layer 2 or the metal plating layer and make the translucent surface heating element 3 inconspicuous.

[Functional layer]
As a functional layer, the glass plate 10 may have one or more functional layers that impart functions other than the optical filter layer and the optical filter function that impart various optical filter functions. As these layers, known layers can be appropriately employed.
The functional layer can also be provided as a layer belonging to the translucent surface heating element 3 or as a layer belonging to the transparent glass substrate 1.
Examples of the optical filter layer include an ultraviolet absorbing layer, an antireflection layer (antiglare, antireflection, antiglare and antireflection), a coloring (filter) layer, and the like. Examples of the functional layer that gives functions other than the optical filter function include an antifouling layer, an antistatic layer, a hard coat layer, an adhesive layer, an adhesion reinforcing layer that strengthens interlayer adhesion, and an impact resistant layer. In addition, these layers are single layers and may also have two or more functions.

[Granting electromagnetic wave shielding property to network conductor layer 2]
The net-like conductor layer 2 may have an electromagnetic wave shielding property. In this way, the glass 10 or the glass door 20 having the electromagnetic wave shielding property can be used as an electric / electronic device due to unnecessary electromagnetic waves emitted from the indoor to the outdoor or unnecessary electromagnetic waves entering from the outdoor to the indoor. The adverse effects of can be eliminated.

[Granting antenna function to reticulated conductor layer 2]
The net-like conductor layer 2 may have a function of an antenna (antenna) that transmits and receives various electromagnetic waves (radio waves). Reticulated conductor layer 2 that also has an antenna function, transmitter or receiver, and various signal processing circuits, modulation circuits, demodulation circuits, control circuits, and other electrical circuits, relays (relays), sensors, electronic Various devices such as a computer, an image display device, a speaker, a microphone, a video camera, a power source, and wiring, and ancillary facilities can be connected and combined.

<Application>
The glass plate 10 to the glass door 20 according to the present invention can be applied to various uses that can overlap with a periodic pattern object. For example, windows of buildings such as houses, shops, offices, hospitals or clinics, monitoring or observation windows in cold environments, doors, partitions, (transparent) partitions, products and artwork It is used for display cases. Alternatively, it is used for a vehicle such as an automobile or a railway vehicle, a ship, an aircraft, a window or a door of a spacecraft.
The periodic pattern object may be various image display panels having a periodic pixel arrangement, such as a liquid crystal display panel, an EL (electroluminescence) panel, a plasma display panel, and the like. In an application in which these display panels are used as a see-through object and observed through the glass plate 10, it can be used for preventing fogging of the glass surface in an extreme environment of a cold region.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Transparent glass substrate 2 Reticulated conductor layer 2P Mesh pattern 3 Translucent surface heating element 4 ５ 5 Transparent resin film 6 Screen door 6P (screen door screen) 10 Glass plate 20 Glass door 30 Conventional glass plate 31 Glass Substrate 32 Mesh-like conductor layer 32P Periodic mesh pattern 40 Conventional glass door A Opening BP, BP1, BP2 Generating point L Boundary line segment Lt Line part (set of boundary line segment)
S Unit pattern area

Claims (4)

A glass plate having a transparent glass substrate and a translucent surface heating element laminated on the transparent glass substrate and including a net-like conductor layer,
The planar view shape when the network conductor layer is observed from the normal direction of the plate surface of the transparent glass substrate exhibits a mesh pattern that defines a large number of openings,
This mesh pattern is formed from a number of boundary segments extending between two branch points to define the opening,
(A) The average value N of the number of boundary line segments extending from one branch point is 3.0 ≦ N <4.0.
(B) The shape of the opening includes two or more polygons selected from a pentagon, a hexagon, and a heptagon, and the number of openings included in the mesh pattern is a hexagonal opening. It is the most.
(C) The polygons constituting the mesh pattern are not constant in the shape of polygons having the same number of sides.
A glass plate comprising a mesh pattern satisfying the three conditions. The mesh pattern further includes:
(D) The glass plate of Claim 1 which is a pattern which comprises the area | region where the direction which has periodicity does not exist in arrangement | positioning of the said opening part.   The glass plate according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the translucent surface heating element includes a transparent resin film and the mesh-like conductor layer laminated on the transparent resin film.   A glass door provided with the glass plate in any one of Claims 1-3, and the collar which fixes the outer peripheral part of this glass plate.

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